Earticle

This study is expected governmental R&D investments in situations where there is a problem of efficiency in government R&D investment and investment performance continued being raised is evaluated as to whether you can have an impact on corporate performance. So, This study classified 40 Industries, which are divided into the leading growth industry and the main industry, focusing on the second stage of the Leading Industry Development Project for Economic Region, to the similar industry between the representative flagship and the growth leader based on KSIC. Through this, Government R&D budget affects the management performance by industry and company size, and the business performance when it is invested in Regional companies. Based on the results of this study, we propose a policy direction for efficient investment of R&D. In order to analyze the performance of government R&D investment, the Bio·Medical industry (regional project) was selected from among the leading industry development project. For the analysis, we selected biotechnology and medical industry (local business) among the Leading Industry Development Project for Economic Region that were promoted for three years from 2012. Analysis indicators we analyzed the enterprise (large, medium-sized enterprises, SME) productivity indicators (gross value-added per capita, sales per capita) with growth indicators (net sales growth rate, operating profit growth rate, net profit growth rate, asset growth rate, employee growth rate). The productivity indexes of companies(large, small and medium enterprises) that received R&D support from government by selecting biotechnology and medical industry (regional business) among the large-area leading projects that were promoted for three years from 2012 (value added per employee, Sales growth, operating profit growth, net profit growth, total assets growth, and employee growth rate). As a result, both the representative flagship industry and the growth leading industries showed an increase in sales per capita, which is an indexes of productivity, over time. The value added per employee, which is the most important productivity index, measures profits attributable to a wide range of stakeholders. The average value of the representative flagship industries is higher than the growth leading industries. We find that government R&D investment has a positive effect on firm performance, as both the total assets growth rate, the net profit growth rate and the number of employees increase. Even in the case of similar industries, we could confirm the difference between industrial classification, company size, and financial characteristics between the growth leading industry and the representative flagship industry. In addition, a t-test was conducted to obtain statistical significance for the analysis. The limitations of this study are that the size of SMEs participating in the project varies, and it is necessary to compensate the difficulty in distinguishing the differences on the error bar. From this research, in the future, it is necessary to set direction for government R&D investment through comparative analysis of 40 industries.

As the start-ups play an important role in the growth of the national economy, the government establishes various start-up support policies for each start-up stage. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of personal characteristics and start-up support policy on entrepreneurial intention and analyze the role of start-up support policy to control the relationship between personal characteristics and entrepreneurial intention. The results of the empirical analysis on potential entrepreneurs　are as follows. Self - efficacy and autonomy, which are individual characteristics variables among entrepreneurship motivation, were found to have a significant effect on the entrepreneurial intention, supporting a number of previous research results. On the other hand, the risk taking was analyzed to have no effect on entrepreneurial intention. As a result of the regression analysis between the government policy and entrepreneurial intention, it were analyzed for financial support, technical support, management support, and physical infrastructure support to have a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. In particular, the β value of “management support”, such as entrepreneurship education, market analysis, export, marketing, and mentoring support among the government policies, was 0.712, which is higher than the β value of other policies. It seems to have had the greatest influence on entrepreneurial intention. However, it was analyzed that indirect support projects such as management and infrastructure support relatively have no effect on entrepreneurial intention through interaction with individual characteristics variables. It was analyzed that the government funding and technical support having high confidence in oneself played a role of strengthening the entrepreneurial intention by positively interacting with the self-efficacy. On the other hand, in the case of high self-autonomy, funds and technical support play a negative regulatory role that binds autonomy; it is reducing the influence of self-autonomy on entrepreneurial intention. It can be inferred that the potential entrepreneur perceives that government funding restricts autonomy. Meanwhile, the total entrepreneurial infrastructures, which are the entrepreneurial process including business support such as entrepreneurship education, marketing support, market research and support for entrepreneurial space and research equipment, does not control the influence of the potential entrepreneur's self-efficacy, autonomy and risk taking.

R&D becomes a critical success factor in the development of science and technology, as well as sustainable innovation in business and national economies. To dominate the fast-changing and increasingly competitive global market, firms should be able to accurately reflect customer’s demands and deliver suitable products as soon as possible. However, success of R&D is low-probability precess because of R&D’s own characteristics and numerous environmental factors. There have been many efforts to study R&D success rate in various aspects. One of them is an approach to R&D process management. The importance of the R&D process has been verified by major studies. Nevertheless, few efforts have been made to standardize and categorize R&D processes. This paper aims to define the standard R&D process and identify the effect of performance of R&D process on firm’s performance. For the purpose, first, we made seven hypothesis about the relationship between R&D process and firm’s performance. Second, we defined R&D activities are classified into four levels (organizational, project-support, product execution and technology execution) and consist of a total of 25 activities based on the Stage-gate model of Cooper (1986). Third, we carried out a survey on R&D process of IT firms and collected data about their status of R&D process performance. We asked the respondents three questions about the R&D process: the goal level for the R&D process (the expected level of process performance), the performance (the degree of actual performance for the process) and improvement efforts (The efforts made for the last three years for the process thought to be needed to improve). Then we analysed the data using a partial least squares model and tried to investigate the relationships between R&D process performance and their performance. Finally, we discussed findings and contributions of this paper. This study is very valuable in the point that it suggests more detailed R&D process comparing with existing R&D process researches and derives influence relationship between R&D process and its performance based on actual data obtained through questionnaires. In addition, the results of this study can be used as a basis for decision-making when firms and government set up R&D process strategy. From the perspective of the firm, the results of this study can be used as a suggestion for making a decision for ‘achieving something in a short period with limited resources.’ Firms will be able to concentrate their resources on the product development process and the organizational process based on the research result that shows the organizational process and product development process have a greater impact on R&D performance than the support process and technology development process. Also, from the viewpoint of the government, the results of this study can provide the most effective support direction to support the R&D process of companies. The R&D improvement effort has a great impact on R&D performance considering the R&D target level or performance. This means that the improvement efforts on R&D performance are an important factor in raising the success rate of R&D. Therefore, the government can have policies that can make people recognize the importance of R&D for companies, in addition to the support of funding and human resources.

The trend toward employees’ assuming a more significant role in their own learning process, the importance being placed on learning as a core competency and lifelong process, and the recognition of learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage for individuals and organizations alike have also stimulated tremendous interest in informal learning. Informal learning can best be described as learning that is predominantly unstructured, experiential, and noninstitutionalized. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of informal learning in the workplace on the employees’ employability and the moderating effects of person-job, person-organization fit those of relationships. Based on literatures, Informal learning captured a category that, may occur in institutions, but it is not typically classroom based or highly structured, and control of learning rests primarily in the hands of the learner. Also employability is conceptualized as a form of work specific active adaptability that enables workers to identify and realize career opportunities. As such, employability facilitates the movement between jobs, both within and between organizations. Employability are divided into internal flexibility and external mobility, considering the application in internal labor market and external labor market. Because of employability has been broadly defined as the ability to gain and maintain employment, both within and across organizations(Finn, 2000). We proposed direct effects hypothesis and moderating effect hypothesis. To test hypothesis, total of 156 questionnaires were used for analysis. The results are as follows. First, informal learning was positive related to internal flexibility and external mobility. This result shows that informal learning is critical determinant of employability. Second, person-job fit moderate relationship between informal learning and internal flexibility, also informal learning and external mobility. Third, personal-organization fit moderate relationship between informal learning and internal flexibility. Base on the results, this study demonstrates the significant role plays informal learning in relation to employability. The findings of this study provide both theoretical and practical tools to help understanding of informal learning, employability and person-job, person-organization fit.

This study empirically looks into the effects of the animosity and ethnocentrism on the purchase intentions of the Korean products with an emphasis on the moderating effect of conspicuous consumption. The empirical results from 300 Chinese consumers are as follows: First, the animosity has a negative (-) effect on the purchase intentions of Korean products. This result, consistent with the previous studies, shows that as animosity increases, Chinese consumers tend to have low intention to purchase Korean products regardless of the quality or price of Korean products. Second, the ethnocentrism has a negative (-) effect on the purchase intentions of the Korean products. This result, consistent with the previous studies, show that Chinese consumers who have shown ethnocentrism evaluate the quality of Chinese products better and have low intention to purchase Korean products. As a result of examining the adjustment effect of the conspicuous consumption, it did not show an interaction effect with ethnocentrism, but it weakened the negative relationship between animosity and purchase intention of Korean products. This result implies that when Chinese consumers did not purchase Korean products because of their animosity toward Korea, conspicuous consumption can improve the situation. However, ethnocentric Chinese consumers can still show negative purchase intention toward Korean products even with the added effect of conspicuous consumption. This study provides a meaningful implication since it was based on Chinese consumers before the THAAD controversy, and it can be an important reference point when studies are conducted targeting Chinese consumers after the THAAD controversy. This study is also meaningful in that it shows that Chinese consumers’ conspicuous consumption can weaken the negative relationship between animosity and purchase intention of Korean products.

By making use of a policy transfer framework, this study examines issues on policy transfer theory and analyzes policy making processes for construction of Korea's technoparks. Major findings are as below. Firstly, during the 1990s, the megatrends of a worldwide technopark boom and the launch of WTO motivated the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) to introduce technopark policies voluntarily. These megatrends helped MOTIE overcome traditional sectionalism in Korea which disrupted MOTIE's introduction of technopark policies. The case of policy making for construction of technoparks in Korea involved both voluntary and coercive elements although it falls into the voluntary transfer category. Before MOTIE introduced technoparks in Korea, the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) constructed Daedeok technopolis and planned to construct more technopoleis. The technoparks introduced by MOTIE focus on supporting local companies while the science parks introduced by MOST set a high value on R&D itself. The difference between them was made by the gap between missions of the two ministries. Secondly, MOTIE tried to build technoparks in their own style. It learned from successful techoparks in the USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan and Taiwan about their construction, size, location, and government support. Critical success factors of technoparks in developed countries include top-tier research universities, advanced technology-based companies, notable venture capital firms, good leaders and strong government supports for them. Every successful technopark has its own merits that make it a successful venture. In the case of Korean technoparks, factors that act as both catalysts and constraints on transfer include policy objectives, actors, characteristics of technoparks and existing policies. Thirdly, distinctive features of Korean-style technoparks include the establishment of third-sector organizations for technopark constructions, small scale parks, various types of locations including universities and industrial complexes, as well as unique government support tools including tax incentives and financial support. In terms of operating organizations, technoparks in Korea, operated by non-profit third-sector organizations, are similar to Kumamoto Technopolis and Kanagawa Science Park in Japan rather than Stanford Research Park, Hsinchu Science Park and Sophia Antipolis. University-led technoparks tend to be located in universities while local government-led technoparks tend to be located in industrial parks. Although Korean technopark policies are transferred from developed countries, due to path dependence, most of the supporting measures for them originate from existing measures for other policy areas such as industrial complexes. Fourthly, in the case of Korean technopark policies, the degree of the policy transfer has both the characteristics of emulation and combination. MOTIE learned from Japanese technopoleis and science parks to introduce third-sector type operating organizations. However, Korean technoparks have not adopted profit-making type organizations for their operation. MOTIE established their own technopark policies transferred from various developed countries.

Reactive behavior of enterprise fails to satisfy the changing customer needs, while proactive behavior works as means of creating value and preventing potential problems. Firms cannot continue to satisfy customers if expectation level toward service increases rapidly in a dynamic environment. It can be emphasized especially under the influence of 4th industrial revolution. Needs for creating and delivering proactive services emerge in this aspect. Based on literature review, we define the concept of proactive services. We also classify them into the following three types: service guarantee program; preventive service; condition-based predictive service. Characteristics and potential threats arising for each type are identified. We introduce various cases of firms that have implemented proactive services such as Hyundai Motor Company, SK Magic, Emart, Coway, Thyssenkrupp, Alstom, Amazon, etc. Some companies implemented multiple proactive services grouped into different categories. For example, Assurance Program of Hyundai Motor Company falls into service guarantee program category, while Before Service of the same company belongs to preventive service category. Pros and cons of proactive services are discussed. Pros include improving market share and customer loyalty through providing differentiated services. Cons include invasion of privacy, increased cost, risk of developing new services, loss of strategic focus, etc.

With the growing uncertainty in the economy and the advancement of science and technology, it is difficult to hire employment in existing companies. What emerges as a new alternative is to create a new company that creates startups. Business start-ups are instrumental in creating new jobs, creating new values, creating new values for the economy, and fostering future economic entities. Following this backdrop, the importance of start-up is stressed. The problem is that the success rate of startups is not high. As of 2015, the average survival rate of Korean startups after two years was 47.5%. It is said that close to half of the company is closed within two years of the new company. In this way, since the failure rate of the start-up companies is particularly high, lowering the failure rate at the initial start-up is the most important part of the start-up. The main failure factor of a Korean start-up company is the lack of business preparation, which means that it is failing to start a new business with the role of new product, market research and technology trend analysis, and strategic marketing. I was worried that this failure factor could be applied as a breakthrough in overcoming the “Death Valley” of start-up through the use of big data. The purpose of Big Data analysis is focused on product improvement, consumer analysis, and forecast trends. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of big data utilization on business performance through development performance and ultimately to identify what efforts should be made to utilize big data effectively. The results of the hypothesis test are summarized as follows. First, product and service improvement activities using Big Data have a positive effect on development performance in the early stage of technology commercialization. Second, marketing activities using Big Data have a positive effect on business performance in the early stages of technology commercialization. Third, the use of big data in the early stage of technology commercialization should proceed through development achievement in order to have a significant effect on business performance. This study is meaningful as the first attempt to verify the factors affecting business performance at the early stage of commercialization of technology through the use of big data, Therefore, this study is expected to contribute to the activation of big data use and the start-up success rate at the early stage of technology commercialization. Recently, the central and local governments have been carrying out many big data related projects. It is expected that this research will be used to establish policies and business strategies related to support of big data-based technology commercialization for early.

The training can be an effective tool for improving productivity and financial performances in corporations. Among various types of training programs, on-the-job training(OJT) is widely adopted by companies around the world. Many studies have reported its significant effect on different organizational outcomes. In addition to learning and organizational outcomes, recent studies have also paid attention to the effect of OJT programs on personal attitudes of employees. They argue that OJT programs positively and significantly influence such personal attitude variables as job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment. This study has two purposes. First, this paper explores the OJT factors that affect employees’ job satisfaction. Specifically, it develops hypotheses about the roles of learning motivation of trainees, competency of trainers and quality of OJT programs and learing environments. Second, this paper verifies how the organization size moderates the relationship between OJT factors and job satisfaction. Small and medium enterprises(SMEs) are less likely to have enough resources necessary for successfully designing and implementing structured OJT programs. Employees in those organizations may have limited learning opportunities compared to them in large companies. Therefore, the effect of well designed OJT programs on various outcomes can be greater in SMEs. In this sense, this paper argues that the organization size weakens the relationship between OJT factors and participants' job satisfaction. The smaller the organization size is, the stronger the effect of OJT factors on employees' job satisfaction. In order to achieve the goals, 315 survey were collected from the learning-workers, participating in ‘work-learning dual system’ in Korea. The system is designed to cultivate a practical workforce in industrial fields providing structured and customized training programs based on National Competency Standard(NCS). Similar to German dual system and Swiss apprenticeship system, it is expected to reduce unnecessary expenses and resolve job mismatch between job-seekers and companies. The results of this study are as follows. First, all the OJT factors, which are learning motivation of trainees, competency of OJT trainers and quality of training programs and learning environments, influence the job satisfaction of learning-workers positively and significantly. Second, as hypothesized, the organization size weakens the relationship between two OJT factors, learning motivation and quality of trainers, and job satisfaction.