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The purpose of this study was three fold: First, this thesis is an attempt to provide a conceptual framework of strategic study productivity improvement in Korea. Second, to determine this factor which had significant effects an labor productivity and third the author tried to determine both the general level of labor productivity in Korea and to compare it with the level in Japan. The specific contents of this study were a follows: ① To review a trend of productivity concept ② to investigate the importance of productivity improvement. ③ to build the strategic approach of productivity improvement, ④ to investigate the determinant factors of productivity improvement. ⑤ to compare the level of labor productivity between Korea and Japan. ⑥ so that the causes of low labor productivity could be determined and the fundamental solution for labor productivity problems could be provided. According to the result of this study, the reasons why the labor productivity of Korean industries in considerable low were as follow. First, there are serious problems in the strategy of management rationalization, poor financial management is also considered to have contributed to the low labor productivity, lack of marketing strategy and lack of management techniques. Second, there are serious problems in production facilities, such as inefficient automation and tool old facilities. Third, technological problems also keep labor productivity from rising those problems are due to inefficient investment for research and development, difficulty in procuring skill workers, and shortage of skill workers within the industry. Fourth, in the aspect of labor relations inadequate working conditions, poor and low wage and salary administration and low moral due to the above factors are considered as negative variables. Fifth, there are serious problems in the strategic approach of productivity improvement such as lack of the scientific management approach, lack of human relation approach, and lack of structural approach in order to solve such problems, the following, measure are recommended. ① first of all, strategy of management rationalization should be internationalization. ② Production facilities should be modernized, more automation should be provided to improve labor productivity. ③ Strategy of new products development should be adapted for technological innovation. ④ Labor relations should be adapted for the democratization and industrial peace. ⑤ The author feels a need for a comprehensive study on productivity with a concentration on management aspects as such as task management and management of human resources. Finally, this study was one of theoretical documental through the review of the related literatures and data. There may need more theoretical studies in this area. However, this study recommend to be made effort for strategic studies in this area.

A country`s economy is growing with expansion of production for goods and service and major causes of this expansion can be observed within the availability of inputs as resources and introduction of production technology. Therefore, national economy is stimulated by increasing amounts of capital and labor inputs, input productivity due to new technology and a efficient structure to adopt inputs for production. However, it is urgent to establish and implement a new policy if promotion of input productivity resulted from a new technology is limited by scarcity of natural resources. Also, growth of individual company as microeconomic unit depends on above-mentioned input productivity which is affected from availability of technology and market condition. There have been many debates about the relationship between input productivity and technology advancement. J.A. Schumpeter is the first scholar who regards economic subject as major contributor to technology advancement. He argued that innovative enterpreneurship and displaying enterpreneur`s ability are motive powers conductive to development of capitalism through a course of creative destruction. Discussing about innovation, Schumpeter raised two hypothesis to link with market structure as follow: First, there is a positive relationship between degree of innovation and monopoly power. Second, Large firms are more innovative than small firms. There are big arguments among many scholars including J.K. Galbraith, A. Phillips, J. Schmookler and K.J. Arrow about those two hypotheses. This paper provides the understanding of Schumpeterian hypotheses and pursuing of theoretical approach for decision making of policy with study of the relationship between R. & D. and cooperative profit by plant size within the context of innovation and market structure. This kind of discussion about innovation provides the great implications for Korean economy in second stage of development.

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) was originally developed as a relatively simple computer system for planning material orders. It wasn`t long before user discovered that they could modify the original logic to encompass scheduling and capacity planning. From this, software packages evolved into a complete manufacturing control system capable of coordinating all purchase and manufacturing priorities and schedules. This broader application is what is known as MRP II, variously called Manufacturing Resources Planning, Managing Resources for Profit, Management Resources Planning and a host of others. This system offers the potential for significant improvements in the performance of the manufacturing firm. Under this system, the various functions are tightly linked and interactions among functions are formalized and disciplined. The formulation and implementation of realistic and acceptable plans occurs at every level throughout the organization. Problems tend to be solved through cooperation rather than conflict. MRP II offers the user a formal, credible information decision support system. The benefits of MRP II are not obtained without substantial significant costs. Organizational structures must be changed. Management must become very concerned about the quality and use of information. Top management has to formalize strategic planning. The use of MRP II fundamentally and importantly alters the manner in which manufacturing firms are managed. MRP II creates a new corporate way of life.

The unemployment rate is not zero when employment is equal to potential employment. This level of unemployment is called the natural rate of unemployment, and is greater than zero partially because of transitional periods of unemployment when workers change jobs or are looking for new jobs. The unemployment rate is above the natural rate when employment is below potential employment; conversely, the unemployment rate is below the natural rate when employment is above potential employment. Adaptive expectations are based on the idea that expected future values depend upon some weighting of past values. Decision units form their expectations from past experience in accordance with some logical rules. They may, for example, assume that income has been changing and believe it will continue to shift along a related path. Rational expectations are based on the concept that anticipations are essentially the same as the relevant economic theory. It may be logical to form expectations adaptively if the economy is quite stable, but it would be foolish for economic agents to continue to act on past trends if the economy is exploding around them. Rational expectations hypothesis says that individuals will use all information available to them at a reasonable cost in forming their expectations. No obvious profitable opportunity will remian unexploited; somebody will grab it and make a profit. The pressure of competition means that the market reflects both all information and its best estimate of how that information should be used in making decisions. To date, most empirical analysis seems to find little basis to support the rational expectations model. Contrary to the theory, studies of price and output movements show and adaptive changes. While sudden spurts occur in reaction to expectations, the overall record of gradual movements appears convincing. Cyclical movements also exist. Movements of these types are hard to explain in markets which act as pictured by the theory of rational expectations.

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the theoretical relationship between the gains from international trade and the terms of trade under free trade system. Marshall defines at earlier stage the terms of trade as the rate of exchange between representative units of a country`s imports and exports. This implies that the terms of trade are a ratio among physical quantities of traded goods. Given free trade, however, the terms of trade change over time, the direction of movement depending on relative prices among traded goods. If the economic growth is unbiased both at home and abroad, the terms of trade will move against the faster-growing country. That is why a country`s growth may actually lower its real income. This has been called immiserizing growth. This paper is, therefore, to review the theoretical relationship between the gains from international trade and the external terms of trade, and the effects on a national economy of the terms of trade. It is divided into two sections. The first deals with the theoretical relationship, the second describes briefly the effects on balance of trade and overseas transfer of domestic products. But this paper is not to elucidate more fully than has been done hitherto. My attempt in this paper is only a step toward a analysis of trade policy and a model-building on the strategy of terms of trade in Korea.

The purpose of this study is to provide a techniques of productive efficiency and is confined to the estimation of a cost function and production function. For the estimate of the attainable ideal standards, the concept of frontier cost function and translog cost function is to be reviewed first of all reviewed frontier production function and is to be the study is attempted to expand the models for analysis of cost behaviour based on a multiple regression model and a linear programming model. It is formulated to estimate the frontier cost function which reflects the best operation possible in the system, which the multiple regression model yield the "average" cost function during a time period throughout the units, the frontier cost function be used to yield the "target" cost which is accomplishable under the given conditions in the system. In order to continue this study, we should find performance variable and influencing factors of firm performance efficiency and time performance efficiency if we are able to find the performance variables, from the analysis, we can achieve the good theory to find the efficiency variables.

The JIT system was developed at the Toyota Motor company in Japan. The modern application of JIT was populized in the mid 1970s at Toyota by Mr. Taiichi onno, a Toyota Vice President and its concept was transferred to the United States about 1980. The basic idea behind the Toyota production system is to produce the necessary units in the necessary quantities at the necessary times, that is, Just-In-Time. In order to realize the Just-In-Time ideal, a Kanban system, as an information system to control production, should be developed. To implement the Kanban system, smoothing of production must be realized by minimum lot size ordering. In the JIT system, it is necessary to look at the production flow conversely; in other words, the people of a certain process go to the preceeding process to withdraw the necessary units in the necessary quantities at the necessary time. Then what the proceeding process has to do is produce only enough quantities of units to replace those that have been withdrawn. The Kinds of production management systems that are applied to the type of production and business in the Korean production enterprise are surveyed. To analyze the difference of production management system applied to its groups, Chi-square test are adopted to analyze the introduction effect of JIT system according the groups. The results that are derived by the surveyed data in the Korean enterprises are as followed; first, introduction of the JIT system doesn`t have significant difference for the type of production management, but has significant difference for the type business. Secondly, the factors that have significant difference about JIT system effect are support degree of top management, level of vendor, level of JIT system, skill level of workers, proceeding years of JIT introduction and assembly set-up time. Thirdly, the level of JIT system has very significant correlation with the effect of JIT system, particularly with the cost reduction, morale of workers, work-in-process inventory and operation degree of managerial techniques.

經驗的으로 볼 때 同一한 量의 投入에도 불구하고 相異한 産出을 보여주는 生産活動으로부터 우리는 生産의 非效率性에 관하여 보다 큰 관심을 가지게된다. 따라서 주어진 投入要素를 利用함으로서 나타나는 最高生産水準들의 集合을 우리는 frontier set라고 말할 수 있으며 이러한 最高水準과 나타난 觀測値와의 差異가 바로 個別次元의 非效率性을 說明하게 된다. 따라서 Stochastic Frontier나 Gamma Frontier의 推定方法을 利用한 最高水準生産値는 人爲的으로 達成하기 不可能한 部分만큼의 生産量을 고려한 것이므로 훨씬 經驗的으로 說得力있는 數値가 될 것이다. 그러므로 이러한 最高生産水準은 一般企業의 水準에서 볼 때 達成可能한 生産水準을 나타내며 最高生産水準과 個別生産水準의 差異는 企業의 非效率性을 說明하여 주는 指標로서 重要한 意義가 있다. 특히 Stochastic frontier 推定方法은 종래 LP(Linear Programming)와 QP(Quadratic Programming) 推定方式보다 좀더 一般的이고 現實的인 推定方式이어서 특히 生産效率의 測定에 큰 도움을 줄 수 있으며 本文에서는 Stochastic Frontier와 Gamma Frontier와의 長短點을 中心으로 그 推定方法을 論議하고자 한다.

The analysis of revenue, financial operation, development and management of manpower and economic efficiency coming from overseas cooperation with the domestic tourist hotel industry shows the following problems. 1. Uneven distribution of tourist hotels causes the shortening of tour visitors` length of stay and incurs additional expenses of business promotion activities. 2. Operation of amenity facilities focused on native people encourages the trend of consumption rather than foreign currency earning. 3. Depreciation cost and financial cost overburden most tourist hotels except for some first-class hotels in big cities. 4. Employment of unqualified personnel increased the ratio of personnel with less than 3-year working experience to 74% and the seperation rate to 17-18%, which eventually brought about inefficient man-power management. This further created additional burden of labor cost and reduced coefficiency of hotel utilization; deficit operation 5. Liberalization of investment and extension of technology introduction period are expected to increase foreign investment rate and restrict autonomous management. Remittance of overseas investment returns and increased expenditure for royalty might give rise to continuous efflux of foreign currency. To prevent the loss of capital investment and enhance a foreign exchange earning rate by effective manpower management and operation, the Government in advised to take the following measures. 1. Construction of tourist hotels in such cities as adjoining tourist resorts to preserve tourist resources; natural resources and folk resources. 2. Adoption of institutional complementary measures favoring foreign tourist-centering sales in taxation and financial support to dampen down native people`s consumption of tax-exempted imports for foreign tourists and to increase foreign currency earnings. 3. Strengthening administrative guidelines for the employment of qualified personnel to induce their continuous service and complementing the system of expert training and its qualification test, which will lead to the alleviation of deficit operation to a great extent. 4. Utilization of officetels as lodgings for athletes, which are now under construction as a part of city redevelopment programs rather than the construction of new tourist hotels to prevent oversupply of tourist hotels after the 1988 Seoul Olympics. 5. Obligation of the use of domestic raw materials to a certain degree as a condition for the construction of joint venture hotels to prevent the efflux of foreign currency that is caused by the import of overseas raw materials. Preference in taxation and financial support to foreign businesses participating in tourist resort development.