Earticle

To explore more reasonable GHG mitigation policies, more accurate information on the company's energy performance indicators are needed. Generally, energy intensity is frequently used as an indicator for energy performance. Although the indicator has the advantage of being intuitive and simple, it is also true that many other statistical factors are not taken into consideration. At this time, energy efficiency based on Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) technique or Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique can be used as an alternative indicator to energy intensity. The techniques can drive more accurate performance by considering more information than energy intensity. Despite the importance of measuring the energy efficiency of the enterprise unit, study on the energy efficiency measure at enterprise unit or business unit in Korea has rarely been studied so far. The reason for the lack of research on the issue is probably because the data of the enterprise energy consumption is not generally publicized. The purpose of this study is to measure the energy efficiency of the energy consumption industry in Korea based on the internal data of the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute. We estimate energy efficiency of facilities in Energy Intensive Industries of Korea by Stochastic Frontier Model. Considering information and degree of freedom of the dataset, sophisticated model is not available. Therefore, this study benchmarked Stochastic Frontier Model proposed by Herrala & Goel (2012) which us one of the very simple model for greenhouse gas efficiency. The benchmarked part from Herrala & Goel (2012) is the functional form and variable selection of the regression equation. It is another matter to decide the technical way to estimation. In this study, time variable panel SFA modeling technique of Battese & Coelli (1992) is used for estimation. Energy Intensive Industries can be influenced by oil price shock; however, the time span of dataset of the study, 2013-2015, was a period in which the oil price fell sharply. If each firm's sensitivity to exogenous shocks such as oil price shocks, is different, time varying heterogeneity can be included in efficiency measure. Therefore, we control the oil shock heterogeneity using by oil price fluctuation as a proxy variable with facility specific coefficient based on the time varying panel SFA model of Battese & Coelli (1992). As a result, it was found that there were significant energy inefficiencies of firms in iron & steel, nonmetal, and chemical industries. However, there was no significant difference in energy efficiencies in firms in paper industry. The presence of inefficiency means that more energy is used under the same output. Although existence of a energy inefficiency is a negative sign, but it also means that there can be a chance to improve overall energy performance by improving inefficiency. The contribution of this study is in terms of statistical technique rather than finding a specific policy alternative. In particular, the time varying heterogeneity problem presented in this study is newly suggested in the efficiency related study. Policy implications can be found in that it serves as an important intermediate part of many analyzes, as is the case with energy intensity. The energy efficiency indicator proposed by us needs to be combined with a lot of information from individual companies in order to bring on a substantial policy implication; thus, a lot of follow-up research is needed.

This paper analyzes the effect of education and training investment on occupational injury and illness incidence rates (hereafter, injury and illness rates). The acquisition of specific skills from education and training induces a firm to invest to make the safer place. A model is developed to consider a working place in which the equilibrium level of injury and illness rates is endogenously determined by the marginal cost and benefits of controlling injury and illness rates. It tries to identify the determinants of production disruption costs, which grow up with the rate of in-firm education and training investment as well as the efficiency of the education and training investment. The analysis also considers how the equilibrium level of injury and illness rates is adjusted to the culture of the firm such as the labor-management relation and the sharing index of performance with employees. According to the results of the model, the injury risk that a firm selects at workplace is negatively related to the rate of in-firm education and training investment. The equilibrium level of injury and illness rates is lower: the more efficient is in-firm education and training investment, the higher the sharing index of performance with employees, the more cooperative the labor-management relation, the lower the proportion of irregular workers. The empirical results confirm the proposition that the increase in the rate of in-firm education and training investment lowers the level of injury rates. To solve endogeneity problem, 2SLS using instrumental variable is used. This analysis has three important implications. First, it gives some support to the wisdom that the wealth effect exists even for the firm in the sense that the injury risk that a firm selects at workplace is negatively related to the rate of education and training investment. Second, most of the previous analysis of education and training on the financial performance of the firm underestimate the effect of education and training on financial performance. They ignored the reduced accident cost including disruption production cost with compensating wage differentials due to the reduction of the injury and illness rate resulting from the increase in the rate of education and training investment. Third, current safety policies have failed to grasp the effect of education and training investment on occupational injury and illness incidence rates. The issues of in-firm education and training and innovation fall outside the scope of the safety policies. The best safety policies should embrace a broad range of policies such as in-firm education and training and innovation of the firm.

By collaborating with the new growth engine fields such as IT(Information Technology), BT(Bio Technology), and ET(Environment Technology), Nanotechnology is expected to dramatically improve the national competitiveness in the industry and significantly improve the structure of the industry. This study analyzes the effect that entire research and development investment made on small and medium-sized businesses that produce NT convergence products and research and development efforts made on Nano related technology have on enterprise performance. Moreover, it also analyzes whether the presence or absence of core business and that of open innovation can be moderating variables for NT convergence products. For this purpose, the study used the panel data gathered from 255 companies from 2012 to 2016 who responded continuously to the “NT Convergence Industry Survey” by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy for the past five years (2013 to 2017), and, in order to increase the accuracy of the survey data, data from Korea enterprise data co. ltd was used, a credit information agency, to verify financial information such as corporate capital and sales, research and development investment cost, and facility investment cost. As a result, the study confirms that, for small and medium-sized businesses that produce NT convergence products, there is a positive relationship between sales of the company and not only the investment made for the enterprise wide technology innovation but also the investment for the Nano related technology innovation. In addition, it also shows that investment in Nano related technology innovation has a positive effect on generating Nano related sales. Moreover, although the analysis has found the presence or absence of core business for NT convergence products to have a moderating effect, in the case of companies that work with NT convergence products as their core business, investment on Nano related technology innovation was found to have a negative effect on the sales. In addition, for the presence or absence of open innovation, the analysis has not found any moderating effect. In other words, Nano related technology investment by small and medium-sized businesses that produce NT convergence products does have an effect on the enterprise performance depending on the presence or absence of core business but does not have a significant relationship on the enterprise performance depending on the presence or absence of open innovation. Policy implications for increasing productivity are suggested based on these findings.

Due to the advent of service economy, servitization becomes popular as a new business model to survive in severe competitions in the market. Although there have been a number of previous studies with the increasing importance of servitization, the development of implementation methods or roadmaps has been rarely fulfilled in literature. In addition, existing methods and case studies are mostly based on major companies and successful cases. Therefore, small and medium sized manufacturing businesses who are not quite ready to start servitization have no guideline to follow. Also, there are rare case studies about failures of servitization which make the servitization more difficult because of the lack of information for what to care and what to avoid. In this paper, we propose a coherent servitization implementation methodology by classifying the degrees of servitization in the detail processes of the company, focusing on the core processes of the small and medium sized manufacturing company, and determining the scope and direction of servitization through a comparative analysis with competitors. The methodology categorizes firm’s core processes as supplier relationship process, manufacturing process and customer relationship process with a flow-chart. Categorized processes are analyzed by process characteristics table to determine the moving direction of the servitization toward the manufacturing side or the service side. Case studies of successful and unsuccessful servitizations are introduced to help understanding of how to apply the theoretic methodology into the practice. The proposed methodology is a comprehensive approach that can be applied for various areas regardless of the characteristics of an industry or a company, and provides a theoretical background on how to achieve successful servitization implementation while avoiding service paradox.

Despite the fact that firms' technological innovation activities and strategies can have a significant impact on employment, there is a continuing debate about the impact of technological advances on employment. While there is often concern that workers lose their jobs due to ICT technology and robots, the argument that there is market power to absorb negative effects on employment in the long term, even though technology is replacing labor in the short term exist. Market compensation effects are known to be one of the important mechanisms to explain the impact of innovation on employment. In this study, we try to contribute to this debate by analyzing the mediating effects of the benefits of innovation from innovation on the relationship between technological innovation and employment. For this purpose, we empirically analyzed Korean manufacturing industries based on the Korean Innovation Survey (2010): Manufacturing Sector . In addition, firms' technological innovation activities were divided into product innovation and process innovation, and each effect was subdivided to see differences by type. In terms of methodology, we adopt the three-step estimation model presented in Baron & Kenny (1986) to explain the mediating effect of market reward effects that explain the relationship between technology innovation and employment and the mechanism of relationship between the two. The analytical results were re-verified by Sobel test to confirm the statistical significance of the mediator effect. As a result of the analysis, it can be seen that there are differences in the effects of technological innovation activities on the employment according to the type, and the parameter of acquisition of benefits serves as an important mechanism to explain the increase and decrease of the demand for employment . It is suggested that technological innovation activities of firms can contribute positively to employment growth when they gain benefits from within and outside the organization, such as expanding business opportunities, strengthening their positions, increasing organizational efficiency, and strengthening stability. However, the extent of the effect varied depending on the type of innovation and the type of benefits. In the case of product innovation, the effect of product innovation activity is influenced only by the mediator, because the acquisition of benefits is completely mediated. In the case of process innovation, the effect of process innovation activity is directly influenced by the direct effect Also showed some significant results. In the end, firms' innovation activities and employment are not inversely related, but rather they can increase employment, but they suggest that firms acquire certain benefits through technological innovation, which leads to increased employment when generating derivatives demand . Therefore, the results of this study are meaningful in that it explains the mechanism of the employment effect of technological innovation activity. In order to induce the growth and employment of the company through technological innovation, it is necessary to secure comparative advantage, Expansion of opportunities, and increase in business efficiency. In other words, in order for a company's technology innovation activities to be linked to employment, it must be done in a purpose-oriented manner together with business strategy.

The rapidly changing business environment can simultaneously pose a threat to corporate survival and provide new opportunities for companies, and what businesses need in this environment is a successful new product achievement using rapidly changing information technologies. At this time, it is very important to invest in securing the technology in the corporate and utilizing the products and services using it. However, a clear picture of the relationship between information technology investment and performance has not emerged in the related studies. Therefore, this research is about the effect of relative investment in SFA technology related to sales automation on the performance of successful new products through market information acquisition processes and perceived intelligence quality. In addition, we verified the moderating effect of market uncertainty and technical catastrophe between investment in SFA technology and acquisition of market information. Through empirical analysis, we are going to identify the effects of each other and to suggest meaningful implications for relationship research. The research was conducted on a sample of the sales organizations of 110 B2B companies and analyzed using SPSS 23, LISREL 8.72 and SPSS Macro to validate the construct concept and research model. The analysis results show that relative investment in SFA technology affects market information acquisition process, market information acquisition process affects perceived intelligence quality, and perceived intelligence quality has a positive effect on new product success. In addition, for the effect of moderate between the relative investment in SFA technology and the market information acquisition process, the increase in market uncertainty has a positive effect, but the moderating effect on technology variability has not been demonstrated. Research has shown evidence that the relationship between investment and performance is positive through the impact of information acquisition and quality, and confirmation of how the investment connects to a successful new product shows that investment can be turned into a competitive advantage. And proof of positive moderating effects of market uncertainty has shown that he is a moderator to strengthen the relationship between SFA technology investment and information acquisition.

The purpose of this study is to verfity the relationship between organizational commitment(OC) and organizational effectiveness and the moderating effect of CSR. CSR refers an organization’s social responsibilities toward internal and external stakeholders. Existing studeis have developed through the concepts and definitiosns of CSR, discussion of CSR’s equivalence, and the effectiveness of CSRs. However, studies on how CSR plays a role in the relationship between OC and organizational effectiveness are rare. The data of this study are collected from two sources of data set. OC and organizational effectiveness were collected through HCCP, and the CSR was collected via KEJI. A total of 191 companies and 1,061 employees were included in the sample through two data sets. Research shows that OC has a positive effect on all three organizational effectiveness variables: human resource competitiveness, internal process competitiveness, and customer responsiveness competitiveness. This results of study can be interpreted as having a positive impact on the organizational effectiveness because the higher OC, the higher tendency to regard the organizational success as their own. In addition, the CSR was found to enhance the relationship between OC and customer response competitiveness. On the other hand, the CSR showed no significant effects in the relationships between OC and human resource competitiveness, and OC and internal process competitiveness. Based on the results of this study, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

As the paradigm of the global economy is rapidly transformed into a knowledge base, companies are urged to secure fundamental competitiveness in order to secure a sustainable competitive advantage. Knowledge and know-how, which is a representative type of knowledge base, are protected in the form of intellectual property rights such as patents, and they are given exclusive rights of their own companies. However, There is an increasing number of companies that want to increase their corporate value. There are various paths for creating corporate value of a patent, and there are methods for conducting a proprietary business of a company having a patent by utilizing exclusive rights as a legal protection function, which is a basic consideration of a patent right. Another way is not to do business directly, but through negotiation and contracts, you can increase the value of your company by licensing or selling it to generate royalties or profits. Organizational culture is defined as a macroscopic and comprehensive concept that affects the living environment of a person belonging to an organization, such as beliefs and values, cognition, behavioral norms and behaviors, customs and traditions, symbol systems, and became more important as organizational culture was recognized as an important resource of the enterprise. In recent years, organizational culture has been characterized by contradictory factors such as conflict, sympathy, dilemma, and inconsistency. Therefore, the problem of managing contradictory factors has become a key issue of organizational success. In order to solve this problem, mutual opposing and multidimensional features must be pursued at the same time. One of the theoretical approaches that reflects the characteristics is the Competing Values Model. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural causality between organizational culture, patent strategy and business performance by verifying the influence relationship between variables from various perspectives using the theory of competitive value model. The implications of this study are as follows: the expansion of the research field of patent strategy by applying organizational culture theory, the empirical study on the influence of organizational culture on management performance through patent strategy, the application of competitive value model to patent strategy In other words, it can contribute to the enhancement of the fundamental technological competitiveness by linking the patent strategy according to the corporate culture type with the business and technology strategy.