Earticle

This paper explores how non-verbal texts in webtoons are translated from three perspectives: interplay between verbal and non-verbal texts, linguistic paratexts and typography and speech balloons. To do this, this paper analyzed the entire first season, 79 episodes, of the Korean webtoon Tower of God and its English translation. First, Non-verbal texts play a complementary role to the translation of verbal texts. Translation strategies such as specification, deletion and literal translation were used in the translation of the verbal texts due to the interrelation between the verbal and non-verbal texts. Second, linguistic paratexts, the verbal texts included in pictures, are translated in the target language or deleted according to their importance in the narrative. It is notable that, unlike comics, most linguistic paratexts related to humor were translated because of the importance of humor and convenience of picture modification in webtoons. Third, the aspects of ST typography like font sizes, styles, reading directions etc. were mostly preserved in TT. Speech balloons were expanded to contain lengthened TT, which is unlike the feature found in comics translation.

Local community interpretation has various titles such as public service interpreting, cultural interpreting, etc. In 2004, Taiwan Government Information Office (行政院新聞局) has unified these titles into Community Interpreting (社區口譯). The two main pillars of local community interpretations are Medical Interpretation and Court Interpretation. Court Interpretation began with the history of conquest, colonization and immigration in Taiwan. In this essay, the author attempted to track down the trajectory of Taiwan's Court Interpretation. Although Taiwan has not fully declared its independence from Japan, its history of Court Interpretation is divided into four periods: The first period is Dutch-Spanish Rule (1624~1660), the second period is Koxinga Regime in Ming Dynasty (1661~1684), the Qing Dynasty (1685~1894) is the third period, and the last is Japanese Colonial Rule era (1895~1945). This essay aims to let readers understand the history of interpretation in Taiwan, the lives and images of interpreters in the past, transitions and transformation of interpretation and its role, focusing on local community and court interpreting, until when Taiwan finally reclaimed their independence from Japan in 1945.

The goal of this paper is to make a comparative study on the two translations of the Vie de saint Dominique: the version of Jean Belet (the end of 13th c.) and that of Jean de Vignay (the first half of 14th c.). For this purpose, I attempted an external and philological analysis of the two texts first. The result confirmed that two of four manuscripts which include the text of Jean Belet - Paris BnF fr. 20330 and the Grand Seminaire du Puy-en-Velay – were transcribed, in effect, based on the identical text. Moreover, the other two manuscripts - London British Library Add. 17275 and Paris BnF fr. 185 - were also not much different from the former two. But in case of the latter manuscripts, the completeness of text itself was not very high on account of frequent errors caused by transcribing. The manuscript of BnF fr. 241 is the oldest of the manuscripts containing the version of Jean de Vignay, and it is also recognized as the best manuscript from a textual perspective. As for translation of the two versions, that of Jean Belet is a mere slavish copy of the sentence pattern and syntax structure of the original Latin. In other words, it shows a tendency to maintain a particular structure of Latin - ablative absolute, present participle, infinitive construction etc. - and the use of relative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns also remains the same in French translation. On the other hand, Jean de Vignay uses a sentence pattern based on the French usage, a new language, without damaging the meaning of the original Latin. It also has a strong tendency of choosing vocabularies that general readers can easily understand. But it often shows weakness in the translation of some vocabularies that require extralinguistic knowledge such as a name of place.

In the educational field, instructors who understand source texts assess faithfulness (accuracy) and readability while looking at translations in the mirror of source texts. In the other fields, however, clients or readers who cannot comprehend source texts are likely to assess readability only. This paper investigates how ST knowledge influences translation assessment. For a purpose of research, assessment experimental groups are divided into ST knowledgeable group and ST un-knowledgeable group. Both groups are assigned to conduct quantitative evaluation (100 points) and qualitative feedback. Evaluation subjects are eight source texts and their translations. Two source texts are collected from four languages each and every source text has five different target texts. In the analysis of quantitative evaluation, TTs ranked the lowest are concurred between the two groups, while TTs ranked the highest differ. Feedback analysis confirms that ST knowledgeable group places accuracy ahead of readability, while ST un-knowledgeable group puts emphasis on readability. STs whose translation assessments were in stark contrast between the two groups are all three and fall into a genre requiring accuracy.

The novel 『채식주의자』and its translation, The Vegetarian, have dealt a blow to the Korean literary field by winning the Man Booker International Prize, a mark of international distinction for both the author and the translator. What critiques say about the novel is that it is unforgettably powerful, shocking and lyrical. This study delved into the linguistic features that deliver the powerful, shocking, and at the same time, lyrical and rhythmic feeling based on the frame of Systemic Functional Linguistics, which represents experiential, interpersonal, and textual meanings of texts. At the experiential level, the translator intentionally transformed many sentences into the ones with inanimate actors doing active actions. At the interpersonal level, she inserted adverbs that enhanced the intensity of expressions, which all added up to powerful and intense feeling of the text. Last, at the textual level. The translator added or changed certain words to make the text more cohesive and rhythmic. Such interventions by the translator are in line with discursive features that are known to be used to produce fluency in an English translation, making it invisible or transparent as a translation to target readers. The invisibility of translations and translators is one of the values that have prevailed in Anglo-American culture. Ironically, however, The Vegetarian and its translator have become visible due to the translator's effort to make the translation invisible and the institutional support of awarding the prize to the translator as well as the author at the same time. Although many translators seek fluency in their translation, making invisible their status as translators, their status could be gradually surfaced and become visible, moving up from their '2nd-order status', when the institutional efforts and supports are stepped up further.

This paper attempts to predict how language technologies, such as machine translation and the crowd-sourcing platform, will affect the T&I industry in the future. To this end, it analyzed the T&I services offered by the world’s top 20 language service providers (LSPs) and drew the following conclusions. First, translation services of global LSPs are 100% post-edited machine translation, not human translation, and are offered at varying qualities and different prices depending on clients’ needs. Second, global LSPs provide all-round translation services, which range from writing of source texts to testing of the multimedia loaded with target texts. Third, the LSPs offer value added services by converging T&I with relevant fields, such as T&I education, global marketing, etc. The implications on the T&I industry are: The market segments that require relatively lower T&I skills are growing; Language technologies pose no threats to professional T&I service providers, but offer new research tools; The increase in the demand for T&I services will outpace the fall in prices resulted from the use of language technologies.

This article addresses the question of intraiconic text in translations of picture books. According to Reiss’ text typology, picture books can be considered as both expressive text and medium-oriented text since they are children's literature and composed of not only verbal text but also visual text (illustrations). When working with this type of text, translators must take into consideration aesthetic forms and non-verbal factors that convey the narrative to the same degree as does the verbal text. Picturebooks may be defined as iconotext, in which text and image are inseparably intertwined. Intra-iconic text is a type of iconotext, and it is defined as a text inserted into objects represented in illustrations, such as book titles, signs, etc. It assumes three functions in the narrative: emphasis of the theme, narrative strategy, and creation of dual readerships. Therefore, intraiconic text, which is sometimes neglected during translation process, requires a more analytic reading to identify its functions in the source text. This will help to convey in the target text the intention and effects entailed by these verbal factors inserted in illustrations.

Simultaneous interpretation is an extremely complex cognitive task: an interpreter receives an auditory message in the source language, simultaneously reformulates and produces it in the target language. Additionally, language switching from comprehension to production and vice versa always occurs during translation , and inhibitory control is required to avoid interference between the two active languages. In this paper, first I summarize previous bilinguals' neuroimaging studies on selection, inhibition, and switching between two languages, which are essential processings of simultaneous interpretation. Then, I will review recent neuroimaging studies on how the brain works during simultaneous interpretation together with an fMRI study I conducted with my colleagues to examine the extent to which the long-term experience of being a simultaneous interpreter changes brain functions. Finally, I will discuss how language proficiency and experience of simultaneous interpretation influence brain mechanism during interpretation.

One of the reasons to use a translation corpus is to permit the direct investigation of practical translation resources produced by human translators. Corpus-based studies have become a new method of investigation in modern contrastive linguistics and translation studies. As empirical research, they extract precise data from a corpus and for the efficient study of these data. But most corpus mainly is composed by two texts (original text and translation text) and thus they are restricted to create translation correspondences one by one. Using a corpus for translation studies is to observe the various translation correspondences and to find out the universals of translation. In this way, a pair of one original text and one translation text is inadequate to fully explain the various characteristics of translation phenomena. Therefore, the multiple translation texts are needed to completely describe the universal features of human translation.

For a long time now, Korea has been trying to promote Korean literature to the whole world. Nevertheless, most Korean literary translations failed to be accepted in English. In recent years, however, the English version of Korean literature have begun to attract attention. In this trend, I compared the acceptance of works and their translation by Japanese writer Haruki Murakami with by Korean writers Park Kyung-Ri, Kim Young-Ha and Shin Kyung-Sook, and analyze the cause of the successful acceptance of Korean novelist Shin Kyung-Sook in the English-speaking world. Through this, I examine what strategies are needed for successful acceptance ofKorean literature in the West.

This study aims at investigating the usefulness of paraphrasing exercises in Korean-language classes provided by graduate-level translation courses as a tool to assess students’ knowledge of subject and terminology in specialized areas, two major challenges facing them in translating the relevant texts (Hong, 2015). Based on the findings, this study seeks ways to improve the Korean-language curriculum to better help students enhance translation competence in such fields. To achieve the research goal, a Korean-language class was designed where students were asked to paraphrase texts in a variety of specialized areas such as finance/economy, law, and resources. The students were also asked to suggest English translations for some key phrases or words in the Korean source texts or their paraphrases, an activity devised to enhance the effect of paraphrasing exercises on improving translation competence. The major findings of the study are as follows: First, students’ paraphrases showed exactly which concepts and logic in a given subject area they did not accurately or sufficiently understand and which terminology they could not properly use. Second, students’ paraphrases also revealed their insufficient knowledge of subject or terminology even when their translations were acceptable, which indicates that paraphrasing exercises in Korean-language classes can serve as a useful tool to precisely identify the areas where students have insufficient knowledge that may go unnoticed in translation classes. By accurately assess students’ knowledge like this, teachers can better prepare the necessary education for each student and therefore help him or her improve translation competence in specialized fields.

본 논문은 통역학이라는 학문이 태동하던 시기로부터 시작하여 통역학의 연구방법론이 어떻게 발달해왔는지를 개괄하는 논문이다. 특히 조사, 관찰 실험연구 중 실험연구의 전통에 초점을 맞추고 통역학 내 실험연구의 다양한 방법론을 집중적으로 다루었다. 마지막으로 통역학에 있어 새로운 연구방법론이 어떠한 역할을 할 수 있는지를 논하면서 최근 연구방법론을 사용한 일련의 연구 사례를 소개한다.