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This paper aims to provide a comparative description of the current state of translation profession in Malaysia and Korea which covers an overview of the environment of translators’ practice, together with core elements of translation profession which include remuneration, public recognition, education and training, translators’ association and continuing professional development (CPD). This article draws on interviews and surveys with the participants. This study found that the translation profession in both countries is dominated with female translators. Most translators reported that they are working as part time translator and with non-specialized field for translation work. Respondents from both countries similarly express indifference towards engagement in CPD activities and the public perception on their role. The comparison of the translation profession in Malaysia and Korea against the Model of Professionalization Process for translators revealed that the profession in both countries is at the transition stage between market disorder and consolidation phases. The researcher proposes several suggestions to improve the situation which would contribute to the professionalization of translation profession in Malaysia and Korea in becoming a full-fledged profession.

This is a study on informativity of “pansori” in the script for KBS World Radio “Sounds of Korea” Japanese broadcast. The adjustment of informativity when translating the Korean script into Japanese has been classified into three categories - “no addition”, “addition of modifiers” and “addition of sentence” - in order to carry out a preliminary study, followed by an interview with the radio producer. The study on informativity led to four conclusions that could be used as future references when translating the text for radio broadcasting: 1. before adjusting the informativity of a word, its importance in the text must be considered. 2. The number of modifiers should be in control since excessive “addition of modifiers” in a sentence might hamper acceptability. 3. The flow of a story must be taken into consideration in case of “addition of sentences”. 4. Acceptability of listeners should be at the top priority when translating the text for radio broadcasting.

Two most important criteria on translation are said to be faithfulness and readability: the translated version should be faithful to the original one and it should be readable. A previous account claims that in the translation The Vegetarian, originally written by Han Kang in Korean, the translator inserted adverbs that intensified original expressions in order to make the translation (and translator) invisible. However, it is not convincing that she enhanced the intensity of expressions for the effect of invisibility. In The Vegetarian, the adverb ‘just’ appears even when there is no corresponding expression in the original version. I suggest that ‘just’ is added when its meaning is implicated in the original one. The translater inferred the implicature and translated it overtly in order to help readers process the meaning more easily and clearly. This does not mean that all the implicatures were translated into overt expressions. In relevance-theoretic terms, she translated the novel, trying to be consistent with the principle of relevance. Whether those changes make any difference in literary value remains to be discussed in further research.

Para Antoine Berman, defensor de los estudios de traducción no como teoría sino como crítica de la traducción, “la traductología es la reflexión de la traducción sobre sí misma, a partir de su naturaleza experimental”. Este trabajo, siguiendo sus preceptos, se basa en la experiencia y pretende ser una relectura crítica de una traducción literaria ya publicada para repensar y valorar -en este caso autovalorar- las decisiones que se han tomado, los pros y los contras de estas decisiones, no con ánimo de criticar sino como método de aprendizaje y control para futuras traducciones, pues si bien puede ser verdad que “no hay ningún texto meta que podría considerarse una versión óptima del texto origen”, como diría Ernesto Zierer, también es cierto que toda traducción puede mejorarse y debe mejorarse para velar por la “buena salud” de nuestra literatura nacional en el complejo y heterogéneo ámbito de la literatura universal.

Currently, the popularity of Korean Wave (Hallyu) in Taiwan is actively promoting social, cultural and economic exchanges between the two countries. Reflecting these social phenomena, there are increasing numbers of people who need Korean talent in each field in Taiwan recently.At this point, it is necessary to cultivate Korean talents that will play an important role as bridgeheads in economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries, and it is essential to enhance national competitiveness. It should be noted that the Korean Wave in Taiwan is not a temporary phenomenon but has been steadily continuing from past to present and as the time passes, the derivatives industry related to Korean Wave develops more diversely. Although it is difficult to accurately determine the depth and direction of the impact of this phenomenon on Taiwan society in the future, If we look at the current situation, we believe that the demand for the interpretation and translation market is likely to increase day by day mainly driven by the industry. The purpose of this study is to explore the direction of indigenization education in order to improve Korean interpretation and translation ability for Korean learners in Taiwan in the future. For this purpose, I examined the current status of Korean language education, and Korean interpretation, translation education in Taiwan with the Korean Wave.

It is necessary to have a comprehensive communication method that encompasses Korean specific various cultural specificities in order for the present Hallyu (Korean wave) to extend beyond 3.0 era of Hallyu 3.0 to 4.0 era of Hallyu. The current logic of dominating the cultural industry, represented by globalization and localization, has inherent limitations in this respect. This is because the limitations of the exclusive logic are clear to reflect the multilayered and multifaceted nature of modern social culture that aims to combine, synthesize, and converge. In the case of globalization, it emphasized only the universality of culture, resulting in strengthening unification and standardization centering on the US, and in the case of localization, it is an area‐based concept that is opposed to globalization, but it is used as a practical tool for expanding globalization in practice. As a result, intentional deletion, transformation, and distortion are taking place in the logic that translation is not possible rather than efforts to preserve cultural specificity. Thus, in recent years, glocalization, which embraces both universality and specificity, has attracted attention. Glocalization, which is a combination concept of globalization and localization, is also called 'regional globalization', 'earth localization', and 'localization of the world' in Korea. When globalization and localization each symbolize universality and specificity, glocalization can be a concept that embraces both attributes, both aspects of culture. This study attempts to analyze the translation problems of Korean animation products exported to Russia, and examine glocalization as a strategy to convey the universality and specificity of cultural contents in a balanced way.

This paper aims to survey the extant Korean translations of T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, Stanza 1, and to suggest a new version of translation for the stanza. Unlike English, Korean completes every sentence with an honorific suffix added to the end of the verb conjugation. In its present Korean translations, the stanza reads as divided into two parts uttered by two different speakers respectively. It is that the honorific suffixes are the demarcators of speakers in Korean, and that the translators change their use of honorifics from non-respectful ‘-는다,’ ‘-거니,’ ‘- 니라’ or ‘-지’ to respectful ‘-요’ or ‘-습니다’ in lines 11-12 or in lines 7-8, depending on the translator. They all rely on the group of Eliot scholars who have understood the stanza as spoken by two speakers, the poet/narrator and Marie. However, I basically side with another group of scholars who set up Marie to be the single speaker throughout the stanza. Supporting their views as more appropriate to the poetic context, I reinforce their plausibility by my own interpretation and demonstrate that Marie is the overall speaker relating her present and past life story. Thus this paper presents a new Korean translation of mine for The Waste Land, Stanza 1, where all the sentences uniformly end with the honorific suffix ‘-요,’ which was never attempted before.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the nature of Neural Machine Translation and is to identify who is really a translating agent whilst performing machine translation. For this purpose, the present paper analyzes the whole process of translation; emphasizes the second stage, assuming that the difference between human and machine translation is marked in that stage; and fully scrutinizes the difference between the two. With a view to supporting this working hypothesis, this article adopts three frameworks: Popperian epistemology, Saussurean view of language, and Searle's ontology. Armed with these, the paper makes an attempt to demonstrate the aforementioned research question from the perspectives of action, medium, and product respectively. As a result of this, it turns out that machine translation is essentially public rather than private and that the translating agent of machine translation is composed of groups rather than individuals. To sum up: the essence of machine translation is in close collaboration with human translation.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mistakes and errors in various authorized documents such as a letter of attorney, contracts, and stipulations and find the reason why those mistakes are made, provide solutions to avoid mistakes, and find reasons for why the mistakes are made. In Indonesia, it is only the notaries who are authorized by the government that are in charge of drawing up documents between people and companies. Therefore, though there are formalities for official documents such as a letter of attorney, contracts, and stipulations, the legality and transparency could be damaged by ambiguous or vague sentences, and the errors in using sentential marks such as punctuations and commas. The reason is that after professional graduate schools, notaries have two-year internships in a notary office, and they tend to just follow the styles within the notary offices which can be incorrect and different from the standard in Indonesia. Thus it is necessary to educate notaries about the standard languages and formats of documents and to promote the continuous education of drawing up basic documents in the specialized center like the legal language center. And it is also important to make a restriction or legislation for notaries to choose documents from the standardized samples in the official site instead of writing documents with the wrong samples.

This research attempts to look into the ethical awareness of prospective interpreters and translators in Korea through an analysis of their responses to disputable cases. The study used the clients' complaints and professional interpreters and translators' anecdotes collected through an interpreting and translation agency as cases to elicit the students' responses to ethical issues. It was found that the students had high standards on professional qualifications and solidarity with other T&I professionals. On the relationships with intermediaries, however, they showed mixed reactions, favoring personal gains while neglecting support for the industry. The research results will contribute to the development of a code of ethics for T&I professionals in Korea. They will also be helpful for professional education institutions to find out gaps in their curricula for ethics education.

‘Appropriate’ evaluation of translation quality requires three criteria: validity, reliability and practicality. The human translation evaluation can be considered as ‘valid’, if it is conducted by a professional evaluator, but it leaves out the other two criteria of evaluating human translation. Automatic evaluation, on the other hand, fulfills the second and the third, but misses the first criteria. It would be therefore, desirable, if both methods could complement each other. This paper attempts to verify this possibility. Using an online tool (interactive BLEU score evaluator), 150 pairs of translations were automatically evaluated and compared to the ratings of a human evaluator (professional translator and evaluator). The results showed only a slight inter-rater agreement (Kappa = .054, .109), but made us some implicit suggestions about the improvement of Kappa score. This can be increased, if calculations are based on 1-gram matches(or even morphemes), instead of 1-4 gram matches, and if the reference translations contain a certain quantity of synonyms. With regard to the validity of BLEU, Brevity Penalty should be substituted by a Length Penalty (Han et al., 2012) accordingly to the characteristics of human translation.

This case study analyzes the positive effects of shadowing method in interpretation. From the point of view of the traditional interpretation teaching, this method makes the students repeat the speaker’s words without thinking analytically about the message that the speaker wants to let the public know through his speech. This article pursuits to open a broader perspective for professors and students on the shadowing method because as result can illustrate very specific details on where and how the students make mistakes during their listening and shadowing process and also helps the professors know which students have more talent for the simultaneous interpretation. Shadowing can be used not only as a teaching and learning method but also as a good parameter to select qualified candidates for Spanish-Korean simultaneous interpretation in Korea. In case of Korean students, there is a big difference in terms of shadowing capabilities according to the experience of living or length of their stay in Spanish speaking countries. Also it is very important to recognize that the Korean students feel very comfortable in the classroom with Korean speakers even when they deliver their speeches in Spanish language and that these learning circumstances are not recommendable because in a real situations of simultaneous interpretation the students will experience less confidence and commit more failures when they have to listen native speakers with unfamiliar expressions, voices and accents.