Earticle

This study considers a case of collaborative translation of an English medical textbook that took place during Korea’s modernization process in the late 19th and early 20th century. The transmission of Western medical knowledge in Korea is associated with the rise of Christian missionary movement, expansion of Japanese colonial governance and changes in local attitudes concerning Western knowledge and institutions. In this study, we explore the visibility of two translators affiliated with Chechungwŏn (House of Universal Helpfulness), Korea’s first royal Western-style hospital and medical school that was operated by Protestant missionaries. Based on an analysis of Korean translation of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, originally written by John M. Bruce, and drawing on the concepts of "paratextual visibility" and "extratextual visibility" (Koskinen 2000), we argue that different levels of translator visibility are identified with regard to Oliver Avison and Pil-Soon Kim, the two translators of the source text. Compared to his Korean collaborator, Avison, a medical specialist, missionary, and a man from the "Western civilization," is identified as having higher paratextual and extratextual visibility resulting from his relatively high social position and status in late Chosun society; however, Kim, despite his comparatively low extratextual visibility during and shortly after the time of translation, is anlayzed as having moderately high paratextual visibility due to his expertise concerning matters associated with translation method and strategy.

The purpose of this study is to explore the strategies for translating degrading and vulgar expressions. To this end, four Korean movie scripts with German subtitles were analyzed in terms of the linguistic choices of the translators in their translation assignments of degrading expressions and vulgarisms. The four main strategies discovered are avoidance, maintenance. mitigation, and intensification. Contrary to our expectations, the strategy of maintenance was used in only one third of the cases. Meanwhile, the rate of intensification was relatively low. As for the reasons behind the translators' choice of such strategies, we can point out various factors such as consideration of contextual surroundings, norm consciousness of tabooedness in the target language, film ratings or age limits according to the movie type, and priority given to brevity as a linguistic style which is typical of movie script translations, etc. The correlation between translation variables and characteristics of tabooedness is to be explored in future studies.

This paper intended to do a descriptive study of the ethics in the interpreting activities for the political and diplomatic fields in China and Korea. The description of on-site actual ethics is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of consecutive interpreting data from 10 political and diplomatic occasions from 2003 to 2013. The ethics of source-target language relations are described through inter-textual comparison between source texts (ST) and target texts (TT). The description of the ethics in on-site interpreting yields findings in the following aspects: Through inter-textual analysis of ST-TT parallel corpus, three categories of shifts are discovered, including Type A "Addition", Type R "Reduction", Type C "Correction". The analysis showed that the three categories of shifts were representing the core meaning of the source text. Simply put, in the interpreting activities, the interpreter used the strategies of "Addition", "Reduction" and "Correction" to provide better interpretation services and deliver the core meaning of the speech very well. Not only "Equal", but also these three categories of shifts are also ethical behaviors. The interpreters used them in order to achieve the purpose of the inter-culture communication.

This study aims to show whether advertisements for cars are translated in a way that targets male consumers and to reveal what strategies are used for such translation. For this purpose, Korean advertisements for foreign (imported) cars are compared with their purported English source texts from the perspective of Descriptive Translation Studies. This comparison reveals four major translation strategies: (1) ‘rewriting’ (transcreating a gender-neutral advertisement into a gender-specific one aimed squarely at the male target audience), (2) ‘addition’ (adding new verbal signs for males), (3) ‘selection and salience’ (choosing and highlighting verbal/visual signs targeting prospective male consumers), and (4) ‘preservation’ (retaining gender-specific messages). The study also discusses why promotional texts should be investigated in the realm of Translation Studies.

Transcoding as a strategy of interpreting has been long neglected since Seleskovitch(1968) advanced “theorie du sens”. However, the results of an interpreting act clearly show that both strategies of interpreting, namely transcoding and reformulation (on the basis of interpreters' own non-verbal concept), are at work. This study was aimed at exploring 1) to what extend a text is exactly transcoded in simultaneous interpreting and 2) what kinds of words (regarding word classes, functions and the like) we could observe in this part from the textual interpretation. Four German-Korean interpreting trainees translated six German speeches simultaneously into their mother tongue, Korean. Analyses of these 24 texts – especially regarding two questions described earlier - yielded results as follows: 1) The proportion of transcoded text (complex sentences) lies between 54.36~72.96% and higher than we expected according to “theorie du sens”; and 2) Following categories of words have been observed to be often transcoded: proper nouns > numbers > figurative/emotional words. Conjunction and predicate also showed a high rendition rate. Numerous factors can influence which words are to be transcoded, in which part of a text. Those variables can be explained, however, with a single concept of cognitive resources of interpreters.

With the aim to promote technology integration in conference interpreting pedagogy at post-graduate level, this paper will attempt to create a link between Educational Technology (ET) and Computer Assisted Interpreter Training (CAIT). The key rationale behind integrating technology in a post-graduate interpreting classroom is two-fold: the first is to enhance learner experience by leveraging on the affordances of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the second is to promote digital literacy among prospective interpreters, with particular focus on the technologies being integrated in conference interpreting settings. The purpose of this research is firstly to suggest the theoretical and methodological foundations for instructional design in CAIT and secondly to facilitate the use of CAIT in interpreting pedagogy at the post-graduate level. To achieve this purpose, this paper will delve into the theoretical foundations and methods of instructional design in ET and suggest specific instructional design methods for interpreter training. While reading, the readers will be introduced to a range of tools, resources and methods for application by interpreter trainers. The paper will conclude with a sketch of the future outlook of CAIT.

Neural Machine Translation(NMT) has greatly improved machine translation quality, further signaling wider use of MT in the human translation process. As the localization industry evolves, translation production process becomes segmented into draft translation by translator, review by external reviewer and editing by client. In particular, changes in translation ecosystem have led to switching translation service object from technical contents to creative web contents. Among text types that currently flow in, commercial advertizement is assumed to shed light on style difference between machine translation and human translation. Therefore, this study explores style shifts in cosmetic commercials by translation mode such as machine translation, human translation and trans-creation, employing methodological approach from systemic functional language(SFL) - transitivity and register. Except for information freshly added or deleted, trans-created version finalized by a client organization shows the same features as human translation performed by an individual translator within a range that TT can be compared to ST. Meanwhile, machine translation and human translation are distinctly different in transitivity and register, indicating that both linguistic features are two important factors to determine translation style.