Earticle

This case study conducts an analysis on the types of self-initiated self-repairs in consecutive interpreting into German by students who speak Korean as their mother tongue. The analysis introduces the attributes of CI and presents an overview of existing studies on self-repair in L1- and L2-research as well as in the field of translation. A corpus comprised of interpretations (Korean to German) delivered by eight students was recorded at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies to be examined for occurrences of self-repair, among which a total of 343 cases of repair were analyzed in depth. The findings of the current study forms the basis for sub-categorizing self-repairs into overt repairs and covert repairs. The overt repairs were broken down into supplementing and replacement, and the covert repairs into pauses, repetitions and elongations. In addition to the categorization of self-initiated self-repairs, the study demonstrates that the frequency of covert repairs was six times higher than that of overt repairs, implying that priority was given to accuracy over fluency. The research results can be used to assist the students in using self-repairs as a strategy to increase fluency.

This paper examines how the poems in Alice's Adventures inWonderland by Lewis Carroll are translated, focusing onequivalence and faithfulness. The following five Koreantranslations have been selected based on chronological order oftheir publications: Sohn Young-mi, Choe In-ja, Kim Kyoung-mi,Kim Seok-hee and Chung Hoe-seong. In particular, this researchinvestigates how translators achieve equivalence and whatstrategies they adopt when they translate poems into TL. Ingeneral, translators try to keep balance between faithfulness andreadability or speakability, when it comes to children’s literature. However, faithfulness and readability are very difficult to achievesimultaneously. The reason is that poetry is a genre which isimpossible to translate since its style and structure of rhymecannot be maintained due to the linguistic differences between SLand TL. In spite of that, translators make every effort to close thegap between SL and TL. In this study, eight out of ten poems inAlice's Adventures in Wonderland are dealt with in order toexplore how individual translators embody poetic characteristicsand aspects in their translations respectively.

This study examines the use of inanimate subjects in the Koreantransitive auxiliary verb constructions ‘-게 하다(to make V or tomake A)’ by comparing a French-Korean (hereafter F-K) translatedcorpus with a Korean non-translated corpus and English-Korean (hereafter E-K) translated corpus. Unlike in English or in French,transitive constructions in Korean tend to use conscious humansubjects. Also, transitive constructions that have inanimate subjectsare usually unacceptable in Korean. Previous studies have foundno statistically significant difference between Korean non-translatedand an E-K translational corpus in terms of frequency of inanimatesubjects in transitive constructions. Therefore, in order to explorethe possibility of generalizing such findings, this study comparesthe frequency of inanimate subjects in transitive auxiliary verbconstructions in the F-K translated corpus with the frequency oftransitive auxiliary verb constructions in the Korean non-translatedcorpus. The result of this study was consistent with previousstudies showing little statistically significant difference between thetwo. However, in the transitive auxiliary verb constructions ofrelative clauses, the frequency of inanimate subjects in the F-Ktranslated corpus was higher than in the Korean non-translatedcorpus. In addition, the F-K translated corpus had a variety ofinanimate subjects in transitive auxiliary verb constructions andshowed a high rate of purely inanimate subjects that are notattached to human.

“ノルウェイの森”(Norwegian forest: 講談社, 1987) is Murakami Haruki's（村上春樹） representative work that brought about the Haruki syndrome across the world. As The translated version “Sangsirui Sidae”(translated by Yujeong, Yu), which was published in Literary History in 1989 and sold over 3.5 million books in the first year of publication, gave to aHaruki boom rose Korea. With the tremendous popularity of “Sangsirui Sidae”, Murakami Haruki become one of the best-selling authors in Korea, showing a distinct presence in the Korean publication market, creating new coinages such as the Haruki phenomena and, Harukiist (Haruki mania). Since the publication of “Sangsirui Sidae” four translated versions were published, However, the versions other then “Norwegian forest”(Mineumsa, 2013) translated by Eokgwan Yang were discontinued. This research regards “Sangsirui Sidae” as the translation text of primary position in the poly-system, then verifies the following two hypothesis. First, it investigates of whether the hypothesis of active retranslation of Pym (retranslation performed in the condition of sufficient cognition of the existing translation, which differentiates the translation strategy of the existing translation version) coincides with the three major retranslations (translated by Nanju, Kim, Hongbin, Yim, Eokgwan Yang), which were performed since “Sangsirui Sidae.” Second, It analyses and descnbes whether the general retranslation hypothesis (which Suggests thar retranslation gets closer to the ST style) applies to “Sangsirui Sidae” and the other three translatied versions. This research intends to compare the ST and the above plural TT in the above lexical words, and based on this, eventually describe how the transition of style occurred.

The paper aims to analyze translation patterns of nominalized English phrases into Korean done by graduate students of interpretation and translation. Such a form of English expression is labeled as nominalized grammatical metaphor in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. To put it more specifically, the paper focuses on translation patterns of nominalized grammatical metaphor expressions extracted from a science text written in English. To this end, the paper first reviews the notion and sub-categories of grammatical metaphor presented by Halliday and Ravelli, and then analyze sentences extracted from the source text from the perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar and compare them with students’ translation corpora on the expressions in question. The analysis of students’ translations demonstrates that the most common pattern of translation on both nominalized types (Quality → Thing and Process → Thing) was a congruent expression unpacked as a clause complex. Meanwhile, among incongruent translations, the most frequent was a nominalized phase as was the original form of the expressions.

This study aims to find out whether there is a significant relationship between Interpreting Self-Efficacy (ISE) andtranslation/interpreting performance levels. For this purpose, 144undergraduate students at a Seoul-based university (74 translationstudents and 70 interpreting students) were asked to fill in Lee’s(2014) ISE questionnaire, and their responses (i.e. ISE scores)were then statistically compared with their translation andinterpreting performance scores (summative assessment scoresassigned by one translator trainer and three interpreter trainers). The analysis shows that there are strong positive correlationsbetween ISE and interpreting performance scores, while there areno significant correlations between ISE and translation scores.

The paper analyzes linguistic features of translation productsperformed on Computer-aided translation(CAT) tools, while comparing them with translations that are not translated with CATtools. This study aims to find linguistic grounds of review criterionfor CAT-based collaborative translations by selectively examiningreadability indicators. The analysis focuses on morphologicaldifferences on sentence(segment) level, employing quantitativemethodologies that are used to validate translation universals aswell as to analyze corpus stylistics and translation readability suchas sentence length, demonstrative pronoun and conjunctive adverb. The analysis result can be considered as review criteria whileevaluating and training collaborative translation.

This study examines the temporal patterns and correlation amongtemporal variables during relay simultaneous interpretation ofspoken and sign language. To conduct this examination, the dataof the 2014 Sochi Paralympics live addresses inEnglish/Russian-Korean- Korean Sign language were used foranalysis. Speech time, the number of words and EVS (ear voicespan), TTS (tail to tail span), pause of source text and target texts(spoken and sign language) were compared for analysis. The resultof the analysis logically implies the following. First, in case of signlanguage interpretation, it needs more words to deliver the sameinformation compared to Korean. Second, due to the shortesEVS(ear voice span) of sign language, it can be shortened tobelow four seconds during relay interpretation. Third, pauses tendto become shorter as interpretation proceeds. On the contrary,speech proportion tends to rise. This may cause inconvenience tothe hearing-impaired deaf and viewers. Lastly, sign languageinterpretation is likely to be affected by spoken languageinterpreter who play, the role of a pivot rather than the speaker,and TTS(tail to tail span) can be the most important factor.

This paper analyzes translation methods used in Chinesetranslations of Korean TV drama titles that were aired in Chinafrom 1990s, sorting them by time periods of the Early KoreanWave and New Korean Wave. For the purpose of analysis, thetranslation methods are categorized into two main groups:maintenance and shift. Maintenance is further categorized into twosubcategories, transliteration and literal translation, and shift intopartial modification and complete shift. The result of the analysisshows that there are differences in the use of translation methodsbetween the two time periods, especially in partial modification andcomplete shift methods. On the other hand, no significantstatistical difference is found over the two time periods intransliteration and literal translation methods. Contrary to popular belief, Chinese translations of Korean TV dramatitles do not seem to go through the reception theory process, whichconsists of selective reception, resistance, and transformation. Asfor the Korean TV drama content, Chinese audience have shownthe typical reception process, from admiring and imitating KoreanTV drama titles to boycotting them, and finally to internalizing,studying and reacting to them. However, such transition process isnot noticeable in the translations of Korean TV drama titles. Theanalysis shows higher percentage of titles translated using themaintenance method with little change from the source text, andmore of such titles in the New Korean Wave period than in theEarly Korean Wave period. This seems to be the outcome ofcultural proximity between Korea and China, as the two countriesshare the Chinese cultural sphere where literal translation andtransliteration can be accepted without resistance.

본 논문은 번역사의 핵심 능력으로서의 전문용어 능력을 과정 중심적으로 고찰하는데에서 시작한다. 비단 학문으로서의 전문용어학 뿐만 아니라 실질적인 전문용어작업, 나아가 전문번역이라는 맥락 속에서 전문용어 작업이 어떠한 역할을 하는지의 문제를 과정의 관점에서 살펴보는 것이다. 이러한 관점을 견지하며 먼저 오늘날 사회, 학문, 기술의 전반적 추세가 소위 ‘언어산업(language industry)’에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 토론한다. 그리고 과거 전문용어 교육과 훈련의 전통을 바탕으로 하여 오늘날 전문용어 교육의 접근 방식을 고찰하고, 마지막으로 일반적 능력모델(competence model)과 함께 무엇보다 전문용어 능력 모델을 집중적으로살펴본다. 여러 모델 중에서도 본 논문은 TransCert 프로젝트의 전문용어 능력모델을 상세히 살펴볼 것인데, 이 모델은 유럽 번역 석사 프로젝트(EuropeanMaster’s in Translation)를 위해 개발된 능력 모델을 기반으로 한 것이다. TransCert 능력 모델은 번역사라면 누구나 익혀 실제 작업에 사용할 수 있어야할 기술들을 구체적이면서도 체계적으로 구성한 목록이다. 본 논문에서는 이 중 전문용어 능력에 대한 하위 모델을 중점적으로 살펴보면서 교육학적관점에서 이 모델을 어떻게 적용할 수 있는지를 논의한다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 마지막에는 미래번역사 교육 프로그램 내 전문용어 훈련을 위한 시사점을 도출해 본다.

문학 번역의 비평은 늘 어려우나 요약된 번역의 비평은 더욱 까다롭다. 이 논문은정인섭의 Folk Tales from Korea 문집에 나오는 민간 설화 “장화홍련전”의 요약 영문 번역을 분석-비평하는 사례 연구이다. 먼저 이야기를 검토한 다음 분석의원칙을 설립하고 정인섭이 의도적으로 이야기 내용을 바꾼 두 구절을 검토 대상으로 삼아 내용 변화의 의의를 논의한다. 정인섭이 바꾼 구절들은 1950년대 당시서양에 한국을 처음 소개하는 입장에서 한국 문화를 whitewash, 즉 백도제(白塗劑)하려는 이념적인 동기가 그 변화의 바탕에 있다는 해설과 이 요약 번역 과정에서 한국 문학, 특히 민간 설화에서 ‘아버지’ 캐릭터가 점검하고 있는 가치, 조선 시대의 유교 문화에서 ‘아버지’가 상징하는 가문의 중요성이 번역 과정에서 없어진다는 결론을 내린다.

이 연구의 목적은 미국의 법정통역제도에 관한 검토를 통해 우리나라의 법정통역제도 도입을 위한 함의를 도출하는 것이다. 이 논문에서는 체계적인 법률과 윤리규정을 갖추고 있는 미국 메릴랜드 주의 사례를 분석한다. 미국 연방정부의 법에 근거하여 법정통역 제도를 구비한 메릴랜드 주는 법정통역인을 주 공무원으로 고용하고있지는 않지만 엄격한 시험을 통해 인증된 법정통역인(Certified CourtInterpreter)과 예비법정통역인(Eligible Court Interpreter)으로 구분하고 전문인으로서의 대우와 적절한 임금체계를 갖추고 있다. 본 논문은 결론적으로 다음과 같은 사항들을 제시힌다. 첫째, 사법통역(Judiciary Interpretation)은 용어로서 적절하지 않고 전 세계적으로 보편적으로 사용되는 법정통역(CourtInterpreter)이라는 용어가 적절하다. 사법통역(Judiciary Interpretation)은법조문의 의미와 적용범위 및 판례의 해석 등과 같은 넓은 의미를 포함하고 있기때문에 법정에서의 통역이라는 본래의 기능을 넘어서는 광범위한 의미를 가지고 있어서 오해의 소지가 있기 때문이다. 둘째, 질적으로 우수한 법정통역제도를 겆추기위해서는 현재의 대법원예규보다는 법체계상 수준이 높은 법을 제정할 필요가 있다. 법 제정을 통해 법정통역인 인증제도와 대우, 교육의 필요성에 대한 내용을 포함하여 법정통역제도에 대한 제도적 기반을 갖추도록 해야 한다. 셋째, 법정통역인에 대한 인증제도는 그 수준을 구분하여 2단계 또는 3단계로 구분할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 법정통역인에 대한 임금이 현실화 되어야 한다. 대우의 개선은 우수한 법정통역인을 양성하는 필요조건이기 때문이다. 다섯째, 법제도적 기반 정비와 함께 윤리규정 또는 강령의 수립도 이루어져야 한다. 여섯째, 법정통역제도의 기반조성을위해 법원은 법조인, 통번역전문가, 정책전문가들을 포함한 위원회를 구성하고 이위원회에서 법정통역제도에 관한 종합계획을 마련할 필요가 있다.