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Historical approaches of translation and interpreting studies havevariously underscored the cultural, political and diplomatic aspectsof the role of interpreters and translators. However, one of the mostimportant duties for the official interpreters called yeokgwan duringKorea’s Joseon dynasty (1392- 1910), especially in the 2nd half of that era, was to oversee official trade with the Chinese Court (Qing)and the Japanese Empire. Parallel to their official duties they wereallowed to trade privately since they travelled to China and Japan asdelegation members. Under the rigid social orders – the bureaucratsand literati yangban, the middlemen jungin to which yeokgwanbelonged, the commoners and the lowest in one the one hand, andthe strict Confucian social rank in the order of scholars, farmers,artisans and tradesmen on the other, yeokgwan were able toaccumulate wealth, which helped them to advance themselvessocially by devoting themselves to literary works and building uptheir jungin and specifically, yeokgwan networks e.g. by marriages. On that basis, interpreters gradually enhanced their social status andpolitical power even as the social order became unstable towards theend of Joseon dynasty. This paper aims at illustrating the evolutionof the official interpreters during the 2nd half of the Joseon dynasty(i.e. 17-19th Century) by drawing upon translated historical sourceslike Tongmungwanji (handbooks for official interpreters), the annalsof Joseon dynasty and previous research in Korean studies.

Traditionally, translation education is largely divided into twocategories by many western researchers (Gile 2005: 8-11, Delisle2005: 52-57): school translation (for undergraduate) andprofessional translation (for graduate-and-above). However, someresearchers now suggest that a hybrid type of education combiningschool translation and professional translation be introduced. As such, it is worthy to explore the possibility of introducingprofessional translation at the undergraduate level. Information used in this paper was gathered through interviews andclass auditing in 2009 targeting Korean professors and students inundergraduate/graduate-and-above translation classes. A separatesurvey, M.C.Q. (multiple choice questionnaire), was used forprofessors who were not covered in the process. To build up theinitial findings, another M.C.Q. survey was conducted in 2013 to agroup of undergraduates in translation major. Interestingly, the result reveals that the undergraduate translationeducation in Korea closely resembles professional translation - thereason being both Korean professors and students in undergraduatetranslation class consider acquiring competency in professionaltranslation as the most important learning outcome. Undergraduatesinitially produced a word-by-word translation but over time theirtranslation evolved to express contextual meaning of a given text. This is partly attributable to the way professors conduct translationbriefs in class through which students recognize translation ascommunication between the author and the reader. Additionally, interms of information acquisition skills, there are few differencesbetween Korean students in undergraduate programs and those inhigher- education institutions. In fact, undergraduate students wereskilled in acquiring information needed for their translation. Therefore, one can explore the possibility of introducingprofessional translation at the undergraduate level in Korea. Thepaper closes by providing recommendations on developing aconstructive translation curriculum and enhancing learning outcomefor undergraduates.

Based on the statistical methodology for stylistics put forward byLeech and Short, this paper analyzes two translations of Cathedral,an American English short story by Raymond Carver, focusing on stylistic features and their effect in the source and target texts. As afollow-up of the authors’ previous study, the main focus of thispaper has been placed on providing statistical evidence of ‘style’ inthe source and the target texts. Drawing upon one of the stylisticcategories, context and cohesion, provided by Leech and Short, thefrequent use of the noun phrase headed by “blind man” and therelatively less frequent use of the proper noun “Robert”, bothreferring to one of the important characters in the story, wereidentified as significant stylistic features in the source text. How theywere rendered in the target texts were calculated in relation to thesource text and between the two target texts. According to thestatistical result of the analysis, the two translated texts show cleardifference in rendering the referential expressions. The authorsconclude that the different uses of the referential expressions createdifferent stylistic effects in translated texts.

Children are a specific group of readers as they differ from adultsin many ways because they are still developing both physically andmentally. Children also have a limited reservoir of words to expressthemselves and to understand others fully. As with any otherproducts or services for children, animation films and theirtranslations need to take such differences into account in order toperform their intended function. This study aims at examining how translation of animation filmsaccommodates such specificities of children as the main audienceand discuss what needs to be further done. For the analysis, thesubtitled and dubbed translations of Kung Fu Panda 1 and Kung FuPanda 2 are reviewed. The analysis reveals several translationtechniques that are used to help children understand the moviebetter and to make the movie more entertaining; using simple andplain language, making pronouns and contextual informationexplicit, inserting new wordplay into places where no wordplay isfound, using slangs/vulgar expressions and buzzwords, and utilizingsound or mimetic words. Given the characteristics of children, someof these techniques demand a more careful approach while otherspresent opportunities to meet the specific needs of children. As in other translations, many elements influence the translation ofchildren's animation films. Among them, the readers (i.e., children)should be given priority in determining the translational strategiesbecause children, unlike any other groups of readers, have verydistinct characteristics as well as a larger potential to be affected bythe translation outputs.

This paper analyzes the translation of a representative hymn,Amazing Grace, and discusses the results of the contrastive analysisof the English and Korean text based on Franzon's model. Theanalysis reveals the dynamic transformations in terms of theprosodic match, poetic match and semantic-reflexive match, highlighting the transactions between music and translated lyrics. The results of the research lead us to a better understanding of thestrategies adopted by the translator aiming at a singable translationwith implications for multimodal translation. Concluding the paper, itis claimed that spirituality or faith of the translator is an importantrequisite that governs the actual choices made in the translationprocess.

The study examines inanimate subjects in transitive emotive verbconstructions as in '-을 기쁘게 하다‘(to make - happy) to determine ifthey are unique to translated texts as a result of being importedfrom English or equally observable in authentic Korean texts. Traditionally, such a construction has been viewed as unacceptablein Korean as its grammar construes only conscious human subjects as capable of such emotive actions as making someone happy. Yet,instances of inanimate entities bringing emotive impacts on humansubjects are spotted in authentic Korean texts. The present studyanalyzes a translational corpus of translations of contemporaryEnglish novels and a comparable corpus of Korean novels in thesame genres of general fiction to find out if the two differsignificantly. The results show little statistically significantdifference, indicating that inanimate subjects in transitive emotiveverb constructions are a feature not unique to translated Korean butshared by authentic Korean as well.

Temporary absence(s) of a particular element(s) can make desiredeffects in the cinema, essentially a composite and organized artform. For example, an absence of sounds creates silence, an absence of light make darkness, and their meanings allow formultiple variations of ‘mise en scene’ and explanation. But how aboutsubtitling? Apparently, we do not yet consider the subtitle as anelement adequate in itself. It is probably because negative clichesstill remain: the subtitle is a necessary evil, or rather subtitling is asubordinate translation for delivering the meaning of dialogues. Therefore, first of all, this article will analyze the desired subtitle’seffects which are removed at the will of director Aki Kaurismak, inthe movie Le Havre. What is more, according to this analysis we willexamine the role of the translator: his role is not simply to act as afaithful transposition of dialogues, the suppression of which canalso become a possibility via his autonomous choice for the dramaticeffects of ‘mise en scene’ in a translated movie.

What are the competences which establish interpreters asprofessionals? In relation to this question, this paper examinesprofessional interpreters’ memory system. Research on interpreters’memory in recent years has revolved around the working memory insimultaneous interpreting. Results of those researches were howeverhighly contradictory. To find out the reasons for those disappointingresults and to understand better, in which form each kind of memory serves to the complex task of interpreting, a more comprehensivetreatment of the theme “memory” appears required. First, this paperreviews various memory types as commonly defined in cognitivepsychology. The paper’s hypothesis is constructed upon how eachmemory type is employed in both consecutive and simultaneousinterpreting. Finally, hypothetical conclusions are drawn: (1) As forlong-term memory, not its capacity but its structure might differ fromnon-interpreters, and (2) short-term memory plays a key role inconsecutive interpreting. Stimuli which retrieve interpreters’ STM areeither previous informations or note-taking which work as a fireworkin retrieving series of memory chains in interpreters’ brain. (3) Toverify the hypothesis that professional interpreters have a greaterworking memory capacity than non-professionals one should measuretheir semantic memory, and not their auditive or visual memory.

This article investigates the pragmatic features of deixis in oral communication when translating Korean into Chinese. Deixis arerevealed in all languages universally. Deixis and politeness are theinteresting features of Korean and Chinese dialogues from the pointof view pragmatics. Person deixis and social deixis are revealed thesocial distance and power of dialogue participants, it is neededspecial attention to translate them. There are a lot of study onpragmatic features of Korean and Chinese, but often it only focuseson sentence levels. It has been not received attention how to analyzeand translate person deixis in contextual situation. In reality,however, deixis are synchronized to dialogue and thus act as signsof oral communication to adjust the face of the speaker and thelistener. Translating person deixis are exposed the psychologicalsituation as well as the relationships of the characters and thus weneed to analyse communicational situation, social power anddistance of dialogue participants. The ‘respectful’ and ‘non-respectful’functions of speech levels in source text must be fully reflected intranslated text. To do this, the concept of accurately reflecting deixisfeatures in Chinese dialogues will be discussed. And by identifyingsome of the unique characteristics person deixis in oralcommunications, this paper tries to argue pragmatical and textuallevels of person deixis in Chinese-Korean translation.

The national rhetoric of China aiming at the modernization stoodout in the pursuit of “Reform and Opening Up” in 1978. Accordingly,China’s national rhetoric since then, is characterized by economicand social development strategies that prioritize economic growthand social advancement. National rhetoric indicates where the nation stands in its development and how they view the state of affairsaround the world. As a new age comes and progresses, so does newnational rhetoric one after another. It is often the case in a countrylike China that undergoes a rapid social change. Here, translationplays an important role. If China’s national rhetoric is not translatedwell in the Korean media, The state of affairs in China and theirobjectives cannot be understood to the full extent. In view of thetimeliness of news reports being emphasized recently, this articleexamines the modality of translation for the national rhetoric ofChina that often appears in the Korean media. National rhetoriccannot simply be translated word for word as they represent the corevalue and the basic stance of China towards the outside world. Therefore, the Korean media put some explanation of the meaningup in the front or down the line in most cases. They also addChinese characters for readers’ better understanding.