Earticle

This study discuses the relation between translation strategy and readers, which is inseparable in the way that the former influences the other. In Translation Studies, the translation strategy has been categorized into two types: adequate translation, with full respect to the source text, and acceptable translation, which concentrates on the readability. Based on the acceptability theory described by Toury, this paper examines elements that determine the reader's response, which can also be classified as 'source text oriented' and 'target text oriented'. And it is based on the analysis of a Korean translation of Cervantes's "Don Quijote". After examining book reviews and author interviews, it is found that the translator displays both 'source text oriented' and 'target text oriented' strategies, which reflects the corresponding response of readers. The analysis concludes that translators should take into account the fact that readers react as they decide how translate a text and focus on the skopos when they fulfill their task.

The present study aims to i) identify what has been mainly discussed in the literature regarding the undergraduate education of interpretation and translation in Korea; ii) conduct interviews with faculty and survey undergraduate students for their opinions and suggestions; and iii) lay the platform on which in-depth discussion on the future of the Korean undergraduate education of interpretation and translation can take place. After a review of literature as well as the analyses of interviews and surveys, the study indicates some room for improvement in current practices of undergraduate programs and offers several suggestions on ways for improvement. The study has been designed and carried out in the hopes that initiate further discussions on the undergraduate education of interpretation and translation in Korea.

This paper investigates the evaluation case of Korean translated texts of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice which was conducted by Scholars for English Studies in Korea. The project group stated in the evaluation report published in 2005 that they couldn’t find either the best recommendable Korean translation or the second best one. This finding shows the following major challenges in the criticism : First, sampling-The quality of a few pages can't represent that of the whole text; Second, unconsidered translator's variety of expressions based on their idiolects or styles-The evaluators, exclusive of translators, overlooked a translator's unique way of conveying meaning; Third, failure to focus on literariness or poetics-Literature translation criticism needs to go beyond fidelity & readability evaluation applying to general informative texts.

The Postmodern culture today breaks down historically a solid barrier, produced in the modern age, between the language and its users, signs and realities and subject and his object. This phenomenon brings about some translation problems at the same time; interpretative diversity, linguistic derivation in the mass media, permanent reproduction of translated text and meaning's continuity, definition of translator etc. I examine these problems through a theoretical approach to the mediative nature of the act of translation. I stress on two inevitable aspects of the postmodern linguistic tendencies: connotation generalized in our translation activities and its re-mediative culture. Focusing on a cycling perspective of our translating activities, I could reach the conclusion that the translated text have no relation with the denotative meanings which have been comprised closed and original with the realities from the modern age. A corrected model could be proposed. I call this cycle model of translating process which comprises ① Mediation or Creation ② Re-mediation or Translation ③ Re-re-mediation or Comprehension ④ Verification, Deduction or Correction. Each activity has not only its own translating process but its circulated role for the time in which everyone can participate equally as a reader, a sender, a translator and an individual who makes its contextual needs and desires. This model could show that the translating process is not for fixing a linguistic sign to some closed meanings but for expanding its pertinent meanings to diverse situations. Translating activity is not for making a linguistic norm by itself, but for making appropriate communication with as much of the population as possible.

Jinnamgwan in Yeosu was designated as the 304th Korean national treasure in 2001. The Korean name of the national treasure can be translated into English as Jinnamgwan in Yeosu. Jinnamgwan is the name of the building and Yeosu is the place where the building is located. This paper examines the information board of Jinnamgwan. The translator of the information board seems to have had difficulty in comprehending the context, since many difficult words are used in the Korean information board and the Korean sentences are very difficult to understand. Furthermore, there are many words which are usually used only by construction specialists. These seem to be the main reason for the errors made in translation. Some measures must be taken to prevent future errors in the translations. Possible suggestions include presenting the translator's name or contact information of the managing office. Next step will be to recruit and train translation specialists and have them translate the material.

Translation strategy is determined by skopos, that is, by the reader that determines the skopos. Even if the same text is translated, significant differences exist depending on whether the text is translated for children or adults, since children are not fully mature or are still in the process of developing emotionally and intellectually and do not have as much background knowledge as adults. This paper compares the two translated versions of the Grimms’ Fairy Tales (Brüder Grimm Kinder- und Hausmärchen), the adult version and the children's version, to identify these differences in translation strategies and to look at the characteristics of translations in children’s literature. First, the paper studies how culture-related vocabulary and proper nouns are translated by comparing the translations of the title, which encompasses a compressed meaning, and then compares and analyzes the use of notes and word plays in the text. Translation for children is different from translation for adults in its text and notes, such as the frequency of use of pure-Korean words, creative compound words, word play, onomatopoeic words, and mimetic words, as well as in the intervention by the translator in the title translation.

One of the conmon misconceptions about language is that the spoken and written forms of a language are the same or one is merely a more casual or informal version of the other. As Halliday noted, however, speech and writing are two rather different ways of representing our experience. The distinction between the two have become blurred only as a consequence of modern technology. Spoken language is no less highly organized than written language and shows the following characteristics: lower lexical density, simpler sentence structure, prosodic features, etc. This study purports that attention be given to the characteristics of the spoken language in the translation process of a text that is to be delivered in the spoken form. Such attention will ensure that translation is better suited for the understanding of the listener in terms of acceptability and readability. A comparative analysis of the simultaneous interpretation and the translation of the same texts is carried out to investigate how the characteristics of written and spoken languages are manifested differently in the two versions. Compared to the translation, the simultaneous interpretation contained more words and sentences than the source text. Also, lexical density of simultaneous interpretation was much lower than the translation. However, the amount of information in the two versions were similar.

This paper starts with a question: what is background knowledge in translation? Even though its importance has been emphasized in various studies, the scope or elements of background knowledge remains vague. To take one step to the concept of background knowledge, this paper focuses on a translation process and analyzes the decision-making process of a translator in non-linguistic areas. In translating 『The Biblical World - An Illustrated Atlas』(2007, National Geographic Society) from English into Korean the translator had to choose a Korean bible out of six versions for translating biblical quotes; deal with incorrect quote sources given in the English text; search concepts and information in the fields of biblical studies, geography, history, archeology etc.; convert imperial unit system of measures and weights into metric unit system. Tentative conclusion of this study is as follows: background knowledge includes the knowledge about readers' background knowledge; background knowledge may be information cumulated continuously in the process of translation rather than knowledge entity prepared in advance.

This study aims to examine the reception of the English translation of García Lorca's representative play Yerma in English-speaking countries, and to analyze changes and transformation made in Gwynne Edwards' English translation in terms of its performability and the cultural translation aspect. For performability, in the English translation of Yerma, strategic translation of stage directions as well as incorporation of more dialogues into the English translation have been made to help the director and actors effectively grasp performance dimension. For cultural translation, in order to lessen the strangeness of traditional Spanish cultural values for the English-speaking audience, the translator has interfered through the manipulation of the cultural perspective of conflicts between the main characters, Juan and Yerma, resorting to existing stereotypes and distorted images of women such as 'femme fatale' or Annie, a character in the movie "Misery", along with binary structure of the innocent husband versus the evil and the cold blooded wife. This kind of manipulated reception of foreign culture in English translation reflects the high degree of resistance of British and American stages against translated plays, and the realistic limit of cultural translation in drama translation.

A Court Interpreters must have the ability of the foreign language and the knowledge for the judicial office. However, a Japanese Court Interpreters does not have a still special qualification system now. If the interpreters applicant registers with the court of law of each place by oneself, and it takes the authorization of the judge, it is a recognized system. There is not the system checking the language study ability of the Court Interpreters, and the linguistic reducation is not performed. Recently, the Wireless Interpreter system of the simultaneous interpreter form is done to advance the trial for the foreigner smoothly in Japan. The Wireless Interpreter system not only shortens the trial time but also lightens the interpreter's load. The time that this system obtained can be turned to questioning to the witness and the question to the defendant. And, the trial can be enhanced more. However, there are actually a lot of problems there. When such a system is accepted in South Korea, it is necessary to devise it more. Moreover, it seems that the Court Interpreter load increases in Japan by ‘A citizen judge system’ that has been executed since 2009, too. It is necessary to do various devices to be a better Court Interpreter in preparation for this system.

One of the most important strategic elements for interpretation learners in increasing the efficiency of their performance is the acquisition of a number of interpretation learning strategies. The strategies involve such issues as: how to process information with complete meanings, change word orders, filter out irrelevant data, share knowledge and information with conference participants, divide complicated sentences into shorter and more easily comprehensible phrases, accumulate necessary knowledge and gather information about the speakers together with the issues of Latin American nations repeatedly raised in conferences, such as the major demands of Latin American countries toward developed nations. It is important for learners to be familiar with the fretuent usages of specific terms. In the General Assembly of the United Nations, for example, the following verbs have been used by most heads of state and representatives: apoyar, desear aspirar, pedir, exigir, proponer, necesitar, alegrar, deber, celebrar, congratular, saludar, and acoger. Korean-Spanish simultaneous interpretation also requires students to be exposed to different kinds of pronunciations pertinent to each Latin American country because in Korea, it is difficult to find opportunities to talk to native speakers and listen to their pronunciations. In the meantime, learners who grew up abroad and only recently came to Korea need to refine their Korean, focusing on analyzing Chinese characters used in Korea and practicing Korea traditional expressions. Learning how to interpret numbers is another important task, together with processing speaker's non-grammatical phrases.

본 연구는 사고발화법(TAP, Think-Aloud Protocols), 원천언어와 번역 코퍼스연구, 병행텍스트, 설문조사 등 최근 번역학 연구에서 주로 활용되고 있는 일련의 연구방법론을 비판적인 시각에서 검토하고자 한다. 현재 이론으로서의 번역학 연구는 가설을 수립하고 실험을 진행하는 연역적 연구보다는 번역 현상을 귀납적으로 파악하는 실증적 연구 단계에 있다. 그리고 지금까지 나온 보편 이론에 대한 규명은 가능할 수도 있지만 이론과 가설을 검증하기 위해 필요한 연구방법론이 제대로 확립되어 있지 않은 상황이다. 이에 대해 본 연구에서는 현재의 연구 상황을 감안할 때 번역의 보편 이론 찾기는 어떤 측면에서는 비효율적일 수도 있음을 지적하면서 번역텍스트의 현상을 규명하는 데 번역학 연구의 초점을 맞추는 것이 보다 효율적임을 주장하고자 한다.

본 연구는, ‘번역’이 교육의 수단이 아닌 그 자체로서 교육의 하나라는 점을 제안한다. 번역은 국가교육(근대화의 실현)과 국민교육(자아계발)의 수단으로 이용되었다. 이러한 점은 번역을 수행해온 기관과 개인을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 그리고 번역은 대내적인 측면과 대외적인 측면이 있다. 대내적으로는 위대한 작가나 위대한 인물과 나란히 서고 싶은 번역자 개인의 소망을 실현 또는 표상하며, 대외적으로는 학술적 발전의 중요한 역할을 강화 및 강조한다. 또한 개인과 기관의 입장에서 볼 때, 번역이 이윤 또는 실리를 주기보다는 주로 위대한 사상의 보고를 구축하기 위하여 행하는 것이며, 결국 후대의 이성과 감성을 살찌우는 데 기여한다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 20세기 초 중국 칭화대가 좋은 예이다. 칭화대는 교과과정에서뿐 아니라 번역실무 활동에서도 번역을 장려하였다. 1920년대 후반 『칭화주간』이 창간되었고 ‘번역협회’가 설립되었다. 『칭화주간』을 통해 소개된 번역작품들이 인문, 예술, 과학 전반에 걸쳐 중국인들과 중국대학에 영향을 주었다. 이렇게 번역을 중시하는 전통은 대대로 이어지게 되었다. 이처럼 ‘교육으로서의 번역’, 즉, 번역이 갖고 있는 교육적 의미는 분명 태생적인 것이었음에도 불구하고, 크게 주목 받지 못하였으며 적절한 연구 또한 이루어지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구는 각종 사료와 텍스트 분석을 통해 ‘교육으로서의 번역’에 관해 고찰하고자 한다.