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COVID-19 has brought a significant change to international conferences imposing restrictive measures, limiting congregation and travel, also having a considerable effect on simultaneous interpreting (SI) as it mainly takes place in international conferences. Nevertheless, international conferences have adapted to a new modality benefited by the latest technologies, with online platform tools to overcome the scourge of the pandemic. Numerous online international conferences have provided open access to simultaneously interpreted oral texts, which in the past were mostly kept limited for the on-site participants. This study has analyzed four Source Texts (ST) and their equivalent Target Texts (TT), simultaneously interpreted, through recording and transcription of online open materials. Genre analysis was applied. Specifically, this study focuses on the subgenre of COVID-19 diagnostics, subject to Korean-Spanish SI. Differences between texts were evidenced based on number of words, number of sentences, words in a sentence, word length, Type-Token Ratio (TTR), and most frequented words and terminologies. Results show the strategies adopted by simultaneous interpreters and the difference between Korean and Spanish in its linguistic nature. Also, most frequented words and terminologies were identified to define a pattern and standard in the subgenre of COVID-19 diagnostics texts in Korean-Spanish SI.

This paper conducts keyword analysis for Chinese-to-Korean translated statutes in comparison with untranslated original Korean statutes to analyze whether Chinese-to-Korean translated statutes are following rhetorical conventions of untranslated original Korean statutes. The conventional approach in legal translation focuses on the fidelity and achievement of equivalence between the source text and the target text. However, there has been a shift in legal translation. As an act of communication within the mechanism of the law, legal translation has its main emphasis on text reception. Against this backdrop, this paper adopts a more reader-oriented approach in legal translation. The translation of statutes, as a part of public-sector translation is aimed at providing information and focuses on the understanding of recipients. Therefore, it can be expected that translated statutes will follow rhetorical conventions of the same genre in the target culture. The investigation of five style keywords revealed that adequacy to the Skopos is not fully attained in the Chinese-to-Korean translated statutes.

Researchers interested in the relationship between working memory and interpreting tend to adopt working memory (WM) span tasks developed by psychologists as WM measurement tools. Among the most commonly used are those that consist of words and sentences such as the reading span task. The reliability of such tasks has been verified in several studies in cognitive psychology. However, no study has been found to demonstrate that reliability is maintained when the WM span tasks are administered to interpreters. This study aimed to examine and compare the reliability of reading span tasks which involve linguistic elements and that of an operation span task, a language-independent WM span task. For this purpose, student interpreters were invited to perform the WM span tasks and then the equivalent form test reliability and the test-retest reliability of the tasks were measured. The results suggest that only the operation span task is a reliable tool for testing the WM capacity of interpreters.

This study aims to examine how undergraduate students apply the concept of transcreation to advertising translation and to explore how this relatively new concept can contribute to translator education. For this purpose, textual and extra-textual analysis on transcreated texts are carried out. First, 355 target texts are analyzed at a textual level to find out which translation procedures are used when translating source texts which contain different translation problems. It turns out that translation problems such as ambiguity of meaning, non-verbal signs, directionality and rhetorical expressions influence the choice of translation procedures for transcreation. It is, however, noteworthy that ‘communicative translation’ which involves a significant departure from the source text is used the most frequently. This implies that transcreation is used as an effective strategy in the process of problem solving. Second, extra-textual analysis is carried out in terms of improvement in translation quality and students' level of creativity. The result shows that the concept of transcreation can be an emotional and behavioral driver to motivate students to boldly solve translation problems. It also implies that creativity needed for transcreation is not innate, but the ability which can be learned through translator education.

This paper reports on the results of a survey of graduate-level T&I trainees on their perceptions of and preferences for online T&I classes. In order to fine-tune the comparison and analysis, the survey was conducted in two phases, one after the midterm and the other after the final, and divided the responses into eight categories based on the respondents’ prior experiences with offline classes, the type of courses taken (translation/interpreting), and the length of the experience with the pertinent online classes. The study found that overall, the second-year students, who have prior experiences with offline T&I classes and are thus able to compare the online classes against the offline ones, were more positive toward the online mode than the first-year students, who have no prior experiences with offline classes. It also found a significant gap between the trainers and trainees in their perceptions of the online experiences as well as their preferences for the mode of teaching/learning. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the results for future training and research.

This study aims to compare the quantity reduction aspects of lectures between fansubs (subtitles available on the TED website, hereinafter to be referred to “TED”) and subtitles by experts (subtitles on the EBS website or “EBS”). Six pairs of TED Talk subtitles in the Korean language were identified. The number of words and sentences, the number of clauses in each sentence, omissions of conjunctions, pronouns, and discourse markers as well as condensations were analyzed, and the statistical significance was verified. The findings are as follows: Overall, EBS was more aggressive in quantity reduction than TED, and the difference showed statistical significance. In comparison to movie and documentary subtitles, which showed a decrease in the number of sentences, both TED and EBS showed increases in the number of sentences. However, the number of words decreased by 29.5% for TED and 51.0% for EBS respectively, which is in line with the findings on movie subtitles by professionals. The average number of words per sentence was higher for TED at 9.3 than EBS at 7.2, indicating that EBS maintains relatively simpler sentence structures. TED was found to depend more on sentence separation, and EBS more frequently used a sentence integration strategy. Omissions of clauses, conjunctions, pronouns, discourse markers, and condensations were witnessed in both TED and EBS with significant differences in frequencies and the omission patterns between the two entities. TED was much more hesitant to omit meaningful parts than EBS. In contrast, TED and EBS alike were conservative in omitting conjunctions, which indicates that both entities consider logical flow important. Both TED and EBS showed high reduction rates in pronouns and discourse markers, which were above those of their word reduction respectively.

This paper discusses key principles in Korean-English statutory translation, drawing on a recent project that created a Korean-English translation style guide for the government-funded Korea Law Translation Center (KLTC) of the Korea Legislation Research Institute (KLRI). The project, commissioned by KLRI, aimed to enhance the quality of translation and standardize the practice of translation within the center. Based on a review of the literature on legislative drafting and legal writing (Garner, 2006, 2016; Oates et al., 2014; MOLEG, 2019) and on an analysis of KLTC translators’ needs, the authors developed a style guide for the English translation of Korean laws. The 536-page style guide consists of four chapters. The first chapter states the aims of the KLTC translation service and the overarching principles for translation, such as accuracy, consistency, and comprehensibility and readability. The second chapter sets out twelve underlying principles, such as using concise and simple expressions, using present tense and positives, avoiding double negatives and nominalizations, and using non-discriminatory language. Building on these twelve principles, the third chapter provides specific guidelines on the grammatical and syntactical aspects of translation. It offers example translations of frequently used Korean legal terms and expressions that have been revised according to the translation principles and guidelines. The last chapter offers revised translations, following the new style guide, of titles and terms of various statutes and various types of provisions of diverse statutes. This paper discusses the background of this project and offers a summary of the contents of the style guide from lexes to syntax levels.

Our aim is to study the issue of literary translation training, mainly when it is carried from Korean to French; what kind of training would be pertaining for literary translation? Some Institutions like the Literary Translation Institute (KLTI), GSIT of Hankuk, Ewha GSTI and ETI of Geneva offer training programs which take into account the specific situation of literary translation. The first part of this paper is devoted to the presentation of training programs. In our second part, we analyze the structure of the narration of a short story (Teheran Syndrome by Park Chan Soon) in a Narratology perspective, distinguishing history (the events recounted), narrative (the speech, oral or written) and narration. We compared different steps of the translation process, making use of proposals made by students. In Korean-French literary translation, the choice of verbal tense is difficult in particular because of the lack of correspondence between the Korean and French tense systems. The trainer tried to help trainees to propose equivalents of verb tenses in each sentence even for quotations in respect of organic connection of verb tenses. Our conclusion is that, by stressing on discussion and analysis of verb tenses with regard to narratology components, we are able to improve the ability of future translators.

In translation classes, translators’ trainers play a very important role, such as designing and operating classes and evaluating learners' translations, which determine the quality of translation classes. Such importance of translators’ trainers is linked to their teaching competency. In this regard, the study aims to identify the teaching competency of translators’ trainers. First, the study identifies the concept of competency and extend the concept into the teaching competency. Then, the study focuses on the competency required before classes and applies it to the translation education. Based on the analysis of competency and teaching competency, the study revealed that the teaching capacity required before the translation class consists of four kinds of competency: the competency to set lecture goals, to design lecture contents, to write a lecture syllabus, and establish a learning environment.

Like many of our colleagues, we have come to reconsider our methods as a result of the 2020 pandemic. It has also led us to rediscover the potential of telecollaboration solutions in translation programs. Among young students of different origins and languages, we sought to adjust our practices through oral online presentations, supplemented by written feedback from the class, on an open-editor. We thus optimized student engagement, eased by the distance and the synchronous mode of our video-conferencing courses. To captivate our audience, we chose an Ivorian comic book: "Aya de Yopougon." The graphics provided context that allowed our learners to better understand the plot, and it facilitated their access to cultural implications, which favored the co-translation of this comic. Collaborative written contributions have not only made it possible to bridge the distance between us, but also to increase solutions and fruitful creativity. During the confinement of the first semester, these written exchanges between pairs strengthened their engagement from afar. It was delicate to expect a sufficient level of Korean language from Mandarin-speaking students, and have them translate into Hangul (translation in B). Although the main focus of our class and of this article remains the translations conducted towards Korean language, thanks to our Chinese skills, we took the opportunity to translate that same comic work in Mandarin, in the prospect of a double commercial publication that really motivated them.