Earticle

Even though there is a widely held consensus among interpreter trainers and practitioners in favor of equivalence in meaning rather than in form, there hasn't been much study to verify its validity or to design an explanatory framework that helps interpreter trainees understand and apply meaning- based interpreting strategies. This study, therefore, proposes strategic shifts in sentence opening as a way to practice meaning -based interpreting. It investigates theusefulness of practicing shifts in Korean into English simultaneous interpreting training by testing the hypothesis that interpretertrainees will perform more strategic shifts after receiving training on the concept and specific types of shifts, and that such shifts will grow not only in numbers but also in diversity. In between two Korean into English simultaneous interpreting experiments, a four week training program had been provided to a total of 15 trainees. Through the study, it was found that the trainees tended to steer away more from the form of the source text and their context awareness showed signs of improvement.

This study intends to closely read and compare translations of the poetry of Kim Sakkat, based mainly on pieces edited and translated by Kevin O’Rourke in Selected Poems of Kim Sakkat(2012). Where necessary, translated pieces from The Poet(1995) and an article by Richard Rutt, appeared in Humour in Korean Literature(1982), ‘Kim Sakkat the Popular Humorist’ were referred to. Kim Sakkat was a traveling poet of much local renown, who in fact became one of those literary figures to whom credit is given for many unattributed clever rhymes. The study will briefly detail the linguistic changes that have made Sakkat’s type of poetry virtually impossible in the modern era, and attempt to identify what strategies were utilized by translators to fill the gap between the source text and the target text readers.

With growing cross-border exchanges between Korea and China, people in the two countries become exposed to translated texts more frequently, which has led to various studies about Korean-Chinese translation. Compared with other languages – especially English, however, corpus- and statistic-based studies about Korean-Chinese translation have not been actively conducted. Moreover, earlier studies are limited in scope, merely touching on translation errors or analyzing the titles of newspaper articles. Corpus- and statistic-based studies have recently begun to draw attention in the field of translation studies as a method making an objective, quantitative analysis possible. This article intends to establish a corpus of original and translated mandarin Chinese texts and explore the simplification hypothesis to see if the hypothesis is applicable to Korean-Chinese translation through the comparison of the aforementioned original and translated texts based on criteria such as lexical diversity, length of sentence, diversity of predicates, etc.

This paper introduces Analytic Grammar as a tool to quantitatively analyze syntactic features of English-to-Korean interpreted sentences. More specifically, Analytic Grammar is employed to investigate whether students’ overseas experience and original text complexity have statistically significant impact on the syntactic complexity and diversity of English-to-Korean interpreted sentences. Our analysis demonstrates with statistical significance that the syntactic diversity of matrix clauses is higher with students that have less than one year of overseas experience than with those that have more than five years of overseas experience. When the complexity of the original text increases, the two groups of students display contrasting characteristics: students with less than one year of overseas experience maintain a similar level of syntactic complexity of their matrix clauses, while increasing the complexity of their embedded clauses; students with more than five years of overseas experience increase with statistical significance the syntactic diversity of both their matrix and embedded clauses.

Although discourse markers are common in everyday oral communication, very few speakers are aware of their presence. Nevertheless, discourse markers are important in portraying a speaker's intentions and adding tone and force to their utterances even when these markers carry no propositional content. However, there is no one-to-one correspondence for discourse markers between two languages, so discourse markers are often omitted in translation. In subtitle translation, in particular, discourse markers are omitted for the sake of brevity or for the meaningful presence of the parallel image. This paper describes the functions of discourse marker 'now' and examines how it is translated into Korean in movie subtitles. Discourse marker 'now' has textual and interpersonal functions, and it has relatively abundant correspondences in Korean. The paper analyzes, in subtitle translation, discourse marker 'now' is omitted more often when it has interpersonal function than when it has textual function, The study also examines that its omission in the translation affects the balance between interpersonal meaning and semantic meaning.

Cultural translation is ‘non-substantive’ translation, or a process in which there is no source text and no target text. It is a set of discourses that enact cultural hybridity and focus on the interpretative processes of the translator (a cross-cultural writer). Drawing on this understanding of cultural translation, this study aims to show how cultural translation can be realized in a text and how such textual representations should be translated in a different language. To this end, Chang-rae Lee’s Native Speaker (1995) and its two Korean translations are analyzed in four categories: (1) translation couplets, (2) ungrammatical/italicized English clauses, (3) hybrid experiences and (4) different interpretations of the same cultural item. These analyses are followed by a brief discussion about a new culture of translation in which the diversity of translations is fully welcomed.

Web 2.0, which refers to an internet environment characterized by openness, participation, and sharing, is now changing who translates (in that it is not just professional translators, but the general public that translates), how (in that collective intelligence is used) and what translations look like (in that there are various degrees of freedom in selection of font sizes, styles and colors and contents fortranslation). Translation in cyberspace is carried out in varying degrees of collaboration. Sometimes, they build Youtube-type translation archives where individuals contribute their own translations to be viewed, enjoyed, and given feedback on by other users. And sometimes, they translate in collaboration from the beginning. The TED Open Translation Project is a good example of the latter. This paper intends to answer the following research question: What types of collective intelligence do netizens engage in to translate on Web 2.0, and how do the types of collective intelligence affect the translation outcomes?In order to answer the question, five well-known websites for translation using collective intelligence were identified and classified based on the degree of collaboration and translator/commissioner roles played by netizens and studied to see if there are differences in the translation outputs. It turned out that the stronger and more active the collaboration is among netizens, the lesser degree of freedom in the choice of font sizes, styles, and colors netizens have when translating. In websites where the same netizens play both commissioner and translator roles, the greater degree of freedom they have in choosing, changing, and editing the contents for translation, for example, selective translations where netizens translate only those parts of a certain text they want to, do gist translations, or add their own ideas to their translations.

South Korea is undergoing a demographic shift due to an influx of foreigners which include short-term visitors, migrant workers, marriage migrants, expatriates, and foreign students. To cater to the language needs of foreigners, a number of Korean government and public agencies are providing community interpreting services. This paper provides an overview of interpreting services, including language services, which are offered in a relatively systematic manner. Based on face-to-face and telephone interviews with managers of community interpreting services provided by seven government and public entities in South Korea, the study compares the objective, history, structure, and the function of the seven agencies’ services and also the management of interpreters as well as community language staff, including remuneration and training. This paper then discusses common issues with respect to the current community interpreting services in South Korea and proposes improvement measures for the sake of more systematic and professionalized community interpreting services.

Translation of children's literature has been now recognized as one of the much talked about areas in translation studies. However, translation of humorous children's literature has not been much studied home and abroad as well. This study explores CSI(Cultural Specific Items, Aixelâ, 1996) in the children’s literature of English and their Korean translations. The target readers are divided into two groups of lower grade (aged 9-11) and upper grade children(aged 12-14) based on the developmental differences of cognitive and linguistic competence. The bipolar translation strategies of ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’ are applied as parameters in identifying the degree of translator intervention, hypothesized influencing on the translation for different age groups of children. CSI is categorized based on the children’s everyday life into five; food, life style, proper nouns, school and play, and idiomatic expressions. Translation strategies consist of the five followings: ST transfer, ST footnote, TT replacement, ST explanation, and ST omission. Out of the five strategies, three of them, ST footnote, TT replacement and ST explanation are considered as the domestication strategy while ST transfer as the foreignization one. Out of the five CSI items, school and play and proper noun were proven to be statistically significant in the use of translation strategies. And ST footnote translation was preferably used for the upper graders who are thought to be tolerant to footnotes and explanations in brackets in reading. But the use of domestication and foreignization strategies according to the grade levels was proven statistically insignificant in the translation of CSIs.

Paraphrasing has been employed as a useful exercise to enhance the interpretation competence for a long time. Its effect in advancing the interpretation skills has also been proven by a number of researches (Russo, 2011). This paper attempts to find out the relationships between paraphrasing and interpreting from the psycholinguistic and computational linguistic researches and set up an educational model with it. Firstly, interpreting as well as paraphrasing makes use of similar strategies, such as substitution, the reordering of information, etc. Secondly, the substitution of synonyms is essential for both actions. Retrieving synonyms, one of the paradigmatic responses in word association tests, has been regarded as important evidence for a well-developed competence in a language. Thirdly, it is possible that a connection with more than one expression can neutralize the linguistic form of a concept -- or "message" as Seleskovitch (1978) calls it -- and make it non-verbal. Excellency in paraphrasing, therefore, can be considered as a competence to build a “message”, which is necessary for high-quality interpreting. On the grounds of those findings, the teaching methods using paraphrasing have been developed.

This survey research looks into the ways feedback is communicated in translation classes from the learners' perspective. A survey was designed for this purpose, and answered by 126 students from two graduate schools specialized in translator education in Seoul. By helping us understand the learners’ perception on the feedback mechanism of translation classes, this study can be of benefit to the teachers as well as students. As it has turned out, collaborative learning and interactive feedback is very common, and even the most important activity, in translation classes, whether feedback is provided by teachers or students. Statistical analyses such as correlation, t-test, and linear regression on the collected data and new variables defined therefrom have revealed that class satisfaction is heavily dependent on feedback satisfaction, which is in turn bounded by many other factors such as gender, teachers' high contribution to feedback offerings, and learners’ preference to interactive feedback and their perception on peer feedback.

This study is to analyze the trends of translating American movie title between Korea and Japan. The translation type for American-Korean translation is in order of ‘transcribing translation’, ‘literal translation’, ‘liberal translation’, ‘recreating translation’ and others while American-Japanese translation is in order of ‘transcribing translation’, ‘recreating translation’, ‘liberal translation’, ‘literal translation’ and others. By comparing the trends, it is analyzed that American-Korean translation gives a lot of weight to ‘transcribing translation’ and little weight to ‘recreating translation’. American-Japanese translation also gives a lot of weight to ‘transcribing translation’, but next frequently used method was ‘recreating translation’. Based on the analysis on translation types, it was found out that American-Korean translation tends to passively accept unnaturalness due to cognitive schema differences between English and Korean by ‘transcribing translation’, but American-Japanese translation tends to overcome unnaturalness due to cognitive schema differences between English and Japanese by ‘recreating translation’.