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Post-editing refers to correcting and editing machine translation results, which means its fundamentals involve revision and quality assessment. Assessing machine translation quality is a subjective process that relies on human judgment, which is inferred from complex criteria and parameters in professional quality metrics. Thus, a growing motivation started to be placed on the creation of machine translation error typology based upon theoretical reviews. This paper examines theoretical approaches on criteria of translation review, quality assessment and MT post-editing, and then discusses machine translation errors based on the criteria of form and meaning (language use). The paper also analyzes error types with high frequency in machine translation and compares them with those in human translation. The major error types observed in machine translation are accuracy (language norm) and clarity (transfer of meaning), while stylistic errors such as consistency and redundancy affects readability in human translation. In particular, morphological errors in orthography and syntactic restructuring have a negative effect on machine translation results, which is presumably incurred by the way how MT processes and retrieves language data.

This study investigates how the tone of conversation varies according to diverse relationships of the main character Alan in translating English playwright Peter Shaffer's Equus . In particular, when translating literary texts, translators should recognize literary features like characterization, structure and theme. Also, there can be found differences according to the relationship between characters, age & gender and social status. Also how a translator has figured it out and embodied it in a translation depends on the level of translators’ understanding or mediation. In comparison with TT1 and TT2, changes of Alan’s honorific expressions are differently revealed according to his relationships with others. Its translational style of his honorific is different according to each translator. Therefore, the role of the translator is important in the realization of these points especially in the translation of plays. With thorough analysis of the work, the transliteration should reflect the characters’ specific speech styles and their psychological changes with a view to relationships between characters.

Given the significant improvement in machine translation(MT) quality and the increasing demand for post-editors, post-editing(PE) is becoming a critical skill that needs to be included in undergraduate translation curriculum. In addition, MT-PE practice can help understand approaches and problems in translation processes especially for undergraduates who don’t have excellent command of their L2(English), when they are supposed to translate from L1(Korean) to L2. Although MT-PE researches are in their inception in Korea, several studies have recently been conducted to keep up with the prevalence of MT; therefore, as part of such movement in translation research, this paper investigates the application of PE guidelines by text type and its implications based on PE examples and analysis. At a time when the MT-PE researches are about to proliferate, such applications and examples can serve as a foundation for following researches to go deeper in this field.

The purpose of this study is to examine EonHae translation process and related organizations as a cooperative translation creation process and a shared knowledge ground in Joseon era. The EonHae translation process involved various members such as monks, Confucian scholars, royal families and officers including women. They were not only those who had a good understanding of Buddhist scriptures and Confucian books, but also those who had participated in the publication of IDu translations and Hangeul creation in the past. They shared their own translation experience and knowledge, and shared their works in the translation process. Through this efficient cooperation process and sharing of knowledge, various translation books can be created in a short period of time. Publishing agencies for Eonhae translation books are classified according to the kinds of translations. Buddhist scriptures were published in GanGyeongDoGam, and in case of Confucian scriptures, GyoJeongCheong and GyoHwaSeo were published respectively in ChanJipCheong. The Hangeul translation books in Joseon era were published until the 16th century, centered on the center agencies such as the above institutions. Since then, various translation books were published centered on private sector and individuals. The spread of EonHae also reduced the influence and work of these institutions, but there are still a few suggestions to show the efforts of central government in the spread of EonHae and the development of EonHae translation.

This qualitative research describes five Korean undergraduate students’ experiences in a post-editing project in which they post-edited Google Translate output of English medical texts. Data were collected from the students through interviews and mindmaps about “post-editing of free online machine translation (FOMT)”. These data were analysed in detail, using a phenomenological approach that requires describing common meanings of individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon. The analysis revealed a general meaning structure consisting of the following constituents: the students (1) had great difficulty in translating and revising medical terminology, (2) realised that they lack abilities to perform monolingual revision (i.e., intra-lingual translation), (3) felt that raw MT output is much better than expected, (4) thought that translators should embrace MT, (5) claimed that post-editing should be integrated into a translator training programme, (6) discovered that pre-editing can be useful in raising the quality of raw MT output, and (7) believed that post-editor competence is not much different from translator competence.

This paper aims to retrace the genealogy of the concept of the free translation (意譯) in the Northeast Asian languages including Korean by comparison with western major languages like English, French and German. For this purpose, we decided to examine first the different terms related to this concept and their semantic configuration over Asian and European languages. After making a repeated search in a variety of language dictionaries as well as in the glossaries and the encyclopedia of the translation studies, we were led to think that freedom from the original, semantic transfer, and target-orientedness constitute the principal characteristics of the concept of free translation. Next, we tried to restitute the origin and the formation of the free translation concept by examining past key texts on translation and historical researches on the subject matter. Finally, we proposed a kind of guide to the free translation as a result of our investigation.

This paper analyzes the ellipses and deletions performed by Deborah Smith in her translation The Vegetarian and the impact those deletions and ellipses have on the major elements of the fiction: the plot, characters, settings, and others. The study reveals that the translator deleted full sentences or sentence elements to simplify ST’s intricate plot, flatten supporting characters’ characteristics, clearly distinguish the protagonist’s dreams from the reality and maintain the TT’s internal consistency. The ST employs an intricate plot with numerous flashbacks but the translator deleted some flashbacks in the TT so that the reader can more easily follow the progression of main events. But this led to partial deletions of the protagonists’ narratives as to their past and relations with others. Second, the translator deleted descriptions of supporting characters so that the reader can focus on main characters and the progression of events, which, however, also resulted in flattening of the characteristics of the protagonists. Third, the translator deleted specific parts of the protagonist’s dreams while amplifying the subconscious emotions of the protagonist, Yeong-hye, and successfully delivered the effect of dreams to the target readers. However, this effort involved deletions of some clues that can give the reader an insight into the relationship between Yeong-hye and In-hye. Fourth, the translator deleted some parts following her free translations or initial deletions to maintain internal consistency of the TT.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the expressions of 'love' metaphor are conceptualized and translated in literary texts from Korean into Chinese. To this end, this study builds a specific Korean-Chinese comparative parallel corpus from five Korean novels since 1990. This paper finds/confirms/provides/discovers two major features in conceptualized process and translation method. First, the abstract concept of 'love' in source texts is conceptualized through the source domains of 'a fluid in a container', 'opponent/war', 'object', 'food', 'plant' and 'river'. The 'love' metaphors were translated in three different ways: mapping onto the same source domain as the source text; mapping onto different source domain; omitting the source domain. Second, a comparison between the source texts and the target texts shows the six translation methods of the metaphorical expression of 'love', including 'replacement', 'addition', 'deletion', 'literal translation', 'simplification' and 'four-character structure'. The Chinese ‘four-character structure’ is the unique feature of the Chinese language. This study is meaningful in that it has expanded the classification of Korean to Chinese translation methods by adding the ‘four-character structure’.

This paper investigates translation as a site of language contact and translators as agents of language change. In this context, various types of contact-induced language change can be identified in translated texts. This paper primarily focuses on lexical borrowing in English-to-Korean translations of business magazine articles as evidence of Englishization in Korean business language. For analysis, this paper built corpora consisting of two English-Korean parallel subcorpora of business magazine articles and their translations and a comparable subcorpus of non-translated texts. The analysis involves distinctive groups of language speakers, including two different translator groups— translator trainees and expert translators—and two different non-translator groups—business article authors and the general public. The findings of this study reveal that the acceptability of lexical borrowing varies depending on the context or collocational environment in which a word is situated, and different groups of speakers have different attitudes toward lexical borrowing. This paper concludes with pedagogical implications drawn from the corpus-based research results.

There is scant research on job-related stress experienced by translators as practitioners. Under the premise that research on translator’s occupational stress and ensuing internal conflict need to be viewed from a temporal, spatial and cultural context, the current paper adopts the qualitative research method of narrative inquiry to explore job stressors and psychological turmoil faced by a novice translator working for a foreign consulting firm based in Korea. To this end, data were collected through a series of unstructured interviews and conversations with the research participant. Data analyzed include interview transcripts, work-related documents and the participant’s self-portrait. Findings highlight five major themes related to the participant’s job stress: struggles of adapting to and performing PowerPoint slide translations as the company’s first-ever professional translator, stress caused by having to translate a wide range of texts with varied topics, styles and uses under extreme time pressure, frustration and loneliness over lack of face-to-face contact with consultants, pressure from official corporate reviews of translation quality, conflicts and stress arising from creation of a translator team and newly assigned responsibilities as the team leader, and internal conflict stemming from emotions of solitude, emptiness and uneasiness felt in the everyday work life as a translator.

Lefevere argued that it is difficult for translation text to perfectly reflect the original text as translation involves the process of asymmetric exchanges of different cultures. It is because translation is inevitably affected by ideology, poetics, and sponsors. That is why translators are engaged in ‘rewriting’ of the original text. According to Lefevere, ideology refers to a network of ideas accepted by a certain group of people in society at a certain period of time in history. Translators are inevitably under the influence of such ideas in their process of translating the originaltext. Sponsors, as spokesperson of ideology, also interfere in the process of translation through their power. The expert group, consisted of writers and translators, conducts their work through poetics skill within the boundary of ideology permitted by sponsors. The modern history of Chinese translation from 1840 to 1919 is the period that witnessed the proof of Lefevere’s translation theory. This paper applies Lefevere’s translation theory to the two modern Chinese translation versions of the Bible; <The Gospel of Mark> translated by Yan Fu and the Chinese Union Version.