Earticle

Many historical source texts written in Chinese regarding Korean history have remained almost cryptic for those who did not master the reading of old Chinese texts written by historians and the literates of the previous dynasties in Korea. However, there have been many preceding examinations by scholars of Korean linguistics and Korean history since 1960s regarding interpreting officials(Yeggwan) and their institutions. Until now, these studies have been rarely introduced to the Interpreting and Translations studies in Korea and elsewhere. This paper aims to provide an overview of official interpreters and respective institutions until the Goryeo Dynasty (1391 A.D.) and to take a step forward in establishing history of Interpreting in Korea. The overview is based on the preceding research results and the Database of Korean Classics where we can find the translated historical source texts into Korean. There was an active exchange between Korea and China respectively Japan, and Yeoggwans during the Three Kingdoms period and institutions like Waejeon in Shilla, these exchanges have been recorded by historians. (There have been offices for interpreting in Barhae and Taebong as well). Many records regarding interpreters and their offices have been found during the Goryeo period, e. g. office for Guest, Interim office for Interpreting, Bureau for Interpreting. Informations from source texts and research results give us an insight into class relations and social position of Yeoggwans and their role in Goryeo.

This study aims to examine the nature and characteristics of self-translation, which is a relatively new field in translation studies and accordingly is decidedly not a common practice. Though a new comer, however, this field of study has much possibilities for theorists of translation studies. This article argues that the concept of self-translation, or auto-translation, should be limited mainly to literary translation, not to technical translation. Authors have attempted to translate their own literary works for a variety of reasons: psychological, linguistic, social, political, and artistic. Among these reasons, the last reason is most noteworthy. First of all, authors self-translate their own works because they think complete work can only be represented when they write in two different languages. Secondly, they often consider self-translation a sort of extension or revision to the original text. Thirdly, they translate their own writing because they are dissatisfied with existing translations. In other words, authors often believe that they are quite qualified to do the job far better than professional translators. Despite some possibilities, self-translation has some limitations because it cannot boast of a rich harvest of theoretical contributions to confront.

This study investigates aspects of the translation of beginning-level Korean language textbooks and analyzes the translations in terms of glocalization. The textbooks have been developed for use at King Sejong Institutes all around the world and are translated into English, Japanese, Chinese, Mongolian, Thai, Russian, and Spanish. For this, I asked seven Korean language teachers who have professional language abilities in each language or majored in the language to translate the textbook from Korean as literally as possible. I also asked them to analyze its tone and nuances in each language. As I analyzed these materials, I also asked professionals in each language (professors who majored in each language) and native speakers to verify or confirm my questions. Through this, I classified sections of the translations in terms of literal and liberal translation, as well as analyse what different aspects the translations have according to each language. As I examine the general pattern of the translation, Anglicisms are found in many other language versions. This is, in part, due to the fact that the English version was developed first, and other language versions were developed later based on the English. Additionally, each translation has its own style. Among these, the Japanese textbook is translated liberally to help Japanese-speaking students understand easily. Similar strong points are found in the Chinese translation, but not in the terminology. Terms that are nonexistent in Japanese or Chinese are translated ambiguously. This would imply point to a need to develop proper educational terms. In the Mongolian version, the translation is liberal and, for the most part, was not translated from the English version into Mongolian. Instead, the proper Mongolian lexicon was used to help students understand well. Hopefully the result of the analysis in this study will be helpful for translation of glocal Korean Language textbooks used at the King Sejong Institute.

This study aims to examine the practice of abridged translation in the field of literary translation. As the object of analysis, two different translations of Duma's The Three Musketeers are used, one being a complete translation and the other being an abridged translation. This paper begins with suggesting the reasons of abridgements, based on information found from the publishers' comments and book descriptions, and pointing out the possible problems that the abridgements of a literary text may produce. Then it shows that the act of translation is closely connected with the establishment of certain cultural values in a society and therefore always includes value judgements. In the analysis that follows, it is revealed that in the abridged version of The Three Musketeers the narrative structure is simplified, the personalities of characters are transformed and even distorted, and the motives of the characters are represented quite different from the original text. In a word, the whole structure of Dumas's original text undergoes radical changes and therefore even the nature of the work is transformed. In conclusion, this study points out that abridged translation of a work of literature, despite its good intentions, cannot render the unique flavor and subtle texture of the original to its readers properly, and a careful consideration should be given before the translation/publishing project.

There has been an increased need for knowledge of Korea abroad. To meet this demand what is required is to organize the achievements of Korean researchers in various areas and to help those with an interest in Korea to get a better understanding of what they wish to know. When it comes to more specific areas, the situation is different. With insufficient translations of relevant research, documents and papers, Koreans have been relatively ineffective in their response to controversial issues raised by Japan and China concerning the ancient territorial boundaries of Korea; Japan's continued territorial claim to Dokdo Island, and biased interpretations of Korean history in their textbooks. One of the key problems is the dearth of quality translations of Korean academic research. It is essential, in this regard, to have references, which are both reliable and standardized, in order to facilitate translations in the field of Korean Studies, so as to provide foreign readers with the correct information in different foreign languages. Hence, the need for a glossary of Korean studies is critical. It is also very important in the translation of the Korean classics because many academic papers refer to these sources. In translating classical Chinese documents into Korean and then into foreign languages there are always slight changes in semantics, so the author tries to identify what kind of problems occur in the process of translation and to determine how a corpus of knowledge based on the internet can be constructed. This paper proposes a method of standardizing a manual of online corpus knowledge for the translation of Korean classics.

This paper aims to show the Korean game fans' online discussion on the pros and cons of localizing Starcraft and to explain some characteristics of its localization. Since its debut in 1998, StarCraft, a real-time strategy video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment, has enjoyed great popularity in Korea, stimulating remarkable growth in the nation's eSports industry. As of 2007, StarCraft sold about 9.5 million copies around the world, with 4.5 million of them sold in Korea. It is thus hardly surprising that the revelation of StarCraft II captured much attention and imagination in the Korean game community. However, it was reported that unlike the original game, the sequel would be published in a localized form, perplexing many Korean gamers who had long familiarized themselves with the English version of StarCraft. While some fans welcomed the developer's decision on localization, most of the fan community opposed localization itself and the proposed translation method. As such, the developer had to pay careful attention to the fans' opinions in its localizing process. The localization of StarCraft II has three peculiarities in terms of fans' activities. First, it was the very fans who disputed the ongoing localization of their beloved game. Second, the developer held a translation contest to gather the fans' opinions on translation and to reduce their discontent. Third, fans' discussion on translation was focused almost entirely on the names of in-game Units and Buildings.

This article addresses the relationship between linguistics and translation studies with reference to the linguistic gaps. The most representative concept of translation, that is, equivalence of translation came from Catford in the contrastive linguistics. In comparison of ST with TT, different scholars propose different applications of translation equivalence for the most comprehensive explication. However, the notion of equivalence is based on the discipline of linguistics to compare language systems, and has a limit to be applied to the total complex of translation, because each language has its own linguistic parameter and culture. Therefore, the gap between two languages goes to the responsibility of the translator, that is, translator’s linguistic, cultural, and textural competence, which needs to be further elaborated under the concept of so called the components of cultural equivalence.

The following five hypotheses are to be examined in this paper: “Interpreting competence is not innate” “In interpreting competence, it is better to acquire a past so-called ‘critical period’ for language acquisition”, “The process of interpreting acquisition has certain steps that are the same, regardless of the language pair and the learner”, “Foreign language proficiency does not necessarily mean interpreting proficiency”, and “There are gender differences in the interpreting acquisition.” Some of these hypotheses have been regarded as near-facts among those who learn and teach interpreting(‘Interpreters are not made but born’). To verify or falsify these hypotheses on a more objective basis, recent scientific results from cognitive psychology and neuropsychology are consulted, especially neuroscientific researches are drawn on to support most of the above hypotheses. The explanations that this paper offers can be a theoretical construct for future empirical researches which need to be carried out in cooperation between interpreting researchers and neuropsychologists.

The purpose of this paper is to describe to what extent the literary style of free direct discourse has been shifted or preserved in a novel of Korean-to-English translation, “Whatever happened to the guy stuck in the elevator” by Kim Youngwha. This will be done within the framework of Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1995). What is argued for is the marked literary style of free direct discourse which produces stylistic effect is best accounted for in terms of maximal relevance; on the contrary, optimal relevance is relevant to the unmarked literary style of (in)direct speech. This paper has also found that no less than 50 percent of the literary style of free direct speech of the source text has been shifted to (in)direct speech in the English target text, making the poetic effect of the target text far less weakened than that of the source text. To describe the stylistic effect of free direct discourse, in this paper, we have subcategorized free direct discourse into strong and weak free direct discourse. What is shifted, no matter whether it is strong or weak, from free direct discourse to its weakened style amounts to 90 percents, making the stylistic effect of the source text neutralized in its target text.

Juliane House의 번역평가모델은 Halliday의 체계적 기능언어학을 최초로 번역평가에 적용한 사례로 인정되며 House의 개정판 번역평가모델은 번역평가 연구에 적극 논의되고 있으나, 문학번역 평가에는 아직 연구가 많이 진행되지 않은 상태다. 본 논문은 House의 번역평가모델에서 핵심적인 변수로 역할을 하는 '문화적 필터'(cultural filter)가 문학번역 평가 과정에서 부족한 면이 있음을 제시하고, 이를 보충해줄 수 있는 '서사적 필터'(narrative filter)의 필요성을 제시한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 관련 서사적 개념들을 소개하고, 신경숙의 장편소설 엄마를 부탁해 한글판과 영어번역판을 대상으로 질적 비교분석을 실행하였다. 먼저 소설 1장을 비교 검토하여 번역 미스매치(translation mismatch) 리스트를 만들고, 이중 Register의 Tenor, Field, Mode 각 구분에 서사적 변화를 초래하는 6 종류의 서사적 미스매치(narrative mismatch) 유형을 찾아내었다. 그 다음 소설 전체를 검토하여 6 가지 유형의 사례들을 검색하고 각 유형마다 적절한 예를 들며 설명하였다. 본 논문은 House의 모델에서 구분하는 언어적 기술(linguistic description)과 사회적 평가(social evaluation) 개념을 기반으로 첫 단계인 언어적 기술에 초점을 두었고, 이에 따라 논문에 기술된 미스매치들의 분석이 신경숙의 소설을 House의 covert translation과 overt version, covert version 중 어디로 분류해야 하는지에 대해서는 평가하지 않는다. 본 논문에서 제시되는 서사적 필터의 개념이 문학번역평가에 대한 논의에 긍정적으로 적용되어지길 기대해본다.

Despite its wide use in the everyday work environment of interpreters, sight translation as a form of interpreting has received little attention from scholars and educators to this day. Although sight translation shares features with written and oral translation, existing experimental studies have revealed that it is a rather unique act of language transfer in both cognitive and target text error & stylistic terms. The role of sight translation in the curricula is often based on the premise that it is an act similar to interpretation and its practice can thus contribute to enhancing interpreting skills. As reasonable as such a rationale may be, it tends to overlook the importance of educators to train students in sight translation as a type of professional interpreting rather than a supplementary exercise for consecutive/simultaneous interpretation. Because the set of challenges in performing sight translation are complex and unique, it is only natural that a search for sight translation pedagogy should start by looking into difficulties students encounter in their actual performance. The current pilot study analyses student performance data derived from the classroom to identify challenges learners face in English-into-Korean sight translation. This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection to reach a fuller understanding of the difficulties and their causes.

이 실험 연구는 마드리드 알칼라 대학교 문화간 커뮤니케이션 또는 커뮤니티 통번역을 전공으로 하는 다양한 그룹의 석사 과정 학생들을 대상으로 2009~2010, 2010~2011 그리고 2011~2012(첫 시험) 동안 두 언어 조합으로 이루어진 두 종류의 통역 시험 개발 및 결과를 분석 보고한다. 학교에서 제공하는 모든 언어 조합, 즉, 아랍어, 중국어, 프랑스어, 영어, 폴란드어, 러시아어 그리고 루마니아어 대 스페인어 조합으로 매년 약 80명의 학생들에게 적용되는 이 시험은 맞춤형 구두 연습과 높은 수준의 표현력을 요구하는 시험을 결합한 형태이다. 학생들은 학기 초 먼저 의료 통번역에 대한 적성 검사를 실시하고 약 200 시간의 교육을 마친 뒤 법정 통번역에 대한 적성 검사를 실시한다. 이 실험의 주요 목적은 통역사에게 요구되는 능력, 즉, 배경지식, 기술 그리고 자세의 조합을 중심으로 교육이 학생의 통번역 기술 향상에 미치는 효과를 비교하는 것이다. 본 논문은 학생의 교육 배경, 장르, 나이, 국적, 모국어 그리고 통번역 경력 등의 변수를 고려한 정확성의 정도와 반응 속도를 분석한다. 마지막으로 이 논문은 시험의 두 가지 주요 우려 사항인 정확도와 신뢰도와 이를 평가하는 주요 방법인 질적 피드백과 학생 퍼포먼스 분석에 대해 논의한다.

미국 형사법관련 법조인의 눈으로 관찰하는 스페인어-영어 미국법정통역사의 역할은 막강하다. 형사재판소의 긍지와 위엄에 부합하는 중립적인 전문가의 입장으로 법정 한가운데에서 영어소통에 어려움을 겪는 스페인어계 피고인들의 인권을 지켜주며 사회정의를 보호하는 법정참여인의 구실을 하기 때문이다. 미국 법률역사에는 재판 당시 법정통역사가 부족한 상태였음에도 불구하고 판사가 영어를 알아듣지 못하는 피고인에게 유죄판결을 내리는 것에 대한 위헌여부의 논의로 이름을 떨친 U.S. 연방법원, 또한 State 주(州)지방법원의 형사사건들이 있다. 그 중 연구가치가 있는 판례 5건을 미국 법조인의 시각으로 분석해 보았다. 통역사 없이 재판을 진행한 사례, 경찰관이 통역사를 대신한 마약수사절차, 사건에 직접적으로 연루된 공무원이 증인으로 통역한 사례, 가까운 친지가 통역한 사례, 변호사가 나서서 통역한 예를 들었다. 미국에 수많은 남미계 이민인구가 정착하여 거주하는 오늘날, 전문적 통역사의 도움이 부족한 상태에서 혹시 어떤 인권침해나 비합리적인 판결이 있는지 문제의식을 가지고 통찰해야 하며, 글로벌시대의 미국 법조인들은 형사절차집행에 있어 다문화관련 사건에 각별히 신중한 자세로 임해야 한다고 결론지었다. 새로운 법률의 개정과 제도의 개선은 물론, 스페인어계 피고인과 증인이 법정에서 통역사의 도움을 요청할 수 있다는 사실을 알리는 대외적 시민교육도 중요하다. 아울러 경쟁력을 지닌 전문법정통역사를 충분히 배출하여 관할 각 지방 형사법원에 조달하는 노력도 필요하다.

한자는 중국에서 유래하여 중세에 이르기까지 유럽에서의 라틴어와 유사한 역할을 동아시아에서 해왔다. 고대 중국을 비롯하여 일본과 한국도 모두 한자를 사용했으며 따라서 한자는 세 나라 공동의 문화 유산으로 자리잡았다. 오늘날의 글로벌 사회에서 중국, 일본, 한국 삼국간 경제 및 문화 교류는 더 없이 활발하게 확산되고 있다. 그러나 흥미로운 사실은 이 세 국가가 교류하게 위해 주로 사용하는 언어는 영어라는 점이다. 삼국 모두 아직 한자를 사용한다는 공통점을 활용한다면 한자는 세 나라 간의 교류를 더욱 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 비록 삼국 모두 한자를 사용하고 있지만 어법과 발음은 제각각 다르다. 따라서 이 논문은 올바른 한자 활용 방법에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 본 논문의 주 논제는 일본 역사연구이다. 오랜 시간에 걸친 중국, 일본 그리고 한국 학자들과의 교류를 통해 한자 명사에 관심을 가지게 되었고, 이에 따라 본 연구는 세 나라 언어의 역사와 문화를 통해 한자 명사를 설명하고자 한다. 이번 논문에서 이 연구의 결과를 밝히고자 하는 것은 아니다. 그러나 이 주제를 수면 위로 떠올림으로써 향후 심도 있는 연구를 활성화시키고자 한다. 이번 연구를 통해 여러 학자와 연구자들 간의 상호 이해를 도모하여 가능하다면, 이 주제에 대한 규칙과 규정을 세우고자 한다.