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The aim of this study is to investigate metaphors employed by traslation theorists to discuss translation, by drawing on the theoretical building blocks of conceptual metaphors advocated by Lakoff & Johnson (1980). Lakoff & Johnson argue that metaphors are mental mechanisms through which our physical and social experiences provide understanding of other subjects. The current study has come up with 8 prominent metaphors utilized by translation theorists throughout history. They are TRANSLATION IS MOVING SOMETHING, TRANSLATION IS CLOTHING & PAINTING, TRANSLATION IS A CONQUEST, DETHRONING OF THE SOURCE TEXT, TRANSLATION IS A LIVING THING, TRANSLATION IS A WOMAN, and TRANSLATION IS CROSS-FERTILIZATION. These different metaphors allow us to gain a better insight and understanding of what we call translation. At the same time, the evolution of these translation metaphors illustrates the trajectory of dominant issues and concerns discussed in the research of translation. This study concludes with the speculation that the advancement of technology and globalization in the practice of translation might bring forth fresh metaphors for translation in the future.

The conducting of fair and objective quality assessments of translation and interpretation is an issue just as important as the conducting of education and research in the field of translation and interpretation. However, not only in the market for translationand interpretation but even in specialized education institutes o ftranslation and interpretation quality assessments of interpretation rely more on subjective judgments than objective and fair criteria. In response to this state of affairs, this study attempts to produce a set of standard criteria for quality assessments o fKorean-Chinese consecutive interpretation, based on an error analysis of Korean-Chinese consecutive interpretations rendered during graduation exams at a specialized education institute for translation and interpretation, a situation bearing the nature of qualification exams to attain the status of a professional interpreter/translator. As a preliminary step to producing a standard set of criteria to assess interpretation quality, relevance theory was drawn upon to classify interpretation quality into the area of comprehension, which links to the inferential capability shown by the interpreter, and the area of expression, which links to the interpreter’s production of ostensive information. Based on this classification, a model example of the interpretation was prepared by distinguishing core ostensive information of the source text from supplemental ostensive information. Referring to the model example, the ostensive information within 14 interpretations was compared against that within the source text to conduct a quantitative analysis of errors committed by the interpreters. After including additional error categories that did not fall under the areas of comprehension ability or expression ability, an objective and tangible set of criteria was produced for quality assessments of consecutive interpreting from Korean to Chinese. The criteria includes all errors that were observed in the interpretations, and was produced to offer evaluators an objective standard to measureinterpretation quality within the time constraints placed on them.

Fluency is commonly accepted as a reference criterion in assessing interpreter’s interpreting competence. Based on a taxonomy of three components, i. e. ungrammatical pauses, repeats and repairs ,this paper presents a quantitative analysis of trainee interpreters’ output. The results show the significant and directional impact on their production of disfluencies that happened on the repeats, but there is not significant directional impact on the pauses and repairs. Even though the study tackles the issue at hand, it fails to generate unanimous evidence to corroborate the hypothesis that output is more fluent in interpreter’s mother tongue than in the foreign language.

In the 19th century, many western intellectuals of missionary organizations and the Bible Society translated the Bible into Chinese according to the characteristics of their own regions and the missionary policies. The writing styles of the Bible translated into Chinese in those times can be divided into Easy Wenli Version (that is between colloquial style and classical style), High Wenli Version (that is classical style), and colloquial style of Mandarin. Based on this experience, missionary organizations and the Bible Society of China determined to collaborate for the translation of the Bible into Chinese in 1890 and it was called Chinese Union Version. From the first stage of the translation, the Bible’s writing style was divided into Easy Wenli Version, High Wenli Version, and Mandarin Version, and each translation committee was organized. This writing style differentiation attempt means the reader-centered translation. Mandarin Union Version which was born through the aggressive writing style differentiation in 1919 was developed as modern Mandarin with characteristics of both colloquial and letter style as it was westernized by being influenced by western translators. This version went beyond the category of religious texts and became an example of the modern language revolution of China which longed for the unity of speech and writing. And as a representative text which delivers western new thoughts, it provided a driving force for the changes of Chinese society in the 20th century.

The circumstance of advertising translation is special. Consumer, function, purpose and cross-cultural transfer are important factors in the translation of advertising. The purpose of this article is to study the influence of cultural context in the translation of advertising across heterogeneous cultures. The article examines ‘K-beauty’ advertisement texts translated in Chinese and English in the internet website and analyzes low- and high-context communication, masculinity and femininity culture dimension and the language system that represents monogloss and heterogloss. The case studies show that translation across heterogeneous cultures involves text transfer and cultural adaptation. It is suggested that the cultural factors in the target market are very important in the process of the translation of advertising.

This paper purports to study the problem of titles in translation of <The Great Escape>, written by Angus Deaton, the professor-economist of Princeton University. The first Korean edition of <The Great Escape> was published in 2014, and removed from sale in October 2015. This edition was regarded as containing changes and omissions from the English text, not accurately reflecting the original work. In November 2015 Hankyung BP, the Korean publisher of this book released a new edition. This current study focuses on the translation of titles, which were also changed or omitted in the first edition. Titles have strong influence on the understanding of the whole text, as they frame the facts, concealing or highlighting certain aspects of these facts. The translation of titles, in this respect, has great importance on attracting readers’ attentions and leading them to the way, where the author wants. The translated titles can affect the acceptance of the translation in the target society. Some former studies on this issue will be reviewed, and changed titles of the first edition willbe analyzed to discover the impact of title translation in the understanding of this book in Korean target culture.

Public speaking skills are essential to improving student interpreters’ consecutive interpreting performance. Student performance was video recorded for a semester and weekly assessed by the students as a tool to help trainee interpreters demonstrate a critical awareness of extra-linguistic aspects ofspeech, i.e. delivery problems, and improve presentation skills. A 6-point scale assessment sheet was employed based on two main criteria: body language and vocal behavior. A survey was also conducted towards the end of the semester to understand how the students evaluated the video-aided classroom and to reveal further data on students’ consecutive interpreting delivery. Whereas no significant improvement in students’ public speaking skills was manifested, students responded very positively to the trial, suggesting benefits and didactic approaches for further studies.

The French film director Eric Rohmer, who was a literature teacher and novelist himself, explored the relationship between the novel and film, speech and images during his career that lasted for around 50 years. Particularly, his early works that helped him gain reputation as a director were all adapted from novels. Among his many adaptation films, this study examines Perceval (1979) which was adapted from one of the oldest French novels, Chrétien de Troyes's 12th-century Arthurian romance Perceval, the Story of the Grail. After Rohmer himself translated this medieval romance written in verse into modern French verse, he used this text almost without any changes. This means that the characters of the film speak not only in dialogues but also in the third person’s narrative for descriptions and narratives that are spoken in the third person's narrative in the novel after designating themselves as the third person. As a result of this exceptional experiment where the narrator role is given to (assigned to) characters instead of a camera in the film, the familiar relationship between speech and image is broken in this film. With this change, Deleuze discovers some features of the modern film (or the second stage of sound movie). According to Deleuze, no longer do speech and visual images interact with each other directly, but begins to make a relationship freely and indirectly. Then, the problem left for the translators and translation researchers are largely condensed into two. The first problem has to do with how to translate this exceptional experiment of Eric Rohmer. Second, a self-assessment of our perception of subtitling that still remains at the level of classical sound movies, although contemporary films have already absorbed the outcomes of such film experiments that are more than 30 years old.

Russian loanwords not only make Russian words more abundantbut also have various stylistic and pragmatic functions. In particular, loanwords as political language perform various rhetorical functions as a way of persuasion. This paper attempts to analyze rhetorical using and meanings of loanwords used by the President of Russia Vladimir Putin by utilizing rhetorical categories of Zimmermann, and to seek their educational implications for translation and interpretation training. The paper shows that loanwords used by the President Putin have different rhetorical strategies depending on text function and the type of audiences. Various loanwords with different rhetorical meaning and functions were used including loanwords associated with historical background, with dual meaning, with value evaluation and emphasizing functions, and loanwords that were developed to describe new concepts. Therefore, loanwords should not be just regarded as a foreign word, and should be taught systematically as a newly-coined word and technical term. Furthermore, analyzing loanwords can enhance comprehension of the speaker's style and further develop the ability to analyze a text, and it can be utilized as an analysis tool for communication in translation and interpreting.

This paper examines the need for teaching professional ethics in translator and interpreter training. This study looks into the availability and overall status of ethical training offered from the current curriculum of major graduate schools for interpretation and translation in Korea. Then, a group of interpreters/translators who also work as instructors at training institutions participated in a focus group interview. Participants discussed: first, the type of ethics training they had received before and after joining the practice of interpretation and translation; second, ethical dilemmas,and third, the need for teaching ethical issues to future professionals. The findings of curriculum review and focus group interview suggest that both the quantity and quality of professional ethics training should be improved so that translators and interpreters in the field make a decision with confidence when faced with an ethical issue.