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The purpose of this study is to find out how news about Korea is translated by the Chinese news media in terms of methodology and process. Recently, news coverage on Korea has increased significantly in China. In ‘CankaoXiaoxi’, a daily newspaper published by China's state news agency, Xinhua and is allowed by the government to report world news in mainland China, Korea was covered only 9 times in 1993 compared to 169 times in 2007 - most of which were translations of Korean news articles. An alarming fact is that neither many people are aware of this situation, nor any study has been conducted on this matter. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the process of translating Korean news articles into Chinese based on empirical facts. Therefore, this report analyzed Korean news translated and reported by CankaoXiaoxi. The analysis found that most of the news articles on Korea were edited translations of Korean articles, instead of being reports directly covered by journalists. In many cases, the contents of original articles were often deleted, expanded or modified by translators to attract more Chinese readers. In some cases, facts were deleted to make the articles read better, and in other cases, new facts were added to enhance cultural and social understanding among Chinese readers. Both deletion and addition were influenced by political positions at varying degrees, but it should be noted that modifications were made mostly for better readability rather than political positions. This phenomenon of edited translation is often viewed by Chinese scholars as a part of functionalism centered around the Skopos theory. In conclusion, the significance of this study lies in its attempt to identify and classify the issues of edited translation found widely in Chinese news reports.

The paper examines 207 Korean mistranslations found in Korea-EU Free Trade Agreement to identify their features and analyze the causes, such as cultural differences, translators’ incompetence and intentions and translation practices. Considering the fact that the mistranslations were found in an inter-state agreement, they should be seen not as mere translation errors, but as translation gaps(번역 불일치), which are attributable to the Korean government’s attitude toward the European Union and the United States as a subordinate trade partner. In other words, the free trade agreement was translated into Korean without any mutual discussions with the writers of the original English version of the agreement. The unilateral translation encouraged Korean translators to believe that they just need to translate EU’s requests without considering whether they comply with Korean laws. To put it socio-semiotically, the translators set EU's requests, instead of the negotiated contents, as their object to work on and regarded the translated Korean-version of the FTA just as a representation. This turned the original English version into an interprestation that needs to be interpreted in the future by Korean companies for its full meaning. As an organization to exercise the nation’s sovereignty, the Korean government should review based on semiotic principles whether the Korea-EU FTA complies with the existing Korean laws, so that both Korean and English version of the agreement could be translated into any direction – from English to Korea or vice versa - without any changes in meaning, since they should duly enjoy equal legality.

This study is to show how important images are in translating different cultures. Out of curiosity about how foreign readers would perceive Korean culture, this study reviews two English translations of Dong-ri Kim's Muneodo to see how cultural references are translated. Muneodo is one of the most prominent works of the author and carries a lot of shamanism-related references. It found that, regardless of translational approaches taken, cultural references are susceptible to changes in their represented images, which can create quite big discrepancies between; relations that the source text has with its readers and that of the target text with its readers; the imagined world that the source text readers conjure up and that of the target text readers; and the understanding of the source text readers and that of the target text readers. Although this occurs in translations from English to Korean too, in consideration that Western readers often lack an understanding of so-called the lesser known language and culture including Korean, further contemplation of cultural references and their images is needed in translation.

There is a high barrier between the West and Korea in thoughts and art. The Westerners look the world from a substantial paradigm, but Koreans, from a mutual relational paradigm. The Western people think with binarism(A or not-A), but Koreans with fuzzy logic(A and not-A). Orientalism, ultra-nationalism, and toadyism obstruct mutual communication between two. Despite the differences, there is the way through which the two can understand and communicate mutually. Firstly, Korean scholars must know exactly the peculiar characteristic of Korean thought and art. After understanding this thoroughly, he or she may as well mention about Korean art and thought. Secondly, Koreans as well as the Westerns must cognize the differences between substantialism and mutual relational paradigm. Then, he or she should bridge between two. Thirdly, as proposed by subaltern theory or dependence theory, Korean scholars must develop original theories which are based on Korea's unique conditions and thoughts. Fourthly, as Thích Nhất Hạnh did, Korean scholars must explain Korean thoughts and art with the discourse about Western values and paradigm. Lastly, the Westerners and Koreans take part in traditional art performance of each other, and then look other's art and culture in other's view.

This study observes the different patterns of personal type categorization in Korean and English along with their different cultural value system, i.e. Confucian collectivism among the Koreans and Christianity-based equality and individualism among the Anglo-Americans. As the two peoples are radically different in their cultural background, the terms for human types, which reflect the belief system of a given culture, are assumed to be used in different patterns. The purpose of the study is not just establishing any explanatory linguistic theory on either Korean or English, but searching for the deep-seated cultural implications for those essential linguistic phenomena. This study is based on the Korean and English terms for human reference, which the author has collected from various authentic sources like newspapers, magazines, novels, and dictionaries as well as oral records of the two languages, and will classify those wide varieties of the terms according to their morphological features and semantic properties. After presenting the general facts of the two languages, the cultural implications will be discussed.

This paper analyzes the generic term ‘번역(飜譯)’ used in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty to refer to the activities currently called 'beonyeok 번역' in Korean. By examining the different uses of this Chinese word ‘飜譯’ with comparison of its rival term ‘諺解’ in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, the paper tries to prove that the contemporary standard term for translation in Korean ‘번역(飜譯)’ was used almost throughout the history of Korea and that its meaning was already as modern and rich during the Joseon Dynasty as in today’s usage. To restitute the whole history of the translation concept in Korea, we applied the semasiological approach to the evolution of translation-concept in Korea. In our further study, we will attempt an onomasiological analysis on different terms corresponding to the translation-concept in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty.

한국이 급속한 고령과 저출산 등 급속한 사회경제적 변화를 겪고 있는 가운데, 본 연구는 한국의 인구 및 이민 관련 데이터를 분석해 보고자 한다. 최근 수십년 간 한 국은 상당한 경제적 성장을 이루며 그 결과 인구통계학상의 급속한 변화를 목도해 왔다. 부분적으로 이는 국내적 요인과 이민 효과(Migratory Impact)와 관련있다. 이 러한 요인이 장기적으로 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 관한 연구가 한국적 맥락에서 수행 된 적은 없으나, 잉글하트(Inglehart)의 세계 가치관에 관한 설문조사 데이터와 다양한 국가 통계 데이터를 통해 추론해 볼 수 있다. 인구통계학적 변화는 의도하지 않은 문화적, 언어적 결과를 수반하므로 정책입안가들 및 그러한 변화의 의미를 해석하고 이에 대처하는 업무를 담당하는 사람들이 급변하는 인구 구성과 가치관에 관한 세세한 내용을 알고 그 잠재적 영향을 인식하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 한 국가가 경제 성장을 이룸에 따라 발생할 것으로 예측되는 변화 및 그에 따른 가치관의 변화, 인구통계학적 변화를 논함으로써 통번역사들의 인식을 제고할 것이다. 특히 한국의 사례를 설명하며 향후 한국인의 정체성이 어떻게 변화할 것인지 예측한다.

Russian poetry as well as Russian prose have been introduced in Korea since the first Korean literary journal was found. Especially during last 20 years, most of prominent Russian classical and modern poets' works have been translated into Korean. However, the translated verses failed to win due responses among the Korean readers. There can be some reasons for the failure. It is no doubt that the translated works well convey the contents of the source text, but not the forms. Translators usually do not pay much attention to the fact that the poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty and the concrete and artistic expression of the human minds in emotional and rhythmical language. However, they do not seriously consider how to express the rhythm in Korean. The main function of poetry is not to be seen, but to be rhythmically read or recited and heard. This function has been quite ignored in Korean translated versions. Even though the Russian metric system is quite different from that of Korean, Korean translators should search for optimal metric system, such as traditional cadences used by many prominent contemporary Korean poets. If the translators try to utilize alternative Korean prosody, there will be a lot of variants and possibilities.

The presence of dialect in a source text poses a huge problem for translators because dialect is so deeply embedded in the source culture and it is actually not possible to find a target language variant with similar characteristics. Focusing on the translation of dialect in the literary texts, this paper studies merits and shortcomings of various translation techniques and try to find effective strategies to compensate for the possible loss of rhetorical functions in the dialect translation. Whenever two or more variants of the same language exist in a text, a translator can: 1)simply ignore dialect and render it with standard version of the target language; 2)create a synthetic target language composed of non-standard grammar or phonetically modified words and phrases; 3)render with socioeconomic dialect, use colloquial expressions, or add expletives; 4)use one or more non-standard variants of the target language. This paper examines various translation methods with the Korean translation of Harry Potter and the Sorceror's Stone and Lady Chatterley's Lover. It finds the standardization method weakens foreign and exotic effect while rendering with non-standard variants in the target language might create some unintended images. A translator can transfer the effect of dialect by creating new dialect, but s/he might irritate readers with unnatural vocabularies, sound and grammar. In conclusion, the efforts to render the effect dialect produces in the source text can be only partially and indirectly transferred.

This pilot study aims to explore the differences in text politeness between translated (from Korean to English) and non-translated business texts by analyzing their textual and interpersonal metadiscourses. Text politeness here is defined as linguistic and non-linguistic resources that a writer employs to guide his/her readers along the progress of the text and build relationship with them. Business texts analyzed in this paper is the Letter to the Shareholders, the most-read part of a corporate Annual Report. Three sets of texts were collected for the study: Korean texts, their English translations and English texts originally produced by global companies. This paper first introduces the need to research translated business texts as a textual interaction between the writer and the readers which is under an influence of culture and society. Then it is followed by the concept of metadiscourses which refer to a variety of cohesive and interpersonal features designed to help readers relate a text to its context, revealing the writer's awareness of the presence of the reader. The analysis of metadiscourses in the translations(TT) and non-translations(ET) showed that transitions and self mentions were the most-frequentlyused textual metadiscourses and interpersonal metadiscourses respectively in both TT and ET of the study. But the two data sets differ in that ETs employ more code glosses and hedges while TTs' use of them are limited. The analysis result might be stemmed from the cultural differences in the writer-reader distance and the concept of being polite in presenting the writer's idea to the readers.

This study examines errors that occur during the process of understanding and transferring a source text. Texts translated by graduate students who majored in translation studies were used to compile the data. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, a desirable method for literary translation and translation teaching is presented. The source text for the analysis is The Cask of Amontillado written by Poe and the target texts are seven texts translated by graduate translation students. The assessment was conducted in three areas; syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The process begins by checking the student's understanding of the source text's syntax and meaning. Then, the researcher assesses if the student recognizes the pragmatics and context of the source text. Common errors students made are presented by comparing with the model translation suggested by the researcher. Then the causes of errors are discussed. The main problems in the students' translations were caused either by students' less than full understanding of the source texts in the context level, or the difficulties in rendering the target language. In the case of the latter, the target texts were found to have grammatical errors or translationese. Strategic competence is required to solve these problems. Professors or lecturers should help students recognize problems found in translated texts and demonstrate the strategic competence for problem solving, such as deciding the priority in translation or searching for the necessary information. Professors or lecturers should not present ideal translation and make an prescriptive approach in translation class. Instead, he or she should encourage students to find solutions to translation problems by discussing with them the features of a source text on a macro level. He or she should also teach how to grasp the target readers. This learning process will help students translate independently.

Translation assessment is essential for teachers and learners for educational purposes despite its subjective nature. In this regard, this paper aims to explore the effective use of the Translation Quality Assessment model in educational settings, which is proposed by a research group of Korea University to evaluate Korean translations of French great novels. The two-tier assessment system attempts to evaluate pragmatic elements as well as the appropriateness of the lexical items and the grammatical structure. To examine the pedagogical value of the system, the first part of this paper is devoted to presenting specific methods for using the model in classroom. The assessment tool has a vital role to play in curriculum planning: the design of teaching/learning objectives, selection of resources and activities, and evaluation of students' performance. The second part analyzes the results of a survey of teachers and students who have implemented the model for evaluation of translation. The comments from the repondents confirm the critical value of the TQA system from a pedagogical perspective, and suggest various ways to use the system effectively in the classroom.

The purpose of this study is to set and apply assessment standards for A to B interpretation with focus on the ability to interpret into language B and analyze the results. By posing questions on the difficulties that students experienced in A to B interpretation and on their educational background, it was found that most of the students learned language B after their childhood and felt lack of dominance in language B themselves. Also analyzed were the difference between things that professors pointed out as their weaknesses and those which students themselves considered to be their problems based on self-assessments of transcription of their recorded interpretation. On these grounds, the assessment criteria were identified, divided into 'Interpretation Assessment'(accuracy, fluency) and 'Language B Assessment'(expression, pronunciation) and given with weights as proposed by precedent studies on survey analysis of interpreter and language user expectations, as well as by student-defined score per category. The paper analyzed the correlation between the total score and the score of each category marked according to these standards through a Wilcoxon signed rank test, and studied principal component analysis results of the difference between students' midterm and final exam performance. It also discusses the issues and problems that were found in applying the assessment standards. This study aims to help students improve skills by helping them realize the categories for which they should practice further by presenting objective data through statistical analysis.

The paper analyzes differences in lexical bundles between translational and original Korean as identified by a 3-gram analysis of an English-Korean newspaper/magazine translation corpus and a comparable Korean news corpus. The n-gram analysis, with a cutoff of 20 times per million words, produced 84 and 44 lexical bundles for the translation and original Korean corpora respectively after excluding patterns containing numbers and proper nouns. A majority of the multiple word sequences related to verbal expressions expressing reported speech and modality of surety and ability. A comparison of the two lists revealed some patterns present on one list but absent on the other or with a marked difference in frequency. A further investigation of some of these patterns provided evidence indicating that the translational corpus exhibited some of the translational universals suggested in the literature, namely source language interference or shining-through, simplification and under-representation. The study also suggests that n-gram analysis can be a highly useful tool for corpus-based translation research.

What are some of the popular subjects among Korean researchers with respect to translation? What are unique characteristics involving Korea's Translation Studies? This paper is a preliminary study to answer those questions and aims to explore the ways on how to classify researches of Translation Studies. This paper consists of the following three parts: In the first part, three scholars who suggested frameworks for classifying Translation Studies are selected, and their classification methods are reviewed. To be specific, significance and limitations of Holmes/Toury map, which was first developed by Holmes and improved by Toury, are examined. Then, this paper examines four types of translation discourses, i.e., prescriptive/normative Translation Studies(TS), descriptive TS, inductive/scientific TS, and productive TS, proposed by Ladmiral, a French philosopher of translation. Lastly, twelve research areas of TS proposed by Williams and Chesterman are reviewed. The second part classifies a total of 193 papers published in the Interpreting and Translation Studies, an academic magazine dedicated to Translation Studies, from the first issue through 2010 issues, according to the above twelve research areas of Williams & Chesterman. The last part of this paper analyzes the classification results, and presents ways to complement the above-mentioned classification frameworks, along with their implications.

This case study intends to investigate the characteristics of the evaluation of literary translation practiced in the form of translation awards and translation grants in the U.S. While traditional approaches to literary translation evaluation have been often bound by the prescriptive factors of faithfulness and readability, which could neglect the practical importance of publishability and other non-textual elements, this study rather takes a descriptive approach to reviewing and analyzing prize-awarded translations and translators and aims to discover common elements shared by these award-winning translations and translators. With the descriptive approach, this study has found that not only the translation quality but also critical factors outside translation text itself, including the overall backgrounds of translators, expertise of evaluators, influence of publishers, play a pivotal role in the evaluation of literary translation. The study has also discovered the important role of the accurate analysis of source texts in translation evaluation, and emphasizes the necessity that multi-layered direct and indirect evaluations by evaluators as well as editors and publishers contribute to bridging the gap between the result of literary translation evaluation and the actual reception and publication in the U.S. publishing markets, overcoming the limitation of numeric and mechanical results on the evaluation sheet.

Translation quality is a key to discussing translation, and it is essential to have the criteria that help determine a “good” target text in order to discuss translation quality. Despite endless debates on the issue, the academic community has yet to agree on explicit standards that a “good” target text needs to satisfy. Therefore, translations have been assessed according to subjectively-set criteria. This paper is a preliminary report on designation of different weights by translation error category. To devise a clear and consistent translation evaluation model, it is vital to first set adequate categories for evaluation according to directionality i.e. Japanese into Korean and vice versa. Therefore, the study attempts to establish evaluation criteria for Korean-Japanese technical translations by using Translation Evaluation System(TES), which a Japanese company, Hitachi Ltd. utilizes to evaluate Japanese-English technical translations. Once the criteria were determined, the target texts produced by the paper's subjects (students) were examined to sort identified errors by the categories. The errors were then sent to native speakers of Japanese for a five-step assessment based on naturalness of expressions and readability. By designating different weighted value to each error category, this study aims to contribute to a more systematic and quantitative evaluation of translated texts.

This paper analyses statements made by heads of states at joint press conferences in an attempt to identify the frame and information structure of the texts. Defined as principles that organize social events, frames are believed to be shared by members of a society. This analysis shows that leaders of nations share a frame when they deliver remarks at joint press conferences, and this can be seen in the similar text components of their statements. An analysis of information structures, however, reveals differences in thematic progressions. If interpreters understand such concepts as the frame and information structure, they could improve their performance in joint press conferences, as these assignments can be highly stressful with the critical eyes of the press, invisible pressure from the public, from home, and sometimes, from abroad.

The phenomenon of globalization as standardization is seen everywhere, and the field of book translation is not an exception. Nevertheless, not all translated books take on exactly the same forms as their originals. Visual elements of translated book covers, in particular, are often noticeably changed from those of their source texts for various reasons. Such shifts in visual signs between source and target texts have been rarely explored in translation studies home and abroad despite their potential importance as resources for meaning making especially in multi-modal texts such as book covers. Against this backdrop, this study aims to compare visual elements in translated book covers and their originals from sociocultural and semiotic perspectives. To this end, the book covers of 20 most popular translated books and their originals in two different genres were selected for a contrastive analysis. As a theoretical background for analysis, this paper draws on “the grammar of visual images”, a theory that is based on a socio-semiotic, visual application of systemic functional grammar(SFG). The analysis is focused on two of Halliday-suggested metafunctions of communications, interpersonal and textual metafunctions, and their respective visual cues. The findings indicate that not only linguistic signs but also visual signs can be used as resources for meaning making in a given sociocultural context. This may serve as a good starting point where an extended role of translators can be discussed as multi-modal texts are gaining greater presence in the current age.

임어당은 중국의 대표적인 20세기 작가이자 번역가이다. 번역가로서 그는 많은 인 문학 저서를 영어와 중국어로 번역했다. 번역서는 그의 저작물 중 큰 부분을 차지하며, 특히 그의 작품 속에서는 작가와 번역가가 종종 함께 존재하고 있는 점이 경이롭다. 사회역사적 연구를 통해 번역가로서의 임어당과 작가로서의 임어당이 하나라는 점을 알 수 있다. 그의 번역서들은 그가 일반적으로 추구했던 ‘자기 표현’이라는 주제를 뒷받침해 주고 있다. 그의 영중 번역 작품은 중국인들에게 현대적 세계관을 심어준다. 그 예로는 ‘중국 퍼즐(The Chinese Puzzle),’ ‘히파티아(Hypatia),’ ‘여성과 지식(Woman and Knowledge),’ ‘헨리크 입센 비평 전기(A Critical Biography of Henrik Ibsen and His Love Letters),’ ‘피크말리온 (Pygmalion)’, ‘공산당 소년의 일기(The Diary of a Communist Schoolboy)’, ‘신비평(New Criticism)’ 등을 들 수 있다 . 그의 중영 번역 작품은 기계화된 현대 문명의 정신적 격차를 중국식 인생관을 통해 극복하려는 의도를 담고 있다. ‘Six Chapters of a Floating Life,’ ‘The Importance of Understanding,’ ‘The Wisdom of Laotse,’ ‘The Wisdom of Confucius’ 등이 그 예이다. 그의 번역 작품 대부분은 전반적으로 임어당 자신의 자기 표현이며 이상적인 인간 존재에 대해 그가 꿈꾸는 유토피아를 구축할 수 있도록 해 주었다. 작가이자 번역가로서의 임어당에 대한 연구는 이론적으로 번역사가 얼마나 창조적일 수 있는지를 보여준다. 지금까지 많은 번역 작가들은 번역 과정에서 발생하는 개작(rewriting)과 조작(manipulation)에 대한 정치적, 이데올로기적 논의에 치우친 나머지, 번역이라는 작업을 통해서 텍스트를 조작할 수 있는 잠재력을 가진 중개인으로서의 주체에는 별다른 관심을 쏟지 못했다. 또한 본 연구는 번역가로서의 임어당에 관심을 가진 번역학 연구자들에게 글로벌한 시각을 제공하고 있다.

KBS 월드 라디오 방송국이 스페인어 방송을 개시한 1962년 8월 19일 이래 한국 기사를 번역해 해외에 방송하는 것이 일반화되었다. 이후 국내 통번역 대학원 출신의 많은 전문 번역사들이 KBS 월드 라디오 방송국에서 근무하며 뉴스 프로그램 등을 번역해 왔다. 그러나 뉴스 방송과 관련된 이러한 종류의 텍스트를 변역은 단순 번역이 아니며, 이중언어 구사력 뿐만 아니라 특정 텍스트 타입에 대한 지식까지 요구되는 상당히 독특한 작업이다. 이에 대해 번역을 공부하는 학생들은 대개 별다른 훈련이나 교육을 받지 못하므로 이러한 업무를 하고자 한다면 해외 방송용으로 사용될 뉴스 텍스트를 어떻게 다루어야 할 지 스스로 배워나가야 한다. 본 연구는 특히 KBS 월드 라디오 방송국의 뉴스 번역 프로세스의 한 프레임을 모 델로 하여 관심있는 번역사들에게 한-서 뉴스 번역의 패턴과 관련 규칙을 소개하고자 한다. 다양한 텍스트가 해외 방송용으로 번역되지만 본 연구는 그 중 가장 대표적인 뉴스 번역에 초점을 둔다.