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In this paper the royal court institution for interpreting of Joseon dynasty, Sayeogwon, and the interpreting officials, Yeoggwan during the first half of Joseon Dynasty, will be introduced. The translated historical documents such as Tongmungwanji (Handbook for Interpreting officials), Gyunggukdaejeon (complete code of law) and Joseonwangjo Sillok (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty) are the main sources of this paper. Furhermore other studies on Korean history and language have been used as references. Sayeogwon, where trainees for the court interpreting acquire their education for Chinese, Mongolian, Japanese and Jurchen, and to which the court interpreters belong has been founded in 1393. To be a trainee, the candidate needs to pass an entrance examination. Most of them need to take the imperial examinations i.e. Yeoggwa, to be an interpreting official. During the education and also after having acquired the status of an official, there have been many different ways of promoting the titles and stipends which will be shown in this article. The official interpreters have been dispatched to the Ming Dynasty (China) or to Japan during the Muromachi period for politicial, diplomatic and economic affairs. Their duties and roles will be presented in the following as well. The third part regarding the second half of Joseon which will be presented in a subsequent paper.

The book market in South Korea is glutted with translated books. However, compared to the amount of literary works written in English or Japanese, the literature written in spanish takes a relatively small percentage of the korean book market. According to experts, the surplus of translated works and the monopoly of major languages are mainly caused by publishing companies that pursue mass production and the lack of spanish using authors. However, the lack of competent translators is also a big reason. This thesis will investigate the problems by taking a glance at the publication of the translations originally written in Spanish and the market of book translators. To solve the problem of the emphasis on literature written in major languages and gain a virtuous circle, the accurate analysis of the current market situation and investigation of the problem are necessary. According to the current situation, the translation market has unlimited possibility. And to provide with quality translated works to this market, maintaining competent book translators who can pursue big amount of works consistently and responsibly is indispensable. The analysis of book translation and book translators market will take a step forward to convince the direction of the book translator education and the effort that those translators should make.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of translating proper names and titles including titles of books, songs, TV programs and movies, and names of companies, institutions, products, art works, papers, and magazines from English into Korean. Drawing on the frame of reference for the translation of cultural words and proper names by Newmark, this paper studies various methods used in translating titles and tries to come up with the strategies most commonly used for each title or name. This study focuses on translating various titles in published books, not translating titles for commercial purposes such as movie release or publication; and analyzes how translations in published books are different from translations for commercial purpose. From analyzing 139 translated titles and names, this study finds that among translation methods such as zero translation, transcription, literal translation, modulation, and creating a new name, literal translation and transcription are two most commonly used translation methods for names and titles. Since most Korean readers are relatively proficient in English, Korean translators add original English names or titles to their translation to increase informativity. It is also found that intertextuality is very important in title translation that translators use titles which have already translated and widely used by the public; and readers' language proficiency, intellectual level and interest on the subject are other important factors to be considered.

The purpose of this article is to examine sexism in Korean proverbs and then to suggest a means of translating sexist proverbs into some Western languages―a translation strategy applicable to gender translation. For this purpose, it takes one of the most common Korean proverbs, "When the hen crows the house goes to ruin," as the most typical expression of gender discrimination that often occurs in male-dominated Korea. The article argues that although sexism in proverbs and maxims are universal to cultures, it is far more prevalent in a patriarchal society like Korea, since it has undoubtedly been influenced by Confucianism for a long time. This article further points out that gender-oriented translators should "re-read" or "re-write" these Korean proverbs when they translate them into Western languages. In sum, the translating strategy that Susanne de Lotbiniére-Harwood took when she translated Letters from an Other, by Lise Gauvin, might be most effective.

This thesis makes analysis of Psychology of GSIT(Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation) students, focused on the survey for the Korean-Japanese department students. Thirty five students were asked seventeen questions in the survey of the various aspects of psychology of students. The results of the survey show that there were some similarities as well as greatdifferences in the perspectives held by the two groups(first year and second year students). Many feedback is done frequently in several scenes of the Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation. Students learn from feedback a lot, and it hangs for the effort of students oneself to grow up. Even if they receive the feedback that they are hard to sometimes accept, it is one process when it grows up again to get over it. However, teachers must give students the appropriate stimulation, and have to incline the attention for a method of the feedback not to be able to be hurt as much as possible. Feedback must be clear and objective, and attention is demanded from the teacher not to compare it with other students. Feedback telling about whether oneself improved in comparison with the past, is more effective for motive induction than the feedback in comparison with other students. Presented various comments through this research will be helpful to configure the pedagogy of GSIT.

Among the thousands of languages that exist in the world, it isunlikely that there is any language that does not contain profane expressions. Since profane expressions reflect the actual lives of people, they have remained an important component of language and have not disappeared even as social conditions have changed over the eras. Nonetheless, profanity has tended to be avoided for a long period in the field of language studies because such expressions are not considered beautiful language. The present study focuses on the short story “A Handbook to Divorce” written by the contemporary Chinese author Su Tong in 1991 to explore strategies for appropriately translating profanity that appears in works of Chinese literature. Since profane expressions do not have specifically established concepts of significance, they constitute cultural elements with meanings that are difficult to explain specifically in the absence of contextual information. For this reason, in order to comprehend the in-depth meaning of Chinese profane expressions that are a part of high context culture, it is essential to rely on contextual understanding. Moreover, it must not be overlooked that even the same profane expression that appears within the same work may have different meanings and intensities depending on the situation and the characters involved. Therefore, when translating profane expressions, translators must avoid eliminating such expressions or translating them according to the denotative meaning without regard for the nuances of character and context that the author seeks to express. Furthermore, the translator should not limit the range of expressions to only those expressions that the translator is accustomed to using. It is necessary to apply a contextual translation strategy that analyzes the context of both the source text and the target text in order to create translations of profanity that corresponds to the actual situation and the characters to achieve an equivalency of effect rather than an effect of meaning.

This paper deals with notetaking skills which are key elements of consecutive interpreting performance and reports findings from a pilot study on interpreters’ consecutive interpreting with notes. With a view to contributing to consecutive interpreting training, this paper discusses basic principles in notetaking and some effective notetaking skills that may contribute to the enhancement ofinterpreting performance. The pilot study examines five interpreters’ consecutive interpreting performances and their notes taken with a Smartpen. The findings suggest three types of efficient notetaking skills. First, interpreters need to adopt dynamic notetaking. Dynamic notetaking refers to taking additional notes swiftly not necessarily following the left-to-right and top-down movement, storing temporarily key information in their working memory while catching up with the source text. Second, interpreters need to take a note of the syntactic structure of the source text in order to effectively reproduce a complicated or convoluted sentence. Third, interpreters need to use symbols in a consistent manner in order to avoid confusion and misinterpretation. Just as the use of a Smartpen enabled the researchers to analyse the subjects’ notetaking in real time, the Smartpen is expected to be a useful tool for teaching and training notetaking skills. Given the limitations of research methodology, it would be worthwhile to examine if training these skills leads to the enhancement of consecutive interpreting performance through a large scale experimental study.

The paper analyzes different strategies for translating English [Process Quality+Thing] patterns into Korean and the problem of translationese in that process, particularly with regard to processes of 'increasing' or 'decreasing'. 'Process Quality' refers to those verbs that transform themselves into adjectives modifying nouns in nominal groups as in 'public attention increased'→'increased public attention'. This transformation constitutes what is labeled as 'grammatical metaphor' by M.A.K. Halliday. The [Process Quality+Thing] pattern rarely occurs in Korean, which makes it a challenge for the translator if he/she aims for a translation that reads naturally in Korean. The analysis using parallel corpora shows that the most preferred method of translation is unpacking the nominal group containing a Process Quality and transforming it into a Process proper, followed by shifting the Process Quality to a Process Thing. Comparison with a comparative Korean corpus confirms that direct translation of the pattern produces translationese.

For successful communication, one needs to speak clearly. To this end, one first needs to arrange information based on chronological or logical order. Once a general order is set, there remains another important point. One needs to decide the order of elements in a sentence or a clause and how to arrange them. The theme, which is the first element that appears at the beginning of a clause, is very important, since it serves as a starting point to deliver new information while, at the same time, connecting the current clause with the previously spoken clause. The theme one selects also determines the form of a sentence. In addition, according to the theme, readability and comprehension by the readers can differ and the objectives of the text may be altered. A translator, therefore, should see that his or her translation conforms to the theme of the original text. Otherwise, the translation of the thematic structure in the original text will appear distorted and difficult to understand. Moreover, the translation may sound awkward and it may convey a different message or meaning in comparison to the original text. The purpose, therefore, of this article is to discuss the problems that arise when a translation text does not embody or conform to the thematic structure of the original text, and to suggest three strategies to use in translating the thematic structure and information structure of an original English text into Korean.