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The concept lingua franca tends to be used imprecisely. Reference to English as a lingua franca obscures the functions performed through English in business, technology, academia, school education, etc. It tends to disconnect the language from the causes behind its expansion, and from the role that English has played in eliminating languages (a lingua frankensteinia) and consolidating American imperial power worldwide. Examples are given of the misuse of the concept in an Argentine policy text, in a book on the European Union (EU), and in a study published by the EU. The historical origins of the concept are summarised. The use of terms that derive from Latin makes it more difficult for Asians to understand the connotations of English as a lingua cultura (US cultural norms), lingua bellica (wars, military activity), etc. There is a common core in the semantics, grammar and phonology of Anglo-American English which is in force worldwide, even if there is great variation in how English is spoken, though much less in the written language. When English functions as a lingua academica, it is false to consider that it is neutral, since it based not on a restricted language – the original meaning of the term lingua franca – but on the language, culture and world view of countries where native speakers of English live. This means that speakers of other languages such as Korean are at a distinct , structural disadvantage, for instance when publishing in scientific journals. The currently fashionable research into English as a Lingua Franca is of no help in addressing such issues. We need to ensure that the expansion of English does not occur at the expense of other languages and their speakers, which is a serious risk in the contemporary world.

The global spread of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has major implications for the interpreting profession. Not only is English the main conference language, but source speeches are increasingly produced by non-native English speakers. Research into ELF has concentrated on the description of ELF as a legitimate use of English in its own right and as an asset to achieve communicative goals in international contexts (Seidlhofer, 2011). Interpreting studies, by contrast, address the critical stance of professional conference interpreters towards ELF developments and seek to explore the challenges ELF presents to their profession and to successful communication. Empirical evidence regarding ELF and interpreting is still scarce and not very robust. The paper brings together the results produced so far. Major problems identified on the part of ELF speaker source text production are lack of express-ability, varying proficiency levels, register shifts, and massive L1 transfer on the part of ELF speakers (Albl-Mikasa, 2010, 2013a, 2013c), but also difficulties arising from the specific nature of interpreter-mediated working conditions (Reithofer, 2010, 2013). The paper concludes by outlining the new research questions these challenges put to the study of interpreting.

The study analyzes the use of English by native speakers ofThe study analyzes the use of English by native speakers of French in French newspaper articles and on the French radio and television fifty years after Etiemble’s study, published in 1964under the title Parlez-vous franglais?, revealed to the Frenchpublic the negative impact of English on the French language andlead the French government to launch in 1966 a language policybased, inter alia, on the enrichment of the French lexicon. Examples of code switching and code mixing in the French mediawere collected between January and April 2014. Among the mostcommon forms of code switching, the speaker/writer uses Englishwords, phrases or sentences, respecting English word order andEnglish grammar, followed or not by free explanations in Frenchor occasionally by the official equivalents that the English wordshave received from Ministerial Terminology Commissions with theapproval of the French Academy. Code mixing is using Englishwords in French sentences according to French grammar rules. Despite the official policy of promoting the French language andlaws on the use of the French language, French governmentofficials started in the 1990s to openly use English and promoteEnglish in France and abroad. This behavioural pattern was alsoobserved in many French companies where English replacedFrench in official interactions between managers and managersand workers. The impact of English on the French language andsociety is today manyfold: the official French terms to use insteadof English ones are often ignored; English terms are perceived ashaving a richer meaning than their equivalents in French; the needto show that one knows English in France is quite common evenamong Government officials; linguistic insecurity among Frenchspeakers is evidenced by their need to mention English terms,occasionally with their official French equivalents, or to useEnglish words when French words are available; linguisticinsecurity is also evidenced by errors made by French speakers inEnglish; new phonemes have been incorporated into the Frenchlanguage that not all French speakers have mastered; currentsocial discontent is also rooted in linguistic alienation. Contrary tostudies of languages in contact, which differentiate status andcorpus interferences, the evidence provided in this paper showsthat the status of English in French society does impact the corpusof the French language.

The greater part of the Arabs are Muslims. Muslims’ religion or Islam values the life of this world and religious practice (in contrast to other religions focusing on afterlife), so it is not surprising that Islam has influenced nearly every aspect of Muslims’ daily life. The effects of Islam are particularly remarkable in Muslims’ language use. It has been widely believed that without sufficient knowledge and understanding of Islam-related expressions, one could not effectively participate in daily Arabic conversation, much less translate or interpret for Muslims. It is necessary that any learner of Arabic should familiarize themselves with Islam-related language. Words and expressions about Islam pose great challenges to translators and interpreters. Some Korean-Arabic translators, for example, seem to feel that Islam-related expressions are as big a headache as the complex sentence structures of Arabic. Phrases from the Quran and Hadith (a report of Muhammad’s sayings and deeds) are hard to translate and without a guide, such religious words cannot be fully understood. In particular, Islam-related expressions greatly bother conference interpreters who are constantly under time pressure. In an attempt to address all these challenges, the author identified and categorized Islam-related expressions from Arabic speeches that she used in interpreting classrooms for three years. Her preliminary findings showed that expressions of Quranic or Hadith origin are linked to their context of use and situation. The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, the study aims to create a categorized list of Islam-related expressions frequently used in speeches for the benefits of conference interpreters. Second, the study aims to show how such a list can be used for those seeking to improve their communicative ability in Arabic.

Joseon Dynasty begin its first official contact with western powers in the 1800s, and was almost forced to become included into the world order centered around the western nations. Joseon faced open without any preparations, which was different from Japan and western powers that had made detailed preparation for a long time for the purpose of invasion into Joseon. With the friendship and trade treaty between Joseon and Japan in 1876 as the start, Joseon entered into friendship and trade treaty with western powers, such as the U.S.A., England, France, Germany and Russia. All the commercial treaties not only with western powers but also with Japan and China were unequal. In fact, Japan and China, which had opened their doors to foreign countries before Joseon did, also signed unequal treaties with the western nations. Joseon concluded more unequal treaties than Japan and China because of its lack of understanding of foreign languages as well as of modern western laws. In addition,it made a language-decisive mistake in that treaties written in foreign languages became the standard of interpretation when misunderstandings related to law clauses arose. It showed how poor the understanding of the importance of languages and translation was in those days. This attitude ended up incurring an economic loss in reality

This study aims to describe and analyze historical changes in Korean language experienced by the concepts of translation and national language intertwining under the influence of the Japanese ideology of national language during the Japanese colonization. For this purpose we decided to examine the terms as ‘Beonyeok’, ‘Gukeo’ and ‘Gukyeok’ in the corpus constituted by various dictionaries of Korean language from the beginning, newspapers and historical documents of Korea in comparaision with Japanese counterparts. In fact, the concept of translation colored by the nationalism and the existence of a special word for translation in one’s own language are the shared characteristics of the notion of translation in Korea and Japan. During our research, we have arrived to find that the concept of a national language as the common noun, that is to say the language of a country or a nation is absorbed by the Korean word 'Beonyeok' while the concept of our own language or Korean language as a proper noun has been embodied by the Korean word 'Gukyeok' but that the ideology of national language is going to be removed from the translation concept in Korean since the 1990s. This is globalization and multiculturalism affecting nowadays the Korean society which enhanced this change to an opening on the other in the conceptualization of translation.

The study aims to compare and analyze the different translational aspects in film titles and poster visuals observed in Japanese and Korean melodramatic movie posters. There is a difference in the way that Japanese and Koreans translate film titles. The Japanese are inclined to resort to liberal translation over literal translation or transliteration, while Koreans have a relatively higher tendency to choose literal translation or transliteration over liberal translation. The visuals pertaining to the study have been analyzed in four aspects: eye-level, mode of address, modality and lay-out. As a result, it could be observed that movie posters created in Japan tended to depict visuals that imply some idea of the mood and the ending of the film by, for example, depicting a man and a woman looking away in opposite directions, or by depicting one person glancing at the other. The general angle in such posters would be set to eye-level angle in order to generate a sense of kinship. For melodramatic films with titles and visuals that don't allow any inference as to its genre or content, the Japanese would change the title into one that fits a melodramatic film and would also change the visuals of its poster by, for example, replacing broad smiles with tender smiles or sorrowful expressions regarding the main characters appearing in the poster in order to emphasize that it is a melodramatic film. And in the case of lay-out, Japanese movie posters often tended to have a sort of composition division to put emphasis on the cast appearing in the poster. It was also commonly observed that the face of popular actors or actresses were zoomed in for a close-up in both Korean and Japanese movie posters with the aim of causing publicity effect. Such actors and actresses were given greater emphasis than the film content or the film title itself.

Translators encounter tough problems in song translation: [1] the translated text should be as singable as the original lyric, and [2] the translated song should arouse the same deep emotion as the original music. The former condition imposes a number of formal constraints on song translation: e.g. matching syllables with musical notes, observing the beat and the rhythm of the original music, etc. The latter condition dictates functional requirements for translating songs. The goal of this paper is to figure out crucial factors that determine the emotion of the original song, and to propose appropriate translation strategies that help preserve the emotion in the target language. For this, we hypothesize that syntactic and prosodic parallel structures should contribute to the emotion of the song. Then, we investigate how these structures are translated by professional translators into singable Korean lyrics when they are asked to translate musical numbers in the English language. After all, we have found out that the translated texts do not coincide among translators when ST includes both syntactic and prosodic parallel structures, and that prosodic parallel structures are more difficult to translate than syntactic parallel structures. Based on this, we discuss practical methods of preserving the emotion of the original song in the translated language.

Indonesia is a multilingual, multicultural, and multiethnic country. After a series of twists and turns, Indonesia has chosen Malay, one of its regional languages, and developed it up as a single national language, in the name of Bahasa Indonesia. Some scholars appraise Indonesia's language planning as an epoch-making success, while not a few are pessimistic about its future. This paper aims at studying the hidden side of achievements of the language planning in Indonesia. In order to understand those conflicting appraisals, we should examine the socio-historical backdrop of the biggest island state in the world which has succeeded in building a single nation and a single national language. In particular, we scrutinize the background of its national language policy which contradicts with the policy of preserving the regional languages and allowing the use of foreign languages. Thus, we come to the conclusion that Indonesian language planning has succeeded in preserving and developing the national language in terms of national integration. But it has brought about serious problems in terms of preservation of regional languages and the use of foreign languages. Considering that Indonesia's language planners are in this dilemma, this paper looks for possible solutions.

This paper tests two translation universal hypotheses, simplification and explication on the basis of a Korean-Chinese newspaper editorial translation corpus and a comparable native Chinese newspaper editorial corpus. The lexical density (the proportion of lexical words) and the lexical-function word ratio are calculated to verify simplification hypothesis. Also, the function-total word ratio and the frequencies of conjunctions are examined to verify explication hypothesis. The analysis shows that the lexical density and the lexical-function word ratio in Korean-Chinese translation are significantly lower than in native Chinese. A significantly greater ratio of function over total words and the tendency to use conjunctions more frequently are found in Korean-Chinese translation than in native Chinese. These findings provide evidence in favor of the simplification and explication hypotheses.

This paper aims at analyzing how culture-specific items are translated in Korean-English literary translation, observing the problems shown in the translation and ultimately suggesting the more desirable strategies to let Korean cultural elements known to the world. For the study, examples of typical Korean cultural items such as 갓, 두루마기, 막걸리, 떡, 대청마루, and 아랫목 are taken from 30 translated novels and short stories. This study shows that the most frequently used strategies of translating Korean cultural elements are generalization, established equivalent and omission. They are often considered as strategies of reader-friendly ones at the expense of the faithfulness to the source text. This phenomenon proves that Lawrence Venuti's post-colonial suggestion is accurate. Venuti asserted that the asymmetrical relations or inequalities are present in translation. Nowadays with the rise of Korea's cultural authority, the translation attitude of our own cultural elements must be changed. Instead of easy-going translation attitude to use strategies such as omission, generalization or established equivalent, translators have to endeavor to make our cultural elements known to the target readers. In addition, established equivalents of some cultural items such as overcoat for "두루마기“ and rice-cake for ”떡” have limits to remind them to the mind of target readers. Therefore, it would be urgent to recognize the limitations of the existing equivalents and to try to find more suitable expressions.

This research aims to examine translation strategies and methods by analyzing Arabic translations of the Tan Tan Math Books. The goal of this research is to find out whether the Tan Tan Math Books, the first children's literature translated into Arabic, can be evaluated as "good translations," in the sense that they could receive similar responses from children in Arab countries as they have from Korean children. Previous studies were examined, and texts written in the source language, Korean, and in the target language, Arabic, were analyzed from two perspectives: lexicologic and pragmatic. The lexicologic perspective is divided into three aspects: titles, onomatopoetic and mimetic words, and expressions related to culture. The research shows that expressions related to culture, including proper nouns, omissions, substitutions and changes of meaning, were commonly found. Onomatopoetic and mimetic words were mostly deleted, and no special strategy or method was used in such cases. As a result, the Arabic translations lacked the amusing and imaginative qualities that Korean readers experienced. Based on these analyses, the research concludes that cooperation between a translator whose mother tongue is the source language and a translator whose has a deep understanding of the target language is the best way to translate Korean children's literature into Arabic.

Korea’s T & I education began when Graduate School of Interpreting and Translation(GSIT) was established in 1979 at Hankuk University Foreign Studies(HUFS). GSIT has been developing through 3 stages of T&I education (initiation, transition and evolution). In the initiation period, GSIT mixed foreign language education with that of T & I, during which the faculty recognized that the two fields are quite different from each other. GSIT introduced and implemented the European model of T & I curriculum, but witnessed certain limits due to the lack of teaching materials, expert faculty, training facilities, etc. In the transition period, expert professors took up the education, back home after studying T & I or linguistics in Europe and other regions abroad. They took the process-oriented approach which was apt for the first stage of T & I education, focusing on the curriculum itself, rather than on the final T & I products. In the final and evolution period, GSIT’s education encouraged the critical thinking of the students, listened to their various viewpoints and let them set up their own conceptual framework. During the same period, T & I research became active, publishing a total of 1,011 papers in 3 top Korean T & I journals until the first half of 2014. At the same time, demand and supply in the T & I market also underwent a lot of changes. T & I curriculum has been sensitive to the market changes and it is now divided into translation major and interpreting major. Korea’s T & I experts should carefully consider the desirable direction of T & I education, curriculum, market and research activities from now on.

The purpose of this article is to provide the descriptive analysis of the correlation between consecutive interpretation and note-taking. For this purpose the research has been done on the base of the analysis of the students' note-takings and the results of consecutive interpretation term-test. At first I evaluated students' performance of consecutive interpretation, and analyzed each student's note-taking in order to see whether there would be any difference in note-takings between students with high grades and with low grades of CI performance. The results of research showed that there were overt differences in note-takings between student groups with high and low grades, which meant well-done note-taking helped their CI performance done well. And it was found that languages of note-taking was decided not by A language-B language or by Source Language - Target Language, but by A language for choosing one's own predominant language - mother tongue or by Source Language for minimizing one's efforts of transcoding between languages. This study may find meanings in that it has verified the issues in previous studies on CI and note-taking and provides the useful teaching methods.

There must be a number of essential elements in performing translation and interpretation successfully. And among the many elements we can consider, the language ability, specially the mother tongue ability, should be at the top of these as a prerequisite for translation and interpretation. This study tries to observe the actual situation of the Korean language classes in the four major GSITs of Korea focusing on the class formation, the professors in charge, and the contents of the classes, and makes suggestions such as setting the proper standards of Korean language ability for translators and interpreters and opening the Korean language class for those who study Korean as a B language. This study also suggests the cooperation among the professional interpreters/ translators and the Korean language scholars as professors of the Korean language classes in GSITs, and development of proper curriculums and textbooks.

In this paper, we built a parallel data. We reviewed the translation ethics proposed by the scholar Chesterman who came from Finland though the keywords searching based on the data. The interpretation ethic is What should we do interpretation activities and how the interpretation is actually going to do activities. In the process of interpretation, the interpreter’s interpretation ethic has four models including representation, service, communication and norm-based. In other words,representing for the core meaning of the source text; servicing for the listener, communicating the speaker and the listener nearly, so that Promote the understanding of the listener on aspects of linguistics and pragmatics, Conforming to norms. Service, communication and norm crossed each other. Service, communication and norm Focus onrepresentation, what formed professional ethics. In this paper, it’s the first time to study on interpreter’s ethic with the parallel data at translation and interpretation academic. But it’s regret that the parallel data was built with one time’s Consecutive Interpretation and one interpreter’s data. So maybe there is a lack of statistical accuracy. In the future we hope more Scholars can pay attention at the aspect and make more accurate research. At other sides we hope more scholars can make an interview with the interpreter and get some more In-depth analysis of the shift strategy.

The paper aims to demonstrate the usefulness of incorporating corpus search techniques into Korean-English translation classes where English is the students’ B language. To this end, the paper frist gives a brief overview of the literature advocating the utilization of corpora in translation trainee training. After that, it focuses on COCA (the Corpus of Contemporary American English) as the most useful large-scale public English corpus for the present study’s purposes, offers a summary account of its key search functions and showcases a variety of search strategies as they are applied to resolving three types of collocational errors, using examples drawn from the author’s translation classes.

Eric Rohmer, one of the most representative and prominent directors of the French New Wave era, has produced dozens of films during his lifetime particularly nourishing on the French literary tradition. He was most exceptional and incomparable to any other figure in exploring the relationship between dialogues (paroles) and visual images and strongly believed in the inherent power of dialogues (Rohmer, 1989:46-52). He elucidated his thoughts on the relationship between dialogues and visual images by borrowing the term ‘discourse (discours)’ from the realm of literature. Later on, Delleuze further developed these ideas into a discussion about the cinematic free indirect dialogues within Rohmer’s films. In this context, this paper aims to study the cinematic dialogues in Rohmer’s films and discuss subtitling translation in Rohmer’s own dialogue terms particularly by focusing on concrete examples found in his film My Night at Maud’s. The main purpose of proceeding with this study is to advance the general discussion about subtitle translation into a deeper level of translation study focusing on an individual author and his masterpiece (oeuvre). Furthermore, I intend to show the possibility of how subtitles can be established and created as another subject based on the relationship of the two subjects, the audio and visual image. Most importantly, it is almost impossible to anticipate translation to be successful in practice if such possibilities of a subject are hardly presumed. Subtitles are, nonetheless, still subordinate to visual images and much prejudice continues against audiovisual translation under claims that it is far incoherent compared to other genres of translation. This article therefore seeks to reexamine whether such biases are pushing the potential of subtitles out of the screen and study field by focusing chiefly on its limitations.

The purpose of this study is to understand the genre convention related issues and aspects observed in the in Korean to Japanese translations of learners. The analysis is limited to newspaper headline translations with separated analysis frames for postpositions and predicate. Genre, in terms of text related conventions, can be described as ‘socially decided’, ‘appearing repeatedly’, ‘typical’, or ‘language use/communication patterns’. Genre convention carries a cultural typicality, an essential element that guides the translator in the reproduction and adaptation of texts, according the purpose and type of translation. According to analysis, the input of superfluous postpositions was found to be the most common problem in headline translations. As said postpositions were not found in headlines of the sources text, the phenomena can’t be simply construed as a substitution or replacement problem, but rather, a decision making problem on the translator’s part, which can be carefully assumed to be deriving from a sense of grammatical ‘incompletion’ of the sentence. But this can, in fact, affect or alter the meta convention of headline, where brevity is considered to be the highest priority. As genre convention functions as an ‘expectation inducer’, an inadequate form of expressing it can lead readers to think that the text is ‘flawed’, or bring failure to the act of communication itself. Therefore, teachers should instruct learners to be aware of such genre convention problems and foster them the capacity to resolve such problems when it comes to translating relevant texts, so that they may serve as professional translators when they graduate.