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In this article I seek to develop the key pattern of East Sea Rim (ESR) mobility paradigm in the period between the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, which will also explain from when and how we have had the perceptions of ESR networks. Recently the issue of co-operations around ESR after the post-cold war has attracted the attention of many scholars. And yet the discourse of ESR is increasingly complicated and inconsistent in the fact that the sociocultural networks involving economic and political relations between Northeast Asia countries (such as Korea, Japan, China, and Russia) have been multi-layered. This means that it is significantly based on some cumulative mobilities constructed by international labour migrants, flows of goods, increase of traveling between countries, the development of internet and so forth. Needless to say, given that ESR mobility paradigm is relevant to the diverse mobilities of people, objects, images, information and products, we need to examine various matters with interdisciplinary perspectives, merging and comparing texts across languages, regions, cultures, and historical eras. I show what have fostered mobilities and networks in ESR, analyzing the ‘travel essay’ written by the early modern Northeast Asian intellectuals, who are, especially, Min Yeong-hwan (1861–1905, a minister of the Korean Empire), Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev (1872-1930, a Russian geographer, researcher of the Far East), and Torii Ryuzo (1870-1953, a Japan anthropologist). Most spatial imaginations of ESR produced by them are associated with the binary and hierarchical dichotomy so-called the modern concept of ‘Western’ and ‘non-Western.’ However that is not all. From early modern times, interdependencies between them have already been emerging. That’s what I emphasize in this paper.

Incantation is performed in order to wish for good fortune. Beginning in ancient times daily life has been an incantation. Even today it remains in the form of devoted prayers and rituals in many areas. Poetry retains the incantation quality of religious faith. It has a healing power which heals the readers and is proportionate to the poet’s eagerness and the poem’s density. Kim Hyeon-seung was born to a devote Christian family and sought a unity of his self and his religious faith. And as a Christian poet his poems sang of his close relationship with God. Thus the incantation quality in his poems is in sync with his religious faith. His whole life was immersed in solitude to the degree where he was called the poet of solitude. But his solitude wasn’t a simple loneliness or depression resulting from exclusion. It was rather his choice to become a friend with solitude in order to manage and strengthen his inner self. In the end he made a dramatic declaration of a separation from God to reach “absolute solitude”. It was an anti-Christian action against the faith that relies upon others and was a secret meeting with East Asian thought that is based on autonomous pursuit of one’s higher self. With this move his poetry became profound and its incantation became fierce. And in the end his poetry reached absolute purity and thus has secured a universal presence that retains its healing power.

This paper compared and reviewed Tanizaki Junichiro literature and Lee Sang literature with a focus on three topics of ‘complex’, ‘succubism’, and ‘longing for modernization’. As esthetic writer and surreal psychological writer, writer from the ruling country and writer from the ruled country, writer who lived long while earning favorable reviews by the literary world and writer who died young while being despised by the public, two writers are seen as writers from the remote worlds not to be compared with each other at first glance. However, the above three patterns shown in the works of two writers can be said to be the commonalities of their literature. First, ‘complex’ resulted from the appearance inferiority in the case of Tanizaki and was caused by gynophobia in childhood in the case of Lee Sang. Second, ‘succubism’ was associated with two writers’ common experience of maternity love of in childhood, that is, an Oedipus complex. And finally, in the case of ‘longing for modernization’, it was found that an Edo native Tanizaki and Lee Sang reflected the desire for modernization in their works in westernized Tokyo at that time and Gyeongseong in 1930s being capitalized during the Japanese colonial period, respectively.

The School of Jinagxi Poetry used to be a very important literary genre in ancient Chinese poetic circles. While a similar poetic genre, Haedong Jiangxi poetic genre in China’s neighboring country Korea, had a far-reaching impact on Korean literature. The author explores the School of Jinagxi Poetry’s origin, growing and spread in Korea, studies the influence it produced on the Haedong Jiangxi poetic genre. The author comes to the conclusion that Korean Haedong Jiangxi poetic genre has been greatly influenced by School of Jinagxi Poetry, at the same time, they developed poetic styles of themselves.

Korean society has a characteristic that the desire of national economic civil society is carried out in the family's territory. Family territorialization is a direct example showing the flow of the desire which can not be projected onto the society and so it flows back to the family. Family territorialization appears and completely replaces national society whenever it is in crisis. Gukje market-ode to my father shows that the private relationship between father and son was substituted by the public political relation of commanding and responding. This paper considers the family-publicness processing that makes Deok-su's life localized wholly shown in the movie, Gukje market-ode to my father in alignment with that of the reality of Busan's localization. The refuge's publicness is to Family fascism which exploits Deok-su's whole life what planning for world city Busan is to Nationlized fascism to devastate the inner life. From the beginning, for Deok-su has to live as a son of his father, he was not allowed to define his independent identity. Busan is also colonial city which has no permission of independent planning. Therefore, 'Local' exists only as a victim of public fantasy under the conditions that public values are good. Deol-su's life was taken as security by his father who didn't return and Busan is obsessed with the standard of world city Busan. This local fantasy is the factor of the downfall to childish old-age's local in the 'timelessness' which can't escape from the past. In the territory of publicness, the strong command and the weak obey the commands. Publicness is the process of typical localization using mistaken fantasy by authority. To sum up, Gukje market-ode to my father is an interesting text showing the process of downfall of Deok-su and Busan which don't have their identity independence in the mistaken fantasy that there is no lack in authority.

There are lots of materials on Susinsa and Official Observation Mission in Korea and Japan. Although the lists and articles were published by some researchers, we should investigate the data research more, and organize the materials. This research should be more detailed with translation tasks. With this study, you can find aspects of early modern Korean and Japanese mutual perception with a variety of angles through the various layers of materials. As I showed the samples of the data, during Susinsa's duty they had plenty of meetings and the cases of knowledge exchange between Chosun and Meiji Japan. These kinds of exchange can not be identified only report submitted to the King or their own journals. The collection of the two sides of the record which are written conversations and poetry exchanges, letters overcoming space, newspaper articles are very necessary. Moreover, there is little data of susinsa in Korea, so it is urgent to cooperate with Japan when we need to study the various materials. Also, we should look into the data in Japanese perception of Chosun. Through this kind of study, we can rectify the distorted historical consciousness between two countries, and will create a foundation to move into the future-oriented relationship.

Ancient residential architecture has been studied through excavation of archeological remains. Through various relics it is possible to assume the forms of residential architecture. This study is to investigate about the forms and space composition of the Shilla residential architecture through Shilla House type earthenware which were excavated in big quantities in the Han peninsula. First, to understand about Shilla residential architecture, various case studies of ancient residential architecture of China, Japan, ancient Goguryeo and Baekjae are studied. The residential forms were assumed through related documents and relics followed with comparison analysis with the architectural elements of the House type earthenware. The analysis of the craft of the earthenware shows Shilla residential architecture had a chickee (high elevated floor) form with a separate Maroo (wooden hall). The House type earthenware shows the residential architecture of the 5th-6th century of Shilla. It has a Matbae (gable roof) roof with a 1～2 kan (space) elevated plan. The entrance is to the side of the roof and the chimney for the floor heating system and cooking is inside the house which is showing some difference with the chimney form of the Goguryeo and Baekjae residential architecture. Especially the house type earthenware excavated in Gyeongju Bookgundong of the Unified Shilla dynasty of the 8th century has the form of the Paljak (combination roof) roof and elevated floor plan with entrance to the side of the roof is showing some characteristics of the Shilla residential architecture.

This paper researches the peace politics of ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ in the context of Northeast Asian women’s peace solidarity. For the purpose of this research, it focuses on three issues, that is the characteristics and genealogy of main group of ‘WomenCrossDMZ’, the ideological direction of globalizing the peaceful reunification of Korean peninsula and peace treaty. Data are collected of the documents of ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ and Northeast Asian women’s peace movement. Several findings of this research have been the followings. First, ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ made up of women from North and South Korea, Northeast Asia and around the world. Nonetheless the main group of ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ and the member of Northeast Asian women’s peace solidarity were overlapped each other fairly. Second, ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ globalized the issue of peaceful reunification of Korean peninsula in the radical feminist praxis closely connected with transnational women’s peace movement of ‘Code Pink’ and so on. In this direction, three discourses on peace of North Korea, South Korean women with progressive ideas and radical transnational feminist were converged. Third, the official end of the Korean War by replacing the armistice agreement with a peace treaty was called for by ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ and North Korean women and South Korean women with progressive ideas in Northeast Asian women’s peace solidarity. Therefore the peace politics of ‘WomenCrossDMZ’ was ready rather than accidental in the context of Northeast Asian women’s peace solidarity.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the time specific features and the times by Popular Songs distinguish the 1980s from 1990s. First, Various censorship and prohibition was done about Popular Songs in the 1970's and 1980's that is the military regime. And they were packaged beautifully dictatorship and repressed the Popular Songs. Therefore, critical music were relatively low and protest song which contain the resistance was appeared. On the other hand, democratic governments admitted the freedom of the press in the 1990s. Popular Songs criticized the social conditions and social reality directly. Second, it represented the 1970s and 1980s era which the ‘Morning Dew,’ ‘whale hunt,’ ‘marchs for sir,’ ‘Oh, Republic of Korea’ and ‘Hand in Hand’ it's the lyrics were analyzed and the lyrics contained strong negative and conscious resistance. And ‘Oh, Republic of Korea’ and ‘Hand in Hand’ contains a hopeful message was about pride and the future of the economic revival. On the other hand, Pop music which showing the music as the ‘illusion inside you,’ ‘The world is magic glass,’ ‘classroom Idea,’ ‘Dreaming of Balhae,’ ‘nails,’ ‘regret period’ in the 1990s was criticized the reality of various social atmosphere.

In Korean, there are a number of Chinese character languages of similar type which have a same shape like Chinese vocabulary by using Chinese character from ancient times. However, because it is used in different circumstance for a long time, the meaning categories do not correspond each other among similar type words or Chinese character languages of reverse word order structure are often used as synonym. This diachronic meaning change of Chinese character language can be misunderstood or wrong expression in mutual education and learning process of Korean and Chinese. Moreover, it can compare wrongly the mutual synonymous relation or it can be used as wrong translation word in the comparison research of Korean-Chinese vocabulary. For example, Chinese ‘回答’ is translated into Korean ‘대답하다(Answer:对答)’ and Korean similar type word ‘Reply(회답:回答)’ is translated into Chinese ‘回信’. In additional, various reverse-order translation words are used like ‘介绍’ : ‘Introduction(소개:紹介)’, ‘盗窃’ : ‘Theft(절도:竊盗)’, ‘达到’ : ‘Reaching(도달:到達)’, ‘缩短’ : ‘Shortening(단축:短縮)’, ‘替代’ : ‘Replacement대체:代替) in translation process of Chinese-Korean.

Zhao’s school is a genre of Henan Zhuizi. The thesis takes the masterpieces of Zhao’s Henan Zhuizi School, the old woman with double guns plundered the prison van, for example, to reveal the status of modern Henan Zhuizi. It will be elaborated in three aspects: the innovation of artistic form, the edutainment and the aesthetic features. In performance forms, influenced by modern culture thought, Zhao’s Henan Zhuizi School gave a fresh perspective toward the traditional repertoire. And it creates many new characters in the story and supplies the roles with more modern ideology, to meet the needs of modern audiences. In addition to this, after absorbing the singing styles of other Henan Zhuizi schools and sister opera dramas, it formed Zhao’s singing style and the performance for “stage”. The edutainment of Henan Zhuizi achieved by means of the artistic expression. Definitively speaking, portrayals of the characters in the play conducted the “invisible” inoculation to the audiences. The impromptu comic gestures and remarks of the funny character, “Shekou” (puzzle setting), “Jiekou” (puzzle solution), “Xiangua”(on-site playing) and other artistic expressions make people feel spirituous delight in watching the stage play. In aesthetic features, the plain language expressions and the happy ending pattern in Zhao’s Henan Zhuizi manifested the aesthetics for “vulgar”. Meanwhile, based on the pursuit of “Elegant people” spiritual, by the popular superficial art means, it express feelings, and convey the truth of life through a small story. It manifested the aesthetics for “elegant”.

A labylinth of social problems in China has been objectively described with realistic narration and refined language to create a calm tone in the film, “A Touch of Sin”, a 2013 Chinese drama directed by Jia Zhangke. The whole procedure whereby the main character, Dahai descended into the world of violence, provided in detail, shed light on where the violence originates from. The film testifies to the fact that the lower class necessarily ends up turning toward violence when their human rights and dignities are abused. Without any gangster aesthetics or visual effects, director Jia succeeded in his business when he kept the tone level and calm and revealed the whole story about a violent crime. Had it not been for this film, the scandalous firearm murder case of ‘Hu Wenhai’, which happened this century, would have been plainly slipped from memory among Chinese people. The movie, finished filming in 2013, has been released in 41 countries worldwide, but has been banned from cinemas throughout China. The government, however, after redeliberation, decided to allow the film to play in China. Still Jia’s feature film debut, Xiao Wu, is banned by the government censor. The film simply tells that true progress and growth can be achieved when an individual, people, state or nation have the courage to face their own faults.

This paper examines the cultural citizenship of the Korean-Chinese return migrants in the context of Korean multiculturalism. Drawn upon Kymlicka’s and Rosaldo’s ideas, this study uses the concept of “cultural citizenship” and emphasizes the struggle over the rights of being recognized by other citizens as well as of gaining the legal status from the state. After many years of struggle for legal status, now most of the return migrants come to hold either the Working-Visit or the Overseas-Korean status. However, the research conducted in the town of Daerim, where the return migrants are most concentrated, shows the Korean-Chinese residents struggle for cultural citizenship. Korean residents are reluctant to welcome these cultural “others” as members of the community. Koreans complain that their town has become less clean, less quiet, and less safe, after the influx of return migrants. Many Korean-Chinese know that they are discriminated against by Koreans and blame Korean multiculturalism which treats the Korean-Chinese as foreigners rather than as citizens of an ethnic Korean community. Thus Korean-Chinese make struggles for recognition to gain cultural citizenship by learning Korean manners and accents and participating in voluntary activities such as street cleaning and night watch patrol.

In twenty-first century, the development of globalization has brought new development opportunities to all the countries in the world, it also has a positive impact on world peace and stability, but it’s negative impact can not be ignored. Among the many problems, the transnational migration problem has risen from the original "low-level political problems" to a new height, which has caused the widespread attention in all countries. With the increasing interdependence among countries, the migration of the transnational population is also more frequent, and the number of immigrants is increasing. It can be said that the international migration has deeply affected the bilateral relations even the international order. With the development of globalization, international migration has gradually penetrated into all the country's politics, economic, culture and other aspects, and begin to influence the world order at a new level. This paper takes the international migration theory and the international immigration policy theory as breakthrough point to analyze the reason for the development of international immigration policy. This paper explains the influence of international migration on the contemporary international relations from the following aspects: international immigration and national security, international migration and foreign policy, international migration and international relations, international migration and international order and so on. This paper proposes that the proper settlement of international migration issues requires the mutual cooperation and work together among countries, and take overall consideration on the problem of international migration, in this method, we can find the right way to cope with the international migration issues.

The grammar education for the learners, who learn Japanese as the second language, has put importance on acquisition of learner. As looking at the grammar textbook for learners, the textbook works better for native speaker and for teaching instead of good for learners with well-classified grammar catalog. Grammar education for the learners has to be upgraded with effective teaching skill rather than focusing only on grammar acquisition. Therefore, this study researches on passive verb and the concept of whole number, which are hard for learners to absorb. Furthermore, this study researches those challenging grammar to be naturally absorbed to the learners. For this reason, the grammar catalog in the textbook had been dealt firstly. Considering the learner’s communication skills, the following explanation deals with suggesting order in the textbook and the method of passive verb and whole number concept. Specifically, according to ｢Damage｣, this study researches for the catalog of whole number concept in scene ｢wisdom 1｣, ｢wisdom 2｣, and specification.

This study is that the Japanese teaching materials which were made with an investigation of a misuse common to a Korean learner at the session. And its effect was checked. When these teaching materials studied Japanese through a questionnaire survey, it was examined whether it was effective. And learner's consciousness to these teaching materials was asked. And it was considered focusing on 3 of future's improvement points. A result of the investigation showed that this handbook is useful for Japanese learning and that it becomes the hint which finds the cause of the learner's misuse when correcting composition. And it became clear from a result of the questionnaire survey that it was very useful for improvement of composition and improvement of Japanese ability. It was lacking in the quantity of the explanation and the example for a learner as improvement points. When correcting the mistakes from now on, there are more possibilities which become the teaching materials which can feel the effect for a learner.

This paper analyzed the relationship between politeness in accordance with the type of request representation of Japanese. Direct request expression as claimed speaker is always realized, which is a case shown the request their strong intention to the other party. And less consideration for the other party, it found that the feasibility possible of the request content is also low. Moreover, the partner felt much burden, it can be said that the degree of can not be easily rejected politeness low. Indirect request representation, abbreviation, desire type, permit type, possible type, the greater the attention degree of speaker of the listener in the order of transfer type, the listener will not be forced from the speaker, even to the speaker's request in order to be rejected, it can be said that politeness is high. The greater burden of the request made to the listener of the speaker in exchange type, the speaker uses the expression “もらう型” from “くれる型”, to use “〜ていただく型” from “もらう型”. This is because that is felt consideration for the other party who is also using “〜ていただく型” from “もらう型” is “もらう型” from “くれる型”, it seems to be politeness is high.

As above, immediate “Asuka Princess song” of HitoMaro (2·196) that had been the Somon narrative that takes into account the format of the Tanabata song yet Banka is a song example of “cross the bridge” emotional I hear from are known. 　And, “Ishibashi” and the notion of crossing the “Utibashi” is to the two stars were derived from the story from the bridge on the heavenly imagine that across the Milky Way, a bridge as men and women of the pledge on the ground is established that from the private sector event had been rooted to is noticing.　This, when we discussed from folklore point of view, the bridge across there waterside and in ancient Japan is a psychic dwells, suggesting that women God has a place to protect. 　If you like this try the observation that bridge to see from the side of the private culture, has a meaning of mediation was built formed further between the so-called life and death as a symbolic thing that traffic between the human and demon, the decisive meaning of the expression “cross the bridge” in the elegiac, is being analogy that had been responsible for quell the soul of the deceased person. 　Furthermore, when we discussed from archaeological findings as “Ishibashi,” on the beginning of the song clause the expression clause of “UtihashiWatase” sing, it is that it had adopted the Tanabata myth and legend as a bridge connecting the east and west　It can be confirmed. 　In particular, because “stone bridge” is “Cowherd” Starting from the concept of the bridge, which modeled the “easy to jump forward to the dwelling place of hermits” is in Shenzhen related mythology as a bridge, which was built between human life and death after such as the notion that is noticing, it will be considered that figure and the conception of it equivalent “Auspicious of the universe” has been put. 　After all, the ancient god and nature of God is dwelling heavenly world in China, Xi wangmu like dwelling place of hermits, the reality of the human world, is sure of is and underground live is dead souls the world are drawn is distinguished as if Ascension Bridge(昇進橋) thought (Idea hermit climb to heaven) it is being inferred and must have not portrayed the heavenly world and the universe, such as.

The tale of Ohokuninusi is defined as what is called a growth myth of Ohokuninusi. And it has been explained that a coming-of-age ceremony, a difficult problem son-in-law's folk customs, etc. essentially serve as a backdrop as for the visit myth of Nenokatasukuni. However, probably, it will be effective only at a traditional talk type. Another viewpoint is required for assistance of Suseribime to a difficult problem. If it puts in another way, in the "Kojiki", there is decided composition and it has just been going to spell this suiting the compilation purpose. The myth of Ohokuninusi also tried to make the history of the new age of the gods according to it. As inquired, Ohokuninusi got the treasure of Susanowo and had become a birth myth suitable for the head of country god equipped with the power, but Suseribime of the daughter who became a wife was deeply concerned with the background. Simultaneously, the visit myth has also inherited the negative legacy of Susanowo. That the place named Ohokuninusi is a boundary called Yomotsuhirasaka is making the world composition of the “Kojiki” first volume (age of the gods account) evoke. If it puts in another way, Ohokuninusi connected with Susanowo which committed crime on heavens and was banished means becoming the Takamanohara and an exclusive relation. Thus, the visit myth of Nenokatasukuni is making the composition that I can check that Susanowo is deeply concerned with divinity formation of Ohokuninusi.

This study is a research on the Characteristics of Haiku of Haigakus written in the region of Tohoku and Hokaido. Until now, I have performed the study of Haigakus written in the region of Tohoku and Hokaido. However, The contents of Haiku written in Haigakus have not fully been analized. Thus, in such point 15 pieces of Haigakus were chosen and the contents of the Haiku were analized. In Haigakus(1751) in Ukisimainarijinzya of Yamagataken, Haikus more than written by haizins inhabited the central area were created. In Haigaku(1843) of Tachibanabisyamondo of Iwateken, Buddhatic Haikus admiring seven blessing spirits were written. In the city of Date in Hukusimaken, there are 2 pieces of Haigaku on silkworm raising. Such Haigakus on silkworm raising were created also in the Korean peninsula after 68 years. Surprisingly sexual Haigaku(1811) were created in Dakokuzinzya of Iwateken. In the temple Ningenzi of Nikichyo in Hokaido, there were Haigakus(in the years 1900s) on special Haikus called Itsumozi, which were created with 5 letters. They are Haikus like popular entertainment, where a selector of Haigakus would give simple assignments and then let haizins recite a short phrase. In this manner, it is studied that a variety of Haikus were created in Haigakus.

This study is to understand the changes in Japanese education during the Japanese colonial period, when Japanese was first taught as “the national language” as a course of Japanese colonial education, by analyzing the intention of compiling the Japanese textbook 『訂正普通學校學徒用國語讀本』(vol. 1-8, published in 1911) and its content. First, as for the formal characteristics, volumes 1-4 contain Japanese used in daily communication and are composed of basic sentence structures of beginner’s course having word- phrase- sentence forms. Volumes 5-8 clearly show the intention of assimilation with Japanese by containing names and illustrations regarding the subject. Second, as for the characteristics of the contents, 34 chapters of the book contain contents of business and natural science, which accounts for most parts of the book, and contents of messages to the people comes in second. However, in reality the message to the people contains moral virtue and practical living which shows the characteristics of education of assimilation. Also, by distributing new knowledge and knowledge of practical life, the book justifies the colonial rule under the perspective that underdeveloped Chosun needs distribution of modern knowledge and culture. Third, 『訂正普通學校學徒用國語讀本』(1911) is not a revision of 『語讀本』(1907) but rather a book issued and used as a purpose of educational policy of assimilation of Japanese colonial rule. Therefore, the Japanese Government General of Korea changes the book title from “日語讀本” to “國語讀本”, and carries out education having the goal of assimilating the Chosun people with Japanese and Japanese culture.

Seki Hajime, a mayor of Osaka city in the 1920s and 1930s, has been assessed as the city-policy maker and urban planner who not only shaped the city skeleton and the urban facets of the modern and contemporary Osaka, but also made the frame of the modern city administration and urban policy to which even the contemporary administrators must make reference. This article aims to discern the characteristics of his notion of the city and the urban planning from the angle of the history of ideas. Seki Hajime had been from a vassal family of Bakuhu(幕府) ruined in Meiji era, and trained to be an Imperial technocrats through the Tokyo Commercial College(東京高等商業學校). Even as the professor, he worked for the training of the high level technocrats demanded to the development of national economy. His municipal activities, I guess, were that these ideas had been transposed to the practices. In this regard, Seki's notion of the city placed the city as a premise of the development of the imperial national economy, and he conceived that the urban problems due to this development would ultimately act as an obstacle to that. Thus, his urban planning was one of urban policies that he had carried out for the solution of the urban problems, and had been implemented for this practical purpose. Looking Seki under the focus on the city and the urban planning, he appear as an imperial technocrat who functioned for the dream of national prosperity and military power of Imperial Japan, and so we can judge his notion of the city and the urban planning to be inclined to the practicalism for the service of the imperial national economy.

This study aims to reanalyze the Korean verbal suffix [-ess-] which appears in so-called adjectival verbs by comparing the functions of the Japanese verbal suffix [shiteiru] and those of the Korean verbal suffixes [-ko iss-],[-e iss-] and [-ess-]. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The Japanese verbal suffix [shiteiru] corresponds to the Korean verbal suffixes [-ko iss-],[-e iss-] and [-ess-]. (2) The Korean verbal suffix [-ess-] corresponding to the Japanese verbal suffix [shiteiru] is found only in the so-called adjectival verbs. (3) It is possible to place the so-called adjectival verbs between the verbal category and the adjectival category because they have an adjective like property in that they cannot take any other verbal suffixes but the verbal suffix [-ess-], whereas they have also a verb like property in that they denote an existing state of the referent when they appear followed by the verbal suffix [-ess-]. (4) Some of the so-called adjectival verb van appear with the verbal suffix [-e iss-], which suggests a functional continuity between the verbal suffix [-ess-] and [-e iss-].

The article found the difference between China and Korea smart phone consumers. First, effecting the relative advantage to the perceived ease of use in two countries have great difference because the chinese market is still initial stages of smart phone market. Second, utility and the perceived ease of use effects the difference because of the WI-FI technology development have some different between two countries, also, the service can be provided by some difference of smart phone. Third, user interface on the perceived ease of use of effects of two countries have difference. Fourth, social impact part for purchasing intention in China market, we need use the different advertise strategy, let consumer experience more benefit of intelligence mobile’s function, rather than operate easier. Fifth, innovation is different because the Chinese market is currently in the primary stage of consumers of new technology acceptance ability faster. Finally, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are beneficial effects on purchase intention. Those may elements all affect the purchase intention of China consumers.

As Korea is currently becoming a aging society together with urbanization and industrialization, the trend toward the nuclear family and women's advancement in society are frequently shown. The role and function of family are reduced, and it's difficult for family member to care the patients of family, therefore so-called 'care-givers' to care the patients have worked since the 1980s and a high quality care-giving service is needed and important in this society. The current care-giving service system of Korea includes many problems as the above. The above-mentioned problems should be solved as soon as possible, so that care-giving service can be provided reasonably in the social circumstances of Korea.

As the mania of popular culture in Japan, Otaku were making in the mass media. The isolated character of Otaku is of relevance to the nature of mass media. In comparison, Pain, the mania of popular culture in Korea were making in the information media. The Sociality of Pain is of relevance to the nature of information media. The similar feature appear in gaming culture. In the japanese game industry, video game is the main stream. Otherwise online game has the biggest share in the korean game market. People can play video game alone, but online game need others to play. Therefore, there is the correlation of media environment with mania. And the correlation between the platform of electronic game and mania is too.

This study is focused on Jajangmyeon and Dongas in that the research on the acceptance process of foreign food can be an attempt to analyze and comprehend Korean and Japanese culture. Jajangmyeon and Dongas, the staple dishes in Korea and Japan, are studied with historical and cultural respect in order to find out what cultural meanings they have produced in two countries. Jajangmyeon from China can be a Korean national cuisine on the ground that Korean have enjoyed noodles as feast food and fermented soybean paste. In 1960-1970's, the government once encouraged people to eat more flour based food and that also increased the consumption of Jajangmyeon. Dongas, a kind of pork cutlet, is the product of civilization that Japan government, having forbidden eating meat for 1200 years, promoted deliberately so as to receive western civilization. It resulted from the consistent effort of Japan government, the emperor of Japan, and the educated for developing Japan-tasted meat diet and clearing the resistance of eating meat. ‘Blending;, shown in the acceptance process of Jajangmyeon, is the key word to represent Korean dietary life and culture. Koreans have efficiently blended their traditional elements with alien culture. Jajangmyeon is valuable in that it can show the variety and convergence of Korean culture. ‘Transformation’ of foreign culture is the acceptance process of Dongas. Japanese have persistently transformed a western culture into Japanese type instead of mixing them. Dongas is the evidence that Japanese have received the western culture while they haven't forgotten their tradition. In conclusion, Jajangmyeon and Dongas can be considered as the representative dish to stand for Korean ‘blending’ and Japanese ‘transformation’ even though they came from different countries.

In Korea, Japan und Deutschland ist streitig, worin der Strafgrund des Versuchs besteht. Die Meinungen darüber sind geteilt. In diesen Staaten ist die Eindruckstheorie überwiegend. Aber in Korea ist diese Theorie nicht durchführbar. Denn anders als de. StGB stellt kor. StGB ungefährliche untaugliche Versuch nicht unter Strafe und unterscheidet im Art. 27 nach der Gefährlichkeit zwischen dem tauglichen Versuch und gefährlichem untauglichen Versuch. Nun stellt sich die Frage, ob bei uns die objektiv-subjektive Theorie angenommen werden kann, die den Strafgrund des Versuchs in der Gefährlichkeit der Handlung sieht. Nach dem Gedanke vom Rechtsgüterschutz, der die staatliche Strafe legitimiert, muss das Strafrecht die Aufgabe erfüllen, Rechtsgüter zu schützen. So ist solchen Strafvorschriften, die in keinem Zusammenhang mit dem Rechtsgüterschutz stehen, die Existenzberechtigung abzusprechen. Wie die Bestrafung des vollendeten Deliktes ist die Bestrafung des Versuchs nur zulässig, soweit die Handlung für das Rechtsgut gefährlich ist. Vom Gesichtspunkt der Unrechtslehre gesehen ist für die Strafbarkeit des Versuchs das Handlungsunrecht erfordelich, das aus den Unrechtsmerkmale wie dem Vorsatz als das Kernstück des personalen Unrechts und Versuchsbeginn besteht. Die Gefährlichkeit als der Strafgrund des Versuchs bedeutet die Verletzungsmöglichkeit des Rechtsguts. Da aus der Sicht ex post jeder Versuch untauglich ist, ist die Gefährlichkeit des Versuchs nur ex ante zu beurteilen. Daher ist der Versuch nur gefährlich, solange ein einsichtiger Drittbeurteiler, der den Tatplan zugrunde legt, mit der Erfolgsherbeiführung rechnen muss.