Earticle

The purpose of this study is to approach “the characteristics of collectivism and consciousness of rights in Koreans and Chinese” from the perspective of culture theory grounded on the literary text of Lao She (老舍)’s full-length novel, 󰡔Camel Xiang Zi󰡕, and Hyeon Jin-geon’s short story, ｢A Lucky Day｣. With comparison on Xiang Zi and Kim Cheom-ji from the lowest social class, it is possible to extract clues about the personality characteristics of Koreans and Chinese as well as the social atmosphere of the time. Both are within the vertical social structure of collectivism. While Xiang Zi is not conscious of rights and cannot make any voice to others’ abuse, extortion, or deception properly, Kim Cheom-ji is active about expressing his own suppressed feelings with no hesitation even if the person he is fighting with is from the lower group than the one he belongs to. Nowadays, Korea and China still adhere to collectivistic culture in a larger frame, but in Korea, vertical collectivism is gradually changing to horizontal collectivism due to the rapidly developed Westernized democratization, capitalistic individualism, and Westernized education system. Also, newer generations tend to be more positive about recognizing or pursuing the value of individualism. In China, after the Cultural Revolution, they hardly rely on Confucian tradition any longer but are sticking to even more powerful socialistic collectivism under the rule of the communist party. However, individualism supporting the ideas of individuals is still the object of criticism, and it is implicitly tabooed to express one’s emotion or voice recklessly. There is no big difference between 100 years ago and now. The differences can be also found in the personality characteristics of Xiang Zi and Kim Cheom-ji created by Lao She and Hyeon Jin-geon in the 1920’s.

There was a unique culture of exchanging Chinese poems in traditional East Asian societies. They exchanged Chinese poems not only among individuals in the same country, but also among individuals in other countries. However, Chinese poems exchanged between people from other countries were often made on a formal basis between the diplomatic envoys and their counterparts. However, the Joseon Drift Diary contains Chinese poems that a Japanese samurai, who had drifted by accident, shared with Joseon officials and scholars. An important feature of this data is that there are many Chinese poems that express extremely personal feelings. Although Joseon and Japan had different countries, they were able to write Chinese characters in common, so they were able to exchange their opinions, exchange Chinese poems, and communicate with each other. Japanese samurai and Joseon people recognized each other as people of the same culture who shared the same text. The poems they exchanged show Confucian and Taoist sentiments. On the other hand, however, they were wary of each other and caused conflicts. The Joseon people refused to teach the Japanese the sea route or the geographical names due to the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and the Japanese samurai were angry at the contents of the Chinese poem, which Japan regarded as a descendant of Taebaek. Through the Joseon Drift Diary, a Japanese samurai named Yashuda was excellent enough to give a review of Chinese poems by the Joseon people, and Park Ki-soo, president of Dongnae, also highly praised the poems of Yasuda at the time. It is necessary to study how the mid or low level samurai in Japan came to have such a Chinese wring ability.

Shin Gyu-sik(1879～1922) has been widely recognized as an independence activist, a politician, a diplomat, a poet and a writer in the history of the Korean independence movement, of diplomatic policy and of international exchange between Korea and China in modern era. He sought asylum in Shanghai, China and chose ‘the life of diaspora’ to participate in the independence movement after Japanese Annexation of Korea. He was the first Korean joined in Nam-sa, a group of revolutionary literary people in China and made an official relationship with The Republic of China. He also published a weekly magazine, Jin-dan in Shanghai in 1917, wrote a long sound argument, Tong-an, and introduced heroes of Korea by publishing the biographies of Ye Sun-shin and Ahn Jung-geun. In 170 pieces of classical Chinese poems in A-mok-ru, a collection of his poems written in Chinese, we can find a trace of his philosophy of Enlightenment, Commonwealth, his practical endeavor to establish the Provisional Government of Korea in Shanghai and the sense of loneliness as well as nostalgia that are intrinsic to diaspora. This study analyzed his poems in three points in terms of diaspora as follows. Firstly, it examined his resolution to commit himself to independence movement and his philosophy of Enlightenment. It analyzed secondly his participation in Chinese Revolution and his philosophy of Commonwealth, and thirdly, his sense of loneliness and nostalgia intrinsic to diaspora. Especially he made remarkable achievements in engraving new images of Chosun on the minds of many literary men and revolutionaries in China. He also devoted himself to ‘independence of his homeland by means of diplomacy’ by actively interacting with key revolutionary figures of China. In this respect, to study his poetic works is not only very useful for tracking the activities of intellectuals in modern enlightenment period, but also would greatly contribute to our understanding of the political circumstances surrounding Korea under Japanese Imperialism and Korean-Chinese literature in modern period.

｢Minongjeon(閔翁傳), Tale of Min Yusin｣ actively intervene not only the protagonist Min Yusin, but the narrator by maintaining and emphasizing the relationship between Min Yusin and the narrator. This paper contemplates the projection of the development of their peer relationship by employing the element of humor and satire as literary devices. Taking a progressive and original view for the period, Yunam applied what he learned from The Records of the Grand Historian (史記) to his creation. Furthermore, by understanding and modifying The Records of the Grand Historian with various considerations including Yunam not only utilized literary figures of speeches, but also accommodated the content and Sima Qian’s thoughts in depth. An examination of the conflict between Min Yusin’s ideals and reality and the narrator’s internally influential relationship with Min Yusin affirms that Minongjeon delivers the subject circuitously. Min Yusin and the narrator’s relationship involves elements of encountering, sharing through a sense of kinship, and parting over the course of their deepening friendship. Because the narrator’s depression is not quite cured, it becomes clear that the humor and satire shared between Min Yusin and the narrator do not address the depression’s fundamental cause. Inner frustration and empathy toward the object of humor penetrates the inner sense of humor and satire and relates to the figuration and context of the theme of the Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng (屈原賈生列傳). Through Yunam Pak Chiwon’s Shiji (史記), a related record, it can be confirmed that the bestirringrite relates to Shiji and is arranged consistently throughout the beginning and the end of Minongjeon. In particular, but focusing on humorous factors, Yunam actively engaged in expressing the distress of characters who, at the time, struggled to adjust to the rapidly changing society. Moreover, Yunam reinvented the ubiquitous psychology of human conflict and the cycle of frustration, joy, sorrow, and consolation by grafting humor and satire into Minongjeon(閔翁傳) and empathizing with the audience.

The aim of this paper is the investigation of the change of Oeguan-Management and the tendency of Busanpo Entrance and Exit of Japanese Ship during the early Choryang Oeguan. The time of the analysis of this paper is from 1692 to 1693 year, the leaders of Choryang Oeguan were Shimao Hachizaemon(嶋雄八左衛門) and Niyi Sukenoshin(仁位助之進). The important change of the 24th Choryang Oeguan leader(Shimao Hachizaemon) Age was the regularization of the Night Watch system, and the typical change of the 25th Choryang Oeguan leader(Niyi Sukenoshin) was the regularization of the Water Patrol. The very important affairs of Choryang Oeguan were the Weather measurement and the Night Watch system, the Water Patrol, the three affairs were recorded every day in the diary of Choryang Oeguan leader from Mid-1692 year. The Japanese ships entered to Busanpo with 59 times in 1692 year, and with 87 times in 1693 year. The average entering of Japanese ships to Busanpo were 5 times(1692 year) and 7times(1693 year) every month on average. By the way, the round trips of Japanese ships from Tshushima to Busan port were increased rapidly in 1693 year because of the sudden death of the 25th Choryang Oeguan Leader(Niyi Sukenoshin, 仁位助之進). Many emergent ships were deployed urgently for dealing with the management of Oeguan affairs after the 25th Choryang Oeguan Leader. The increase of Japanese ships in 1693 year was mostly for delivering the breaking news to Tshushima. The kind of Japanese ship entering from Tshushima to Busanpo were three types such as Yeonreasongsasen(年例送使船) and Goitobune(御糸船) and Bisen(飛船), the most of Japanese ships were formed with Yeonreasongsasen. Yeonreasongsasen were composed with Segeonsen(歲遣船) and Tokusongsasen(特送使船), Butokusongsasen(副特送使船), Eosongsasen (御送使船), Yiteiansen(以酊菴船), Mansongsasen(萬送使船). Many Japanese ship entered to Busanpo, therefore the official men of Dongnaebu and Choryang Oeguan were very busy with handling diplomatic business of ships coming and going to Busanpo.

This analysis examined semantic, syntactic change on fluke type modal adverbs such as 亏 得, 幸亏, cross-question type modal adverbs as like 难道, 何必 and unexpectedness type modal adverbs as in 居然, 竟然 in modern Chinese. fluke type modal adverbs such as 亏得, 幸亏, the meaning of ‘loss’ has moved to meaning of lack or shortage and it has been filled, and turned into meaning of sufficient. At last it has settled in the meaning of psychological stability by intervening psychological rebound reaction. Cross-question type modal adverb ‘难道’ has been altered to the meaning of ‘difficult to affirm’ from being derived the original meaning in each word ‘difficult’ and ‘refer’, currently is being used in the meaning of ‘at all or ever’ due to somewhat negative psychological mechanism. ‘何’ had already been presented negative meaning of ‘on what ground’ in ancient Chinese, ‘必’ has also been being used in meaning ‘must be done’ with no great change, ‘何 必’ is in use for negative counter-question meaning of ‘on what ground should something to be done’ in modern Chinese. Lastly, unexpectedness type modal adverb ‘居然’ is currently being used in meaning of ‘unexpectedly’ in modern Chinese by setting off from it’s original meaning ‘sit’ to ‘safe’ through psychological mechanism, after extension and differentiation to ‘显然’, ‘竟然’ has been changed to ‘finally’ by going through modification in part of speech with meaning extention from it’s original meaning ‘finish’, is being used the meaning of ‘unexpectedly’ in modern Chinese.

In the linguistic circle, meme is believe to be the basic information unit of culture, language meme is the manifestation of culture, and language is the tool for the expression of cultural meme. All languages that can be replicated by imitation are language memes. Using memetics to interpret language phenomena and explore the way and process of language evolution and communication from different perspectives is a new entry point for learning and studying a language. Language memes have obvious characteristics of repetition and analogy in the process of replication and dissemination, which gives the language a strong capability of “regeneration” and “re-creation”. The emergence and dissemination of Internet catchwords have the characteristics of meme, making it more easily to replicate, create and disseminate in the Internet. Using memetics to interpret and analyze language phenomena may help us improve or deepen our understanding and knowledge of language origin, language acquisition and pragmatic communication, and broaden the research methods and approaches. This paper analyzes the generation and application of Internet catchwords memes from two dimensions, i.e. horizontal and vertical. Under the theoretical framework of linguistic theory, starting with the imitation and replication existing in a large number of linguistic behaviors, this paper interprets and explains the generation, popularity and social value of catchwords so as to deepen the cognition and understanding of language. Analyzing and interpreting the Internet catchwords under the theoretical framework of memetics is not only a new exploration of the research methods of catchwords, but also an expansion of the research field of language memes.

Huishang is a merchant organization created by merchants from six Huizhou areas, from Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. This merchant organization has been active for about 300 years during the Ming and Qing period. Huishang used Confucianism as an indicator of their commercial activities, forming a class of merchants with dignity. The internalization of Confucianism raised the cultural sophistication of Huishang, and further formed a cultural layer. The knowledge accumulated through confucianism allowed imaginers to have the ability to correctly predict, accurately analyze and judge the diverse and complex market conditions caused by the correlation of various factors. The conversion of new ideas based on the Confucian thoughts of Huishang in the Ming Dynasty period eventually formed their own unique merchant culture called “Confucianism”. Huizhou merchants attach great importance to morality in business education, so as to maintain the stability and development of clan business groups and expand their business space and scope Huishang, who is faithful to the teachings of Confucianism, has gained an edge in the broad market through the behavioral philosophy of “Human Exchange based on Integrity and Trust” based on “Integrity Innocence”, the most fundamental virtue a person should have in the world. Not only that, but I could build that reputation for a long time. The management method of Huishang based on region and kinship was directly related to the interests and coexistence of the people, so they actively engaged in mutual cooperation. The active acceptance and practice of Huishang's oil price ideology greatly influenced them to achieve great success in commercial activities, and furthermore, they provided an opportunity to further inform the spiritual value of the Confucian culture through commercial activities.

This study aims to examine marine civilization of the European Continent as an extension of studies on marine civilization of the U.S. and Britain experienced by Burlingame and Iwakura Missions. This study will also be summarizing the image of seaport cities of Asia they experienced on their homeward sea route, and comparing to the marine civilization of Europe. In the first half of text, this study introduced outlines of marine civilization by dividing countries in the European Continent into small and large countries. As for European countries, peculiarities of marine civilization do not look so stand out for short length of stay relatively short as compared to the U.S. or Britain, and strong continental characteristics. When thinking pieces of record collectively, however, France, Preussen, Russia and northern European countries pursued a maritime power like the U.S. and Britain. In regards to the foregoing, varied contents such as creation of navy and shipbuilding industry, selection and treatment of naval officers and men, armaments of navy, anchor and management of ships of many countries inside the port, customs and bonded warehouse, operation of port and repair of vessels, fisheries and aquaculture industry are recorded on the travelogue of Chinese and Japanese missions. In the latter half of text, this study paid attention to the marine image of representative seaport cities of Southwest and Southwest Asia experienced by the parties of Burlingame and Iwakura in the course of their homeward journey. Homeward sea route of the missions of the two countries came to an end with Hong Kong and Shanghai after passing through Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Island of Ceylon, Bay Of Bengal and South China Sea. Having a stopover in many colonial cities including India and Southeast Asia away from Europe, their views on Asian looked twofold. In other words, sympathetic attitude toward the same race and a critical attitude toward the Orient which was inferior to the U.S. and European civilization were overlapped. Especially, Chinese mission gave a fond look at the Chinese living in Southeast Asia by separating them from the natives, but Japanese mission showed clear distinction by disparaging them as insanitary and smelly people.

Under the “Belt and Road” initiative, China-Europe Railway Express has grown into a new project for the connectivity construction in the Eurasia continent. Since the early 2010s, the Chinese government has substantially increased the use of the China-Europe Railway Express for cooperation on logistics and transportation in recent years. In the meantime, the Sino-Japanese relations have revealed certain signs of resilience, despite Japan remaining relunctant to participate into the China-led “Belt and Road” initiative. Along with former Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo’s visit to China in 2018, the two governments and private sectors worked out a nascent “third-party market” cooperation initiative, with the aim of facilitating business and industrial cooperation in other developing countries. In this context, the China-Europe Railway Express has become a pilot program that can generate substantial demonstration effects to the future of the “third-party market” cooperation mechanism between China and Japan. Nowadays, increasing Japanese logistics enterprises have utilized the China-Europe Railway Express, and developed the “air-rail” and “sea-rail” models to deliver its goods from Japan to Euroasia countries. The use of China-Europe Railway Express can largely reduce the time and costs compared with conventional ways of air and sea transportations, and thus appears to be favorable by Japan’s private sectors. This study sees the China-Europe Railway Express as a flagship project for the emerging Sino-Japanese “third-party market” cooperation, and also conducts a number of case studies to see its merits and advantages. Furthermore, this paper concludes by discussing the future prospect of Sino-Japanese “third-party market” cooperation and tries to raise some policy recommendations.

In this paper we specifically aim to investigate the occurrence and frequency of ideational grammatical metaphor(GM) expressions in Chinese new news platforms, and their preference for the types of GM. We have selected 3000 pieces of news headlines (1000 pieces per news platform) with various topics from three Chinese news online platforms to locate the types and subtypes of GM. It is found in this paper that there is an high frequency of the tokens in each platform. Considering that the tokens of GM are high without regard to the kinds of the platforms and headline topics, it may be claimed that GM is universal and diversified in Chinese. Among all the types of transformations, Adjectivization is highest in the frequency of use, which is followed by Nominalization. Adjectivization is likely to occur in nearly all styles, Nominalization in more formal styles, and Verbalization in more casual styles. It is also shown that actual tokens of GM are highest in more formal and integrated platform with some sentence complexity such as Peoples’ Daily Online(PDO). From the aspect of the headline topics, actual tokens are highest in the news headlines on politics. Hence it may be concluded that ideational GM concept can be applied equally to news headlines of Chinese online news platforms with some variations depending on the kinds of platforms and headline topics. It is also claimed that the tokens and types of GMs in new mass media flatforms are higher than those in traditional ones, and the new mass media flatforms show the features of diversity, flexibility, and compatibility due to the wide use of GMs. We hope that this study will make modest contributions for those who want to look into a further exploration of the grammatical metaphor in Chinese.

This study reviewed focusing on the misuse (unnatural expression) that occurs in relation with more than 2 dialogues rather than one dialogue in the tourism Japanese textbook. Even if it is not objective result, the honorific misuse, subordinate postposition ‘ね/よ’ misuse, misuse in creating textbook, ‘のだ’ misuse and conjunction misuse were founded a lot, and they appear frequently in this order. ⒜The misuses in creating the textbook occur due to Beginner teaching items, complete sentence presentation, dialogue in real situations, filler and the interference with Korean, which are problems in creating the beginner tourism Japanese textbook and the matters to be learned. ⒝In the misuse of subordinate postposition ‘ね․よ, ‘ね’ is added or removed, ‘よ’ is all removed. Most removal of ‘よ’ is actually related with the removal of ‘のだ＋よ’. The more frequent misuse of ‘よ’ than subordinate postposition ‘ね’ and the relation with the plural factors made it difficult to be used as beginner textbook. ⒞In the misuse of ‘のだ, there doesn’t exist the misuse of replacement and the addition but all of them include the removal, and ‘のだ’ is not used. The expression ‘～たいんですが’ are often used. ⒟In case of honorific misuse, the idiomatic honorific expression is often used showing many case of misuse, most honorifics have the misuse in relation with ‘～てください’ ‘お/ご’. ⒠The misuses of conjunction are often found in ‘ところで, それでは, では’ of topic change. Japanese education in the future will preferentially need various researches on the suggestion method and teaching skill in the beginner text book depending on the difficulty level of ‘ね/ よ’ ‘のだ’ ‘のだ+ね/よ use.

In China, online learning of Japanese has been popular for two reasons. There is a shortage of native Japanese speakers and non-native speakers of Japanese teachers, and there are limited learning opportunities and opportunities available to learners majoring in non-Japanese. Also, due to the spread of the COVID-19 infection in 2020, it is not special for school classes to be held online in both China and Japan. And not only in the educational field, but also in the Japanese entertainment industry, online was tried for TV programs and drama production. Using online format, I would like to find out if it is possible for learners to use drama-making activity　as a conversation practice of Japanese which to think about stories, write scripts, perform, and record. This activity is aimed at Japanese learners living in Japan and China whose mother tongue is Chinese. I made online drama which referred to online recorded TV programs and drama recording methods, and utilized the experience of face-to-face drama-making. This paper examines the possibility of conducting online drama-making activities based on the procedure of drama-making activities, the review of facilitators, and the analysis of the results of questionnaires by collaborators. Through this practice, from the questionnaire of the collaborators, I considered the possibility of online drama-making as Japanese conversation practice from the learning effect of the activity collaborators, the state of participation, the way of thinking about the activity, the willingness to participate in the future, etc. Although online drama production is possible, space restrictions are inevitable, so there is still a need to find ways to set up effective warm-up games and more diverse drama scenes.

A potential wandering of China means not only a diverting from previously programmed concept of China but also my own imagination of China in the chaotic state of a small portion of poison. A dark painful shadow grown hard like a rubber soul comes from jelly-humid spiritual darkness. The reason why a little Chinese girl utters “it is not the place I belong to” is tantamount to saying that she aboard on Sputinique travels the universe alone and realizes that she herself is “a nowhere man,” thereby attempting to escape from there like the person Truman in the movie. Freeing oneself from the past thinking rule to lead oneself to a world as it is, we need to have personal courage which will deliver us from a chaotic world. We also have to understand that a system is a tool made for human being, not even for the system itself. A system without soul is unable to become an aim. In the past two World Wars, humans were sacrificed for the system whose byproducts are still going on. First of all, individuals need to understand the system they belong to and should not give themselves up to the system. The system here is not the goal for system's sake; the system is not a godlike being. East Asians such as China, Japan, and Korea have dreams to build a world in which they have their own ideals free from the previously made system.

Russian Federation has shown time gap between adoption and joining as member states from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement and has been involved in all of them under Putin's regime. The difference between the two agreements is that the longer Putin's rule is prolonged, the more authoritarian and vertical the decision-making process is. Even though Russia participated in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, it was a favorable condition that the obligation to reduce was not so great, but the actual and concrete reduction implementation plan was insufficient. In the case of the Kyoto Protocol, various climate change countermeasures including the climate doctrine have been prepared, but most experts are evaluating that the implementation plan is insufficient. Even on the Paris Agreement, Russia is not expected to show much noticeable change in behavior. This is because Russia has been more interested in maximizing its political and economic interests than in keeping international norms by participating in international cooperation even in the crisis of global cooperation called climate change. In particular, Putinism is increasingly strengthened and aims to revive Russia based on Russian nationalism, and it is expected that it will be more likely to deal with the Paris Agreement for political and economic reasons than for environmental and climate reasons. However, as Putin recently acknowledged, there is growing concern about the various side effects of melting the East Earth, mainly in energy resource development sites and residents' residences in the Arctic region. In this regard, it is expected that Putin's desire to achieve strong Russian ashes through energy resource exports will make it difficult to think that the environmental and climate response is inseparable from the response for political and economic reasons.

North Korea represents a broad variety of challenges for many nations in major issues, including nuclear weapons, human rights, and international crime. To make sense of these issues, North Korean studies has evolved over several decades. This research surveys the present state of the field, within the context of Korean studies, in several regions beyond the Asia Pacific: North and South America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The main research questions are, first, what is the broad state of the field of North Korean studies in regions beyond the Asia Pacific? Second, from the survey and case studies, what can be uncovered about international and area studies? Third, in these regions, how can the application of relevant anthropological approaches and insights help to improve teaching and learning in North Korean studies? After the survey of Korean and North Korean studies in major world regions, the third section examines several brief case studies from the Americas/the United States (the University of Washington at Seattle), Europe/the United Kingdom (the University of Central Lancashire) and Eurasia/Russia (St. Petersburg State University). The conclusion presents major findings from the survey and case studies on the study’s research questions. Utilizing world systems theory, the paper concludes that even though the influence of South Korean funding is pervasive in Korean studies throughout these regions, there is no South Korea-dominated “world system” of Korean studies beyond the Asia Pacific. The research also finds no evidence of intentional limitations placed on the development of North Korean studies in these various world regions. The conclusion also notes significant perspectives from anthropology, on human rights, cultural globalization, language-informed area studies and other issues, that offer exciting opportunities to reinvigorate North Korean studies and other area studies fields.