Earticle

There are three types which meter of Lee sang-hwa's poems standing keeps. The first is based on stanza and emphasizes a form equivalence. The second is one stanza poem which cannot keep equivalence but systematic juxtaposition of part vocabulary leads. So this type creates units as repetition and context coat unit. And there is a type of prose poem at third. The general interpretation against poems of poet Lee sang-hwa was advanced and it was come above reconciliation that divided as the former term and the latter term. Usually the former term is recognized with symbolism tendency as poem <at my bedroom> and the latter term is recognized with the nationalism tendency as poem <does the spring come even in the field where it has taken away>. And like this opinion have two questions. The one is legitimate to divide as former and latter term. And the other is legitimate to interpretate the poem <at my bedroom> with only symbolism. In this study on metrics in poems of Lee, it confronts hereupon and approximately it observes a ratio standing aspect dividing actualness is meaningless and it divides even if but both are located it will be able to confirm inside scope of the former term. When trying to be like this, the poem <at my bedroom> is adopted the technique of symbolism from point it will be able to agree, but ultimate message of that work must be interpreted from nationalism background.

Lee In-jik's the new-style novel, ‘the World of Silver’ appeared in 1908 when Korea was trying to move toward modern nation to overcome its national crisis. ‘the World of Silver’ was a literary record describing the main political and social situation of the period, often called the Era of Enlightenment. From a view of Gerard Genette's Narratology, I would like to consider the characteristic of literary record and political discourse focused on expansion and diminution of main plot in ‘World of Silver’. Detailed summary is as below. In the first part, the writer criticized an absolute monarchy as well as bureaucracy tyrannies by interpreting Choi Byoung-do(main character)' death as a sacrifice. Meanwhile, Choi Byoun-do became a voluntary victim by refusing an insurrection and compromise with impropriety, which conveys a message of revolution to the readers. In the latter, political situation was abridged because of the limited space, but mostly because he couldn't help avoiding the matter to introduce Japan as a model of modernization and new education. Therefore, he lessened the rich's financial condition and as if Kim Ok-kyun's purpose of reforms, foundation of administrative reform, was confined to new education. Especially he omitted to write the details of Korea-Japan Annexation Treaty of 1907 right after Emperor Gojong's abdication and Emperor Sunjong's enthronement and had a negative view of Righteous Army's movement, which made him called pro-Japan author. Consequently, literary merit of ‘World of Silver’ is to be effectively spoken for the political discourse to the readers by repeating the term, ‘revolution’ through out the story. The author, Lee In-jik's top priority is to reform corrupt incompetent monarchy in order to tide over the national difficulties. He thought the best way to do that was not to raise the violent anti-Japanism army but to enlighten the public based on ‘New-education’.

Literature has been shared in new ways depending on the technological situation of the time. The method by which we read familiar written literature is not an original characteristic of the literature but is only just proper for the mediums in this era, and now the new sharing method is the one that is proper for the video era. Identifying the genre characteristics of movies requires a comparison and review between literature and movies because the best method by which to compare and review plays and movies is to study examples of movie adaptation. Among all, analyzing the screenplay of a movie that was adapted from literature can prevent the confusion that may occur when comparing the movies with different narratives, also it can be easier and more delicate. Since those arts that have different characteristics have their own ways to deploy the story effectively, determining those differences can bring out the discussion on the essence of the movies. The text of ≪Curse of the Golden Flower≫(2006), directed by Jang Yimou, is based on the famous Chinese play ≪Groza≫. Therefore, in this study, a combination of literature and video ≪Curse of the Golden Flower≫ is compared to the play ≪Groza≫ to induce the conclusion. It is largely divided into three category as follows. First, the characters arrangements were different in the storytelling with the different point of view in the narration to increase the tension of the events. Finally, the different time and space between the play and movie also enlarged the differences between the two. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the relationship between literature and movies from the viewpoint of the movie reproduction by analyzing the different personalities of characters, the alternate time and space backgrounds, and the mise-en-scene between the original and adaption scenario.

‘Spring in a Small Town’was met with both words of praise and criticism as soon as it opened in September, 1948. When most of the reviews were bad it closed, just one week after it opened. The long takes, unique shooting angle and narration style of the film received good reviews from many film critics. It stood the test of time in terms of film language and technique, but when the film opened in Shanghai in 1948, it was criticized for its ‘decadent and sick’contents. However, around thirty years later, ‘Spring in a Small Town’ was evaluated as a model national film by a Chinese film company, and the director, Fei Mu, was praised as a pioneer of Chinese films. China had to make a choice in 1948. It was an important time when people had to decide what position to take, and whether they would stay in China or leave. I have chosen to write about Fei Mu because of his choice of versatility that distances himself from mainstream topics of the unique time of 1948. I decided to write about Fei Mu to look into the diverse forms of early Japanese film history through Fei Mu, who combined western film theory and traditional Chinese aesthetics to form his own type of Chinese national film. This study aimed to examine Fei Mu’s pursuit and materialization of film aesthetic through his work, ‘Spring in a Small Town,’ and examined the cultural psychology of Chinese people in 1948 through symbols in the film, such as a small town and castle wall. ‘Spring in a Small Town’ can be seen as a symbol of the agonies of Chinese intellects in Fei Mu’s time.

It was for his draft evasion that Nastume Soseki had his name deleted from his family registry book and registered his name under his own registry book of Hokkaido on April 5th in 1892, the place where he had never been before. He, at that time, sensed high possibility of a war between Japan and China, and this eventually led to his sudden change of family register. Nastume Soseki’s draft evasion could be an obstacle for him to sharply criticize the imperialistic policy of Japan and to raise his voice against the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo–Japanese War. Besides, it was also supposed to be limit to his criticism over Japan’s imperialistic invasions and its colonial policy on other ethnic groups. It is, therefore, undeniable that there was a certain relation between his draft evasion and his silence on the harmful consequences by colonial policy of Japan. His not criticizing the imperialistic policy of Japan due to the draft evasion definitely hindered him from being considered as a symbol of intellectuals and writers of North East Asianowadays.

I try to study on the similarity between two characters focusing on Sayoko who figures in GUBIZINSOU written by Souseki(the Newspaper of ASAHI(1907.6.23∼10.29)) and Otama who figures in GAN written by Oogai(SUBURU(1911～1913)). And I study on the intention of the writer through the difference of the psychological change and their different fate. At first the similarity of two women seems to be next. First, I was able to find out the similarity between two actress. They were described as beautiful and traditional women who playing the geomungo and the samisen. And They just lived with their father a lonely and poorly. Sayoko obeyed her father in the decision to marry and Otama became a mistress of Suezou for her poor father. Second, I was able to find out the difference between Sayoko's psychological changes and Otama's ones. Souseki only described the image of women who not change psychologically. But Oogai described images of women who have many kinds of styles and have change psychologically. Eventually Through the marriage of Sayoko and Ono, Souseki intend to inspire a sense of morality into modern people who are living in the fierce competition. But their future that is accompanied by a lack of affection and a sacrafice of Huzio is not bright. Because Souseki faced a destiny of loneliness in human who is living in modern society, this marriage couple become the sample of one who have a dismal married life and appear in the work of Souseki later. Otama intended to overcome her fate which live with another person in a centered, failed. In the end she is a women who resigned herself to her fate. This character reflect the resignation of Oogai about reality.

Traditionally, the Koreans have revered the theory of geomancy. However, it is significant that a poet suggested that man co-exist harmoniously with the nature in his poems, prescribing a specific method for the harmonious existence in terms of geomancy. In this respect, some poems of Baekseok whose real name is Baek Gi-haeng(1912-1995) deserve a new interpretation from the viewpoint of geomancy. Yangtak feng shui aims to find a propitious site for a dwelling house. Traditionally, such a propitious site is known as a place where the wind gets asleep, a flowing water is in view, the high mountains stand behind, and the low hills in front. Above all, it has bright sunshine. It is in the poem “Neomeonjip Nokeunmani" that Baekseok uses such an idea of the propitious site. This poem imbued with the geomantic ideas revives dynamic life as well as an archetypal pattern of human life by depicting landscapes composed of such elements for a propitious site. Although a village site or a house site is chosen according to the theory of geomancy, it may have some natural defects. Then, supplementary feng sui is necessary to remedy such situation. For instance, if the earth energy yin, is too strong, yang energy should be necessarily supplemented. If the earth energy yin is too strong, more yang energy needs to balance the opposing forces. In Baekseok's poems “Gazeurangjip” and “Jeongjuseong”, the poet transcends the defected sites aesthetically by supplementing the bad sites. In doing so, Baekseok exerts his efforts to keep traditional Korean values in his poetry when they were gradually declining through the invasion of Japanese imperialism and western culture in the early twentieth century. The significance of Baekseok's poetry lies not only in revealing traditional Korean folk manners and customs but also the mysterious geomantic wisdom.

This study looked into the perception of the world shown in literary history during the early modern period and after that time. The perception of the world means a universal aspect of the ideology of knowledge back then, namely, ‘the independent realization of universality’. During the early modern period, the passion for Western civilization showed a substantial change after the loss of national sovereignty in 1910. In other words, after the descriptive desires of modern intellectuals, who pursued the symbols of nation and civilization at the same time, which were the national prosperity and defense as well as the inclusion into civilized countries, were practically blocked, Western civilization that had defined knowledge and ideology of that time and up to now, began losing the meaning of its universality. Also, World War I, which broke out in 1914 and lasted to 1918, more clearly demonstrated the false image of Western civilization.

This paper studies about Gohyeob. Gohyeob is a theatrical troupe that led Korean theatrical circles in the first half of 1940s. As yet, the study of Gohyeob isn't progressed. So Gohyeob remains obscurity. This paper intend to examine Gohyeob's substance and feature. This study will be a groundwork of the restoration of Korean Play history

This study interprets the meaning of traditional childbirth of Jeju in the context of its traditional cultural value. The data in the study contain traditional customs childbirth in Jeju through interviews with elder women. Interviewees in the study are 134 elder women over 60 who were born, and had the experiences of parturition and nurturing. Semi-standardized individual interviews were made to these women asking their experiences of childbirth. These interview materials were, first demographically quantified, and analyzed in the seven areas of views of child-care, prenatal caring, methods of parturition, incantatory prescription of parturition, management of a woman in childbed, management of new-born baby, and childbirth anniversary ceremony. The study reveals the following characteristics of traditional cultural childbirth in Jeju: First, traditional customs of childbirth in Jeju are labor-oriented self-reliance culture. Second, traditional customs of childbirth in Jeju are community-oriented culture with the participation of the whole family and local people. Third, traditional customs of childbirth in Jeju are psycho-therapeutic culture utilizing Simbang and incantation.

This study is to promote understanding of Knife-shaped coins(K. Myungdo-jeon) that be used during the age of civil wars in Northeast Asia. Knife-shaped coins are the most important to reestablish exchange systems of ancient societies because they are used for trade among most of northeast Asia's states. But the scope of the studies about them is not comprehensive. The reasons are not just Knife-shaped coins spread over Old-Chosun(古朝鮮) and Yan(燕) but also extend over several centuries. By the way there have been some unique aspect concerning the exchange during from the third to the second century B.C. in Northeast Asia. That is many countries used publicly same type coins for imports and exports each other. So same type coins are used in the Northeast Asia cutting across territories of one. If we recognize this we can understand Knife coins better than we did so far. But until now there has been no basic information and discussion them, that is who and when did them make, how did people use, and in what range did the Knife-shaped coins predominantly fall? Therefore, it is necessary to broaden the field of Knife-shaped coins, collect more data and review them. I collected materials related to Knife-shaped coins in the academic world of history and archaeology. I examined thoroughly them and reviewed the type of Knife-shaped coins, the geological distribution and the groups using them.

Goryeo Fengsuji(<高麗風俗記>) is a written document by Qi Zhouhua(齊周華) after he directly observed the 20 Chosun(朝鮮) peoples who had drifted and arrrived in Qi and the heart and culture of Chosun as well. Goryeo Fengsuji is in Mingshan Zang Fuben(≪名山藏副本≫). Mingshan Zang Fuben is kept at the museum of Linhai City(臨海市博物館) as the only copy. On 1741 the Jeju(濟州島) peoples arrived the coast of Linhai Xian(臨海縣) of Taizhou(台州) in Zhejiang(浙江) after they had drifted because of a storm at sea. They had been stayed at Tianning Temple(天寧寺) as a temporary living place for about three months. They had deeply impressed Qi Zhouhua and Chinese through their high ethical attitudes and behaviors. Then he called Choseon a high attitude nation.

We cannot see our faces without a medium such as a mirror. This means that we become aware of ourselves firstly through others. Here, orientalism is a good example of the way of European understanding of the ‘Orient’. On the other hand, ‘Sino-centralism’(Chines Order) ruled the Asian dynasty in the modern age. When the Ch’ing dynasty was replaced with the Ming dynasty, to the intellectuals of the Joseon dynasty, it means the ‘Barbarians’ had conquered the ‘Chinese Order’. With this turning-point, they realized their role as the protectors of ‘Chinese Order’ in placed of the Ming dynasty. This self-realization is continuously ascertained and reconstructed through the discovery of ‘others’. The “Yoelha Ilgi” and “Yoenhang Ilgi” are very famous records of travel to China in the Joseon dynasty. The former writer Park Jiwon is known well as a realist and many studies put the focus on painting him as the representative of realism. Away from this point, this article wants to point out the Park Jiwon discovered himself through the process of realizing others. In his discovery of China a dynamism between knowing and seeing in concealed. Observing ‘Others’ triggered the effect to objectify as an image observing himself as a being who is observed back. This dynamism played a certain role in allowing the possibility of self-criticism among the intellectuals of the Joseon dynasty.

Chinese high policy makers hold very extensive and frequent group studies on the history and culture. These studies had began from the CCP Politburo level, and diffused to ministerial level and local leaders. These studies on the history and Chinese traditional cultures are the search for the alternative ideology for the socialism which have been de facto decayed since the Chinese reform. In the process, nationalism and cultural conservatist values became CCP and Chinese State's new ideal, and the CCP even adopted the Confucius values. At the same time, the traditional values are accepted for the working rules of the official and governing principles. These group studies on the history and culture are the processes of the acceptance of the traditional values by the CCP and Chinese State leaders and the symbol of the political recovery of Chinese traditional value

Chinese Resultant complements are very commonly used as a Chinese sentence, and also the characteristic structure system in modern Chinese syntactic. For the foreign students who study Chinese, the resultant complement is a major difficulty point, Korean native Chinese learners are also so. In the second language acquisition process, identify the corresponding sentence to the mother language, then translation and understanding is a basic way for each foreign learners to learn a foreign language. explore the different types of resultant Complement Sentence in Korean translation method, for Korean students, to help them correctly understand the resultant complement, are very realistic. In this paper, in order to try to resolve the defects caused by directly apply a fixed form of translation, in the study of resultant complement. in Korean translation, close connection with the resultant complement`s significance of grammar, semantics and the semantic point analysis, especially with the ambiguous in the statement resultant complement. And this paper also made a discuss of the relative translation

The text consists of eight chapters in all and develops centering around the conflict between Osmi and Odami. Their happy family has been collapsed due to Odami's greed and the story ends with Odami's death.The writer Acutagawa closes his work as <dawn> in contrast to <twilight> or <pitch-dark night>. His intention of setting the end as <dawn>could be inferred. It suggests that the hopeful rest of his life like <dawn> is waiting for Osmi who has realized the significance of the family.

The purpose of this article is to clarify one section of the thought situation of 1920's while doing it mainly on law thought of Minobe Tatsukichi and Miyazawa Toshiyoshi. The conventional study drew two people as master and pupil relations. The Tennoukikansethu- jiken that brought decisive switch for life of the scholar of both was a historic case to symbolize such relations on this occasion. However, seeing from a different point of view, the relations of both are different. The methodology of the study of both was in particular entirely different. Minobe who played an active part in 1910's thought that his study of the constitution as the tool which realized political justice mainly. The political justice that he pursued accorded with the political aim of the then Taisho-democracy. Therefore Minobe was able to become a leading political thinker to lead the times. Against this, Miyazawa formed his thought in 1920's. 1920's was the times when party politics established it. However, the politics has begun to already decay. The study of Miyazawa departed in such situation. His study came under strong influence of such a political environment. He was affected by Neo-Kantianism to distinguish Sein from Sollen. Since then Miyazawa aims for studying law as the existence. The scientific study of the constitution that he pursued came out of influence of Neo-Kantianism in those days. In article, I want to highlight an atmosphere of the times of such 1920's while paying attention to difference of Minobe and Miyazawa on thought.

“ISSHIKI(一色)” family executed “Onsho-Ategai(恩賞充行)” (to give rewards) as the chief of “Kyushu Tandai(九州探題)”(the branch office of “Muromachi Bakuhu(室町幕府)” which governed “Kyushu(九州)” district), independently of “ASHIKAGA Takauji(足利尊氏)” who was their lord. When they issued “Onsho-Ategai-jyo(恩賞充行状)” (a mandate which was issued to execute “Onsho-Ategai(恩賞充行)”), they themselves attached it with “Shigyo-jyo(施行状)” (a mandate which was issued to execute another mandate without fail). They mainly issued “Shigyo-jyo(施行状)” in the province of “Hizen(肥前)”(a part of Kyushu district where “Kyushu Tandai(九州探題)” governed directly). The form of mandates that “Kyushu Tandai(九州探題)” issued was the same as the form of “Chinzei Mikyojyo(鎮西御教書)” (mandates issued by “Chinzei Tandai(鎮西探題)”, the branch office of “Kamakura Bakuhu(鎌倉幕府)” which governed “Kyushu(九州)” district). “Shigyo(施行)”-system (the system to execute an order without fail) executed by “Kyushu Tandai(九州探題)” was a successor of another “Shigyo(施行)”-system executed by “Chinzei Tandai(鎮西探題)” in the last time of “Kamakura(鎌倉)” period. And the “Shigyo(施行)”-system executed by “Kyushu Tandai(九州探題)” probably developed independently of the system of “Shituji-Shigyo-jyo(執事施行状)” in “Muromachi Bakuhu(室町幕府)”. But the “Shigyo(施行)”-system executed by “Kyushu Tandai(九州探題)” declined, because the area of issuing “Shigyo-jyo(施行状)” was maldistributed in the province of “Hizen(肥前)”, and because “Muromachi Bakuhu(室町幕府)” promoted the policy of centralizing in “Jyowa(貞和)” period (A.D. 1345-1350) Incidentally, in the same period, the faction of “ASHIKAGA Tadahuyu(足利直冬)” (an illegitimate child of “ASHIKAGA Takauji(足利尊氏)”) also executed “Onsho-Ategai(恩賞充行)” on a large scale in “Kyushu(九州)” district. He followed the system of “Muromachi Bakuhu(室町幕府)” fundamentally because he flattered himself that he was semi-“shogun(将軍)” in “Kyushu(九州)” district. But the “Shigyo(施行)”-system of “Tadahuyu(直冬)”’s government undeveloped because he followed the policy of “ASHIKAGA Tadayoshi(足利直義)” (“Tadahuyu(直冬)”’s foster father) that all orders must be executed only by “Shogun(将軍)”’s mandates as same as “Kamakura(鎌倉)” period. I conclude that undeveloped “Shigyo(施行)”-system as same as that executed by “ISSHIKI(一色)” family brought about the downfall of “ASHIKAGA Tadahuyu(足利直冬)” in a short period

The Ear Mound, or Mimitzuka, in Kyoto had been built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi(豊臣秀吉), which then had been managed by monk Saishō Jōtai(西笑承兌). Later, it was repaired and expanded by Toyotomi Hideyori(豊臣秀頼), son of Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi ordered his armies to take the ears, noses, heads and etc. of the dead, pack them in brine and ship them to him in Koyto during the Imjin war and the Jungyu war, Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 and in 1597, respectively. He buried these war trophies in front of the Bangkwangsa Temple that he had built and sponsored a Buddhist service for repose of the enemy souls. Bangkwangsa Temple is currently named Punggukshinsa or Toyokuni Shrine(豊國神社) dedicated to Hideyoshi. Though its name is the Ear Mound, it holds ears, noses and heads, of soldiers not only from Korea but also from Myung. Japanese did not destroy this tomb, but tried to utilize it as a political strategy. For example, they received Korean diplomatic missions at Bangkwangsa temple intentionally to show the Ear Mound. They also showed it to western visitors in order to display their military strength. This continues up to now. They actively utilize this mound to lead the national unification by admiring Toyotomi's achievements. Although the Ear Mound is considered as an example of the atrocities committed by the Japanese against Koreans, it is one of the great historical remains that has been worth utilizing as a political strategy since Toyotomi era in Japan.

In this paper, for data collection, the questionnaire survey was conducted in several regions in Japan such as Tohoku, Kanto:･Koshinetsu, To:kai, Hokuriku, Kinki, Tsu:goku, Shikoku, and the Kyusyu. The questionnaire contained the grammaticality judgmen with regard to the sentences which include Epistemic adverbs (e.g.Kitto, Tabun, Osoraku, Do:mo, Do:yara, etc.) and interrogative forms. The data were analyzed with focus on the regional difference related to the meaning usage and the meaning function of the adverbs with the co-occurrence relation to interrogative Forms. The findings are as follows; 1) The significant regional difference with the Epistemic meaning usage was observed in the grammaticality judgement for the Epistemic adverbs, such as Kitto, Tabun, Osoraku, Do:mo, Do:yara, Moshikasite, Hyottoshite, Tashika, and Masaka. 2) On the other hand, there was no significant regional difference with regard to the adverbs which do not contain the Epistemic meaning such as Zettai, Kanarazu, Tashikani, Tashika, and Masaka. In addition, these adverbs were used in the meaning usage of ‘confirmation.’ The results showed that the difference regarding the grammaticality judgment in the same sentences might have been influenced by the individual linguistic intuition to the sentence. Furthermore, we can expect that the individual linguistic intuition has been affected by the usage of language at home, school, and the community that the speakers belong to. As a result, the implication that this study might have is that ‘regional common language grammar’ may exist and this can explain the regional difference.

This paper categorized Sentence of Reflexive by more expanded meaning than the existing definition. Sentence of Reflexive has a characteristic meaning causing state change of an agent. The state change of the agent is shown in visible change or invisible change. Based on the state change of the agent, Reflexive verb was categorized in terms of their meaning. And it was discovered motion activity and separation meaning of a transitive‐verb Sentence of Reflexive, which is in subcategory of Sentence of Reflexive, takes a form of a transitive verb in the syntax but it has the same meaning as an intransitive verb which is focused on action of an agent. This characteristics suggested a step character that Sentence of Reflexive changes to motion activity in a viewpoint affecting body of an agent and it can be proved that Reflexive verb approaches from a transitive verb closer to an intransitive verb.

이 논문은 러시아어에 중간 구문이 존재하는지 여부를 고찰한 것이다. 고찰한 결과 일본어와 마찬가지로 다음과 같은 특징들을 지닌 중간 구문이 러시아어에 존재한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉 러시아어의 중간 구문에는 동작주가 의미상 함축되며 중간 동사의 형성에 제약이 존재하며, 중간 구문은 상태화의 조작을 받으며, 총칭성을 기술하며, 가능 및 부사 수식을 받는다는 것이다. 제1절에서는 일본어 중간 구문의 특징들을 요약하였다, 제2절에서는 일본어 중간 구문의 의미적, 통사적 특징을 러시아어 중간 구문에 적용하였다. 그 결과 필자는 러시아어 중간 구문이 다양한 공기 제약을 지니는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉 러시아어의 중간 구문이 가능 및 피동의 의미를 나타내는 구문과 동의 관계를 지니며, 동작주의 관여를 배제하는 부사와 공기하지 않으며, 동작주를 논항으로 하여 중간 구문의 표면에 명시할 수 없으며, 중간 구문은 상태화의 조작을 받으며, 총칭성을 기술한다. 마지막으로 러시아어의 중간 구문은 가능의 의미를 내포하며 부사의 수식을 필수적으로 받는다. 이러한 모든 사실을 근거로 필자는 러시아어에서 중간 구문이 존재한다는 결론을 도출해 낼 수 있었다. 그러나 러시아어 중간 구문은 피동 구문과 동일한 문법 형식을 취하므로 ‘중간 피동 구문’이라 하여 중간 구문을 피동 구문에서 구별해야 한다고 주장하였다.

The objective of this research is to clarify the extent to which the positive feelings that Japanese learners have toward learning the Korean language, influence learning beliefs and learning strategies. The surveys used were; the Attribution survey, Liking survey, Belief survey, and Strategy survey. The Belief and Strategy surveys were based on Horwitz's (1987) Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI), and Oxford's(1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), respectively. The author independently developed the Liking survey. Based on the survey results, the influences that strong/weak positive feelings toward learning Korean have on learning beliefs were analyzed. As a result, it was found that learners with strong positive feelings were also highly interested in the Korean culture and people, enjoyed learning with native Korean speakers, and believed that their conversation abilities would continue to improve. In contrast, those learners with weak positive feelings felt insecure and timid whens peaking Korean with others. As a result of analyzing the influences that strong/weak positive feelings toward learning Korean have on learning strategies, it was found that learners with strong positive feelings actively pursued their studies, reviewed their lessons, and sought other opportunities to speak Korean. As mentioned above, various differences were seen between learners with strong and weak positive feelings, making it clear that strong positive feelings toward learning Korean have positive influences on learning beliefs and learning strategies. This research suggests the importance of enhancing the positive feelings of the learners when teaching Korean.

This report analyzed a result of the inventory survey that performed a composition class by the peer response for the learner of the Korean mother tongue speaker of the JFL environment and considered it. I paid my attention to the group which performed one of the important activity and done talks by the collaboration learning that I did including a peer response and I stood on the result of the inventory survey and I exposed a focus to the cause and considered anything with the condition of the success or failure of the talks in the group. And and it depended, and possibility of the enforcement when I made a composition and taught it by the peer response for the learner of the Korean mother tongue speaker of the JFL environment examined the effective class design in future.

An analysis of Japanese literature in Japanese Education Master's Degree theses, 2001～ 2007. Main results are summarized as follows : (1)The number of theses on Japanese literature increases a little every year. (2)The number of theses on modern and contemporary literature is greater each year than that of classical literature. (3)Classifying the classical literature theses according to periods, the descending order is Edo, Heian, Nara, Medieval literature. Typifying the Edo period are Ihara Saikaku, Matuo Basyo, Chikamatu Monzaemon；the Heian period are Konzaku monogatari, Gengi monogatari； the Nara period is Kojiki. Medieval literature is typified by Turezuregusa, etc. (4)Classifying theses of modern literature according to periods, Natume Souseki, Kawabata Yasunari, Akutagawa Ryunosuke, Tazai Osamu, Tanizaki Zyunitiro, Murakami Haruki, Endou syusaku, Siga Naoya, Arisima Takeo, Simazaki Touson, Oe Kenzaburo were outstanding. Outstanding pieces are Snowy country(Kawabata Yasunari), Sansirou(Natume Souseki), Disqualification of human(Tazai Osamu). (5)Most forms of Japanese literature are modern and contemporary novels as prose. (6)The number of theses with application to Japanese Education are no more than 2.7%.

The computer game Lineage ranked top over foreign game of world War-craft according the 9th January news from National Assembly broadcasting. The Government also is planing to give the omnidirectional support to revive Korean game industry. It reveals the serious change of recognition that Lineage is not just a game in imaginative world. It is also quite true in the inside of the game. A game is not attractive enough to get user's attention for a long time if it focuses only to satisfy game user's trifling instinct. Lineage shows the aspect of sharp conflict of humans desire not in imaginative but real world. Moreover, it shows the various relational conflict as intention to awake current politics In this point, Lineage can be ‘a different version of current politics’. The vast blood pledge of Lineage copies the aspect of modern network life. The blood pledge system makes people recognize the war one of systems, proclaim permanent state of emergency to the world. Here, a individual is a changeable surplus being. The individual volunteerly enjoys to subordinate to ruling ideology and ask for mightier dictatorship. Rationality and irrationality coexist in current politics in Lineage. Though civic resistance like Baatz liberation war may be a rational intention to verify ruling ideology, majority's corruption makes to distinguish irrationality and rationality uncertain. In sum, Lineage shows ‘the gloomy portrait of today’ by ‘dual political discourse’ of virtue and evil, legality and illegality, power and resistance. Though capitalism is called the political microscopic diffusion, as more incessant the error of capitalist, more vast the size of politics. Merely it is not recognize as political reductionism, which is, all aspect like culture, society, economy, etc. return to politics is doubled dexterously. The reality is not usual and Lineage, which realize this reality, is more serious. This is why we have to pay attention to the game Lineage.

힙합 음악과 문화가 확산됨에 따라 중국, 한국 일본 등 주요 동북아 지역의 사회구조에도 변혁적인 파장이 일고 있다. 힙합이라는 음악 장르 및 그 문화적 부산물로 인한 영향은 단지 음악 부문에만 국한된 것이 아니다. 동북아 지역에 있어서의 전통적인 규범 및 가치관 전체가 도전을 받고 있고 특히 구세대 및 신세대 구성원간의 기본적인 관계가 심각하게 변화될 조짐을 보이고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 힙합음악과 동북아 지역, 그리고 동 음악장르가 중국, 한국, 및 일본에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 힙합 음악은 미국내 흑인 및 히스패닉계의 체험을 통해 발전해 온 다소 특별한 음악장르이다. 당초에는 동질화된 사회인 동북아 지역에 이들 음악이 전이되기는 매우 어려울 것으로 예견됐다. 그러나 기술적, 주제적 이유로 인해 힙합 음악의 인기가 확산되고 있고 이로 인해 동북아 지역 뿐 아니라 여타 지역의 청년층 문화에 시너지 효과를 만들고 있다. 본 논문은 이런 상황에 대한 이유를 규명하고 장래 연구 분야에 대해 검토하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to analyze the management efficiency by the DEA method whose research target was based on the top-ranked 9 resorts of Korea in 2006. Input factors are the gross operating expenses, the area of a ski resort, and the number of rooms of the hotel. Three output factors are the overall sales accounts of the resort, the ski area, and the hotel related to sales in the whole resort complex. As a result, the coefficient values of the Vivaldi park, Jisan reseort and Pine resort were shown as 1, respectively. On the other hand, the Gangchon resort of 0.66 suggested the lowest management efficiency out of nine resorts. According to the study, the resort complex combined with a skiing ground operates at a loss because of a great investment of the initial capital. At first, the industry will find out and improve the inefficient management factors. In the future the domestic resort industry will be revived as a competitor in the growing leisure-driven global market.

In this study, it claims that Korea is stepping into the initial stage of becoming a multicultural society. Cultural exchange and emigration led Korea as a multicultural society in the beginning. Based on this background, this thesis aims to explore the situations and tasks of the Korean Multicultural Society affected by globalization. This research puts emphasis on two things as follows. First, it clarifies the double concept of citizenship, which is the most useful concept to analyze multicultural society in globalization. One aspect is that citizenship is rights and duties as a citizen of the nation, and the other is more focused on citizen's responsibilities. Therefore, this thesis explains dualistic characters of citizen and gives the authority to grasp situations of Korean Multicultural Society. Second, it suggests that constitutional and practical measures should be taken based on dualism of citizenship so that stable and consistent democracy can take root in Korean Multicultural Society . Furthermore it also proposes that leaders groups that may take the lead to guide multicultral society should be organized and developed.

The characteristics of Japan’s party system has been one party system based on Liberal Democratic Party(LDP) since the end of World War Ⅱ,though the system has been changing itself since early 1990s. In Japan, the end of cold war has been promoting socio‐economic disparity, especially income inequality with deeping of globalization through the 1990s to 2000s and then Japan has experienced a large scale of strains in its socio‐economic aspect. Therefore, in Japan, two party system has been discussed politically and scholarly but one party system based on LDP has essencially sustained although it is a form of a coalition. In that sense, it is said that the party system of Japan has comparatively contributed to political stability since the end of War. This is not only the reason why Japan had experienced political violences and economic strikes less than other countries, but also in Japan political parties themselves at the parliamentary system have played a magnificant role of interest summing up and articulation of citizens and have eventually become a vent of their political discontents. It may be said that the above things —the characteristics of Japan’s party system and their roles or functions—could apply to the counterparts of Malaysia’s party system with multi‐ethnicity defferent from the social context of Japan too as we will discuss later. Similarly as we will concider afterward, a large scale of differences on electoral systems and ethnicity as social cleaverage exists between Japan and Malaysia, but there are following essencial question and analysis in this article, that is, some similarlities in the structures and function of party system exist between Malaysia and Japan. Therefore, this article will analyze Malaysia’s party system in comparison with the counterpart of Japan.