Earticle

A simple economic model of two literature producers’ competition for a given number of readers is provided. Each of the producers tries to maximize her or his relative influence on readers’ utility by choosing a proportion of Hangeul-only and Hanja-mixed literatures in her or his given production capacity. It is shown that the fundamental factors for the market equilibrium proportion of Hangeul-only and Hanja-mixed literatures are readers’ degree of literacy for each letter-use pattern of literature, Hanja-learning cost and its distribution over readers. An interesting implication of the market equilibrium proportion is that Korea is likely to have a higher proportion of her own letter (i.e., Hangeul) only literature than Japan. The fundamental reason is that Hangeul is a phonemic, while Gana is a syllabary. In addition, we can infer that as government facilitates readers to learn Hanja or enforces them to learn Hanja with a regulation, market mechanism is led to have a higher proportion of Hanja-mixed literature. The contribution of this paper is that it analyzes the letter use pattern in a society from a positive or quantitative market point of view, while the discussions so far focused on the issue from a normative and government standpoint. Our simple model can be productively extended into several directions. Firstly, the producers should be able to produce literatures in any degree of mixture of Hangeul(or Gana) and Hanja. Secondly, the interaction of producers and readers regarding Hanja-learning needs to be fully analyzed. We could assume that readers respond to market equilibrium with one period of time lag and we can build a recursive model based on that assumption. Lastly, access to the cultural capital formed in the long past and the literatures produced in the neighborhood countries belonging to the same Hanja cultural world are the additional benefits to the Hanja-learned. If readers and producers take these benefits into account, the market equilibrium would tend to a higher proportion of Hanja-mixed literature.

This comparative study investigated 64 Han Chinese and Korean Chinese undergraduates in China on their English ability to express Chinese culture and their perceptions of Chinese culture and of cultural integration in EFL teaching in China. Descriptive statistics and Mann Whitney U test were used for data analysis on the cultural test and questionnaire. Results revealed college students' deficiency in expressing Chinese culture in English, Han Chinese performing more competently than Korean Chinese in general whether in Chinese mainstream culture-loaded vocabulary, Chinese minority culture-loaded vocabulary or cultural writing. Chinese mainstream culture-loaded vocabulary might boost cultural writing to a certain extent. The students' perceptions of Chinese culture, in respect of knowledge, skills and motivation, indicated that Han Chinese students responded more positively than Korean Chinese both in Chinese mainstream culture and Chinese minority culture. The students' perceptions of the integration of Chinese culture in EFL classes showed that all students agreed that the cultural content in teachers‘ instruction and textbooks were still English-culture centered, without effectively integrating Chinese culture into EFL teaching, with Chinese minority culture ignored. In terms of the integration of Chinese culture in students' presentation in EFL classes, significantly more Korean Chinese selected minority culture, exactly their own culture, as their topic than Han Chinese. Based on these findings, suggestions were put forward for the improvement of students' English ability to express Chinese culture, effective cultural instruction and promotion of students' intercultural communication and their contribution to the unity of all ethnic groups, such as improvement of students' English ability, students' correct perception and awareness of Chinese culture. and conscious and effective integration of Chinese mainstream culture and minority culture in EFL teaching.

This study mainly focuses on the continuous development of new media technology in the intelligent era, which is changing the pattern of media ecology and has a multi-directional impact on host communication. Starting with the elaboration of the relationship between audio-visual new media and host communication, this paper puts forward that the broadcasting host art, as an information communication form based on art, should develop a new theory of new media host art, then analyzes the theoretical construction basis of audio-visual new media host communication, and discusses the development trend of new media host communication, Finally, it puts forward four main characteristics of audio-visual new media hosting communication, which provides a more solid foundation for the development of broadcasting hosting art theory and practice. Once as an important communication mode of radio and television media, the host communication is showing new characteristics in the new media environment, especially in the intelligent media environment, and its development trend and composition pattern are also quietly changing. Due to the development of 5g and other new communication technologies, AI virtual anchor has also joined the sequence of new formats of hosting communication, and the change of hosting communication subject will inevitably bring relevant hot research. With the continuous development of media form, the host's work must also make appropriate changes to meet the new needs brought by the new environment, new technology and new methodology. The lag of the development of host communication theory does not match the development pattern of the great change of media ecology. How to keep up with the rapid iteration of new media formats in the intelligent era and provide clearer guidance for the benign development of host communication in the changing situation requires more practical and effective actions in the construction of new media host communication theory.

Japan has many long-run cultural contents such as Tokusatsu drama. Ultraman, Kamen Rider, and Super Sentai are called ‘three major Tokusatsu dramas’ in Japan. And 2021 is also a monumental year for these works. Ultraman 55th anniversary, Kamen Rider 50th anniversary, and Super Sentai 45th anniversary. Therefore, various events and commemorative video contents are being developed in various ways. Among these three major dramas, the Kamen Rider series attracts the attention of fans of Tokusatsu dramas with ingenious character concepts and designs every year. In particular, the Heisei Kamen Rider series made a great contribution to leading the Kamen Rider brand for a long time. Then the question naturally arises as to why the Heisei Kamen Rider series is so popular. Usually, in order for a specific work to be well-received by the public, there must be a special reason that gets good reviews. For example, the charm of the work, its differences from existing works, and the parts that fans cheer for will be there. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the overall success factors of the Heisei Kamen Rider series. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the Heisei Kamen Rider series, which has led the content of Kamen Rider among Japanese long-run Tokusatsu dramas to this day. This study proceeds as follows. First, the scope and method of this study will be described. Next, examine the success factors of the Heisei Kamen Rider series in terms of content composition and development, And also analyze series fandom. Finally, conclude this study after analyzing how commercial performance of Heisei Kamen Rider goods contribute to series prolongation.

Jeong, Mun-bu is a person with a unique history of performing both Byeongmapyeongsa and A chief of the voluntary military in North Hamgyeong Province during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. Jeong, Mun-bu passed the liberal arts exam and worked as a local government official until his death, but became a person with more prominent images of martial arts such as “A chief of the voluntary military” or “General.” In Joseon, liberal arts students were the best elite group and political ruling class in Joseon. Jeong, Mun-bu take the position of Byeongmapyeongsa in Hamgyeong Province before Imran broke out. While traveling to the 6th northeast under the influence of Byeongmajeoldosa in Hamgyeong Province he fought against the Japanese army on July 17, 1592, along with the Han-geukham a soldier who was a soldier in Hamgyeong Province. However, he was defeated in the war and was in a state of escape, and in the meantime, he defeated high-ranking officials and was appointed a chief of the voluntary military. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Jeong, Mun-bu was in a dual position to act as a war commander and report as a soldier. And while leading the righteous army and carrying out battles, he establishes a great major, but is dismissed from a chief of the voluntary military and goes through the process of reinstatement. The Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was a national event of Joseon's fate but It was also an event that changed Jeong, Mun-bu’s destiny. Jeong Mun-bu chose the status of a public official on the outskirts from the political stage of the central Joseon Dynasty, but he took the opportunity to fully demonstrate his capabilities there, did not miss the opportunity, and there were many difficulties, but he wisely overcame it.

To analyze the effect of the free transfer fare system in Busan. Based on the operation data from 2009 to 2020, we compared and analyzed before and after the free transfer fare system implemented in July 2015. The evaluation indicators were analyzed based on the number of card use cases, the total transport revenue, and the public transport transport share. In terms of total imports, 1934.071 × 1 million won (1,934,071,000 won) decreased significantly after the policy was introduced. However, it appears that the number of card transfers had a significant effect on transportation income. Therefore, the number of card transfers is 0.003 × 1 million (3,000), which has a positive effect (income decreases as the number of transfers increases). There is no clear divergence before and after the policy point, but transport revenue has been on the decline since the policy implementation. In terms of the number of card use cases, the number of passengers significantly decreased by 0.36527 × 1 million (365,270) after the policy was introduced. However, the number of card transfers has a significant effect on the number of card use cases. The number of transfers due to the free transfer rate system was 3.713527 × 1 million (3,713,527), which had a positive effect. Although the number of transfers has increased, the effect of the graph due to the decrease in the total number of passengers does not appear and is showing a downward trend. It also appears to be due to the decrease in the total number of users. In terms of the share of public transportation, when free transfers were introduced in July 2015, The transport share has already decreased by 0.00706%, Although a free transfer fare system was implemented, the share of public transportation has not been increased. The policy effect of the free transfer fare system for city buses had a slight positive effect on the total income and the increase in the number of city bus users. It had no effect on the overall income, increase in users, and the share of public transport.

In the past three years, more and more words appear in the “X-Jing” box. However, the newly emerged “X-Jing” frame words and words with the same frame in diachronic and synchronic are different in meaning, word formation characteristics and cognitive basis. By analyzing and comparing two kinds of words with the same “X-Jing” frame, we can distinguish them; The new “X-Jing” frame is analyzed by using the figure background theory, metonymy and metaphor theory in cognitive linguistics, so as to understand its formation and construal process. With the rapid development of today's society, people's pace of life has greatly accelerated, and new things and phenomena appear almost every day. The emergence of new things and new phenomena needs new concepts to match them, so there are a large number of new words reflecting the characteristics of the times. For example, with the emergence of microblog, post bar, video barrage and various online message areas, netizens can easily express their opinions anytime and anywhere, interact with other netizens, and indirectly promote the emergence of “杜静 du jing”. With the emergence of short video platforms such as “快手 Kuaishou” and “抖音 Douyin”, more and more people are keen to perform and show themselves on the network, and “drama essence” appears. The popularity of “X-Jing” word family has only been a few years. “X” is generally noun, verb and adjective words, “Jing” is a morpheme with quasi affix function. At the level of grammatical function, “X-Jing” can be used as subject, object and attribute in a sentence. It is a word with nominal function; In terms of emotional color, the derogatory color of “X-Jing” continues to fade, slowly moving closer to neutral words. Whether the new word family of “X-Jing” can stand the test of time remains to be seen. However, it is certain that the emergence of “X-Jing” word family plays a very positive role in enriching our language life.

From the mid-1950s to the 1960s, a number of films featuring Yang Guifei were released in East Asia, forming a boom of Yang Guifei films during this period. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the popularity of Yang Guifei films in East Asia in the 1950s and 1960s and why Yang Guifei films were so popular in East Asia during this period. The main subjects of this paper are the Japanese film “Yang Guifei” in 1955 and the Hong Kong film “Yang Guifei” in 1962. Usually, the relationship between the two movies is considered to be an influence relationship. Although there is a seven-year interval between the two films, the relationship between the two films is actually more complicated than the influence relationship. In addition, considering the continuous emergence of historical films in East Asia during this period，the historical message and significance of the two films are also important. In view of this, this article attempts to examine the relationship between the two films from an “East Asian” perspective and summarize their significance in film history. From the perspective of “East Asia,” this article examined the relationship between “Yang Guifei” (1955) and “Yang Guifei” (1962), and explored their significance in film history. The film “Yang Guifei” (1955) and Hong Kong's “Yang Guifei” (1962), which reflect the international trends of Asian filmmakers, respectively. Furthermore, we examined the differences between the two films, especially in the construction of Asian images. It can be seen that Yang Guifei's popularity in East Asia during this period was closely related to the main trend of the international film industry at that time, as well as the cooperation between members of the Asian film industry.

Bai ju-yi was a poet who was writing poetry while living in the office for a long time, but when he was alone or when meeting and interacting with acquaintances, he write a pome about tea while making or drinking tea. There is a lot of content about his skepticism about his long office life and his longing for a quiet life, and exchanges with his friends and acquaintances. Bai ju-yi liked alcohol to the point that he was called drunk teacher, but he have a deep knowledge of tea. So, in this paper, after examining the basic background of chinese Tang Dynasty tea culture, we examined the life and spiritual world of the literary men of the chinese mid-Tang period, representing Bai ju-yi, by examining and analyzing the contents of Bai ju-yi's pome about tea. This paper is a poem about Bai ju-yi’s Tea Poetry, and I saw one of the things that made it possible for a poet, Bai ju-yi, to live while enjoying life and sustaining life, even in a situation where his life is not smooth. This research on Bai ju-yi’s tea poems is a situation in which there are a lot of studies on Bai ju-yi, so more systematic and in-depth research is needed in the future. In addition, since the study of Bai ju-yi’s tea poetry is related to the study of tea culture in China, and also to the study of tea poetry of the literati in the dynasty, I think that more attention and research from researchers is needed. Therefore, I hope that various follow-up studies will be conducted in the field of Chinese literature and Chinese culture research based on this research on Bai ju-yi’s Tea Poetry in the future

The world today is facing great political changes and order reconstruction, one of the most obvious manifestations of which is the Northeast Asian region. It is true that the gradual disintegration of the Cold War system over the past 40 years has brought significant progress in the development of interstate relations in Northeast Asia and a historical opportunity to democratize international relations, but it is undeniable that significant and long-term issues such as historical perceptions and conceptual knots left over from the Cold War are still diffused among the countries in Northeast Asia, triggering a butterfly effect with Western countries coveting the geostrategic value of the Northeast Asian region. The most obvious focus is that China's peaceful rise has caused a shift in world power from the West to the East, and some Western countries, led by the United States, see China's rise as a great threat and are trying to unite with their allies in a global siege of China. The central theme of the changing world landscape and order is evident in the intensifying competition between China and the United States. As a land and sea power, China's geopolitical challenges come from all directions, not only on the Korean peninsula, but also in Taiwan, the South China Sea, and countries in China's neighborhood, and the national interests at stake in these regions and countries are complex and closely tied to the United States. In China's efforts to catch up with the developed world, there is a significant structural contradiction between China's interests and the U.S. hegemonic protection. The greatest threat to China's future geostrategic planning and development is the U.S. hegemony and its political repression and strategic containment of China's rise. Historically, geopolitical problems have never been solved overnight. From a prudent political standpoint, it is time to “abandon illusions” and reassess the future direction of U.S.-China relations.

With the development of the knowledge and economy, the relationship between regional economic development and local universities has become closer. They are both interdependent and inter growth. With the regional economy development and the formation of its own economic characteristics, there is an urgent need for cooperation with higher education. However, there are some problems in the development positioning of some local universities, such as blind development goals, lack of school-running characteristics, profit-seeking of education function and confused service-oriented. Therefore, the author would study form the problems, take Yanbian University as an example, and put forward the reasonable development mechanism research on the basis of the analysis of the localization of him local universities. To set development goals that are in line with reality and within the limits of our capabilities, school-running characteristics of inheriting culture and innovative development, educational function of all-round development, make local universities clarify their service targets and serve the local economy better. Establishes service-oriented industry-university-research cooperation mechanism and a teacher evaluation mechanism of emphasizing difference and seeking development. So as to achieve the goal of local economic development and local universities joint promotion and mutual development. As a local universities, Yanbian university can build a highland for training talents in the Tumen River region and a base for talent and technology export at all levels, and Developmentally achieve the overall sharing of educational resources. Promote the development of the local economy to the greatest extent, so as to achieve the goal of mutual promotion and development between the local economy and local universities.

Focusing on 5 types of reading types of numbers 1 to 10 corresponding to 258 classifiers found in “NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent New Dictionary”(published in 2016) and 1,6,8,10 for sokuon form reading. The observation results are summarized as follows. 1) Perfect matching between classifier vocabularies and their corresponding numeral readings was extremely limited. In most cases, mixed reading was performed using Chinese numerals and Japanese numerals regardless of the classifier (246 words, 95.3%). The reason is that the reading of Japanese numerals 4 and 7 is generalized. 2) In most cases, mixed readings are mainly Chinese numerals, but specific numbers ─ 4 (ヨ / ヨン), 7 (ナナ) ─ are Japanese numerals, but the aspect of additional intervention of Japanese numerals by word type classifiers, is showing a slight difference. 3) In the case of 4, since the pronunciation of the Chinese numeral reading シ (四) is the same as that of シ (死), which means death, They disliked this and used the Japanese numeral ヨ. Since then, it is confirmed that ヨン was used with classifiers around 1920. And in the case of 7, there is a risk that the Chinese numeral reading シチ will be confused with 1 (イチ) in pronunciation, so it was converted to Japanese numeral reading ナナ. 4) In each note, the Japanese and Chinese numerals such as ヨン, ナナ, and キュー for 4, 7, and 9 in the 4合 (条), 7条 (寸), and 9条 (尺 / 重) of the new dictionary are written in each note. It should be noted that it is traditionally explained that it is also referred to as シ, シチ, or ク. 5) The classifiers 1, 6, 8 and 10 that start with the beginning non-sound (カ行, サ行, タ行, ハ行) correspond to the sokuon form, but it is noteworthy that the classifiers of サ行 and タ 行 and the correspondence of 6 appear as non-sokuon forms.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the “actual use of loan words” in newspaper editorials in recent years (after 2018). Based on the results obtained from the extraction survey by newspaper editorials, we will examine the recent increase and decrease of foreign words.　In previous studies on loanwords, quantitative studies using newspapers were not so many compared to lexical studies, but it was concluded that the increasing trend of loanwords before 2010 was "remaining at a low level". ing. The subject of the survey is an editorial of the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (electronic version), and the survey period is about 4 years (January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2021). The survey unit is W unit, and the original form and abbreviations such as "convenience store" and "convenience store" are treated as different words for the discrimination of homonyms. Proprietary nouns are not included in this paper. The appearance rate of loanwords in editorials increased 1.2 times each year in the first three years, and 1.1 times in the past year, albeit moderately. In particular,from 2020 to 2021, the social situation of “Covid-19” and “Tokyo Olympics” is considered to be related. Furthermore, when viewed by word type, it can be said that there is no big difference in the ratio of foreign words and hybrid words to the whole.　Since 2019, the increase in loanwords due to social conditions has been seen in the total number of words, but in the 5th edition of Sanseido's Katakana Dictionary, which was revised in 2020 for the first time in 10 years, "COVID-19" Newly added words (eg, overshoot, social distanceting, pandemic, lockdown, etc.) that are related to the above have appeared, but the appearance rate has been found to be low.

I made it clear by writing what an influential relation between various the Republic of Korea and Japan was about a mechanism of the beauty which shows in Poe's (Edgar Allan Poe) literary world (mechanism). The plan of the construction of “artificial heaven” Poe and Tanizaki two authors put up as a motif of beauty, the taste of the main character and these are really very similar. Poe's literary world is reproduced by “gold death” and “magician” in this way. Tanizaki and Poe can find a common point at the place they tried to create “heaven of gorgeous art” where, but Mr. Okamura is to “death” contrary to that which gets prosperity in Erisun by a thesis of the idea as “supreme beauty” to model “artificial heaven” naturally. To the result and the situation that a duke of “red fatal disease” and Mr. Okamura call it “immorality” by the respective “death”. Nature isn't included in “artificial heaven” by Fan flame sonata, and “artificial heaven” is born by the “chance” brought by the instinct and accident. Furious music is born through such “artificial heaven”, and shiroseishu tries to make “heaven of gorgeous art” by itself, and music is invented, but I'll be motivated by that, and the “artificial heaven” is rotted and is immorality by an act as the murder caused personally. The point that sublimation of beauty by birth and immorality of the weird beauty by “artificial heaven” which is succeeded to to Tanizaki from Poe's and succeeded to to Kim Dong In from Tanizaki couldn't be achieved is common, the trigger which puts it in the furious beauty of “neutral beauty” and Kim Dong In of Poe's “supreme beauty” and Tanizaki and pursues those beauty and, each, the difference is admitted by the contents and also the formative process of the pursued beauty.

It is said that due to the spread of the Coronavirus disease online lessons are becoming more widely used on a worldwide scale, and Japan is no exception. Also at the Japanese university the author is affiliated to hybrid classes were held at the beginning and end of the 2021 spring semester. It was a semester during which hybrid classes were held regularly, although not throughout the semester. Some students living in Japan experienced both classroom and Zoom participation, while a number of students participated online from their own countries due to travel restrictions to Japan. This practical study investigates, analyses, and considers how students perceived classes when peer learning was adopted in hybrid classes under such circumstances. It aims to analyse data focused on surveys of questionnaires and interviews mainly concerning whether there is a difference between the specialised and liberal arts subjects as well as between the languages, if different trends between Japanese students and exchange students can be observed, and how students perceive the positive and negative aspects of peer learning during hybrid classes. It is believed that the hybrid class format will remain in the future, therefore this study also considers the possibility that peer learning can be successfully conducted in hybrid classes. Through this analysis, it has become clear that, although peer learning can be implemented in hybrid lessons, students did not perceive it advantageous to the point of surpassing classes held face-to-face or using Zoom. From the point of view of learning efficacy, it can be considered that the order thus goes from ‘face-to-face classes’ to ‘zoom classes’ to ‘hybrid classes’. It seems that in the future, hybrid classes will remain as one of the basic teaching formats and will be widely adopted. Through this survey, negative aspects and issues have become apparent, and, at the same time, it has also become clear that there is ample room for improvement in future teaching. ‘Exchange’ and ‘communication’ were mentioned together in the answers of the negative perception survey, which indicates a negative impact on the findings of the basic elements of cooperative learning in “Face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments” by Johnson et al. (2001) and Ikeda and Tateoka’s “Equality” and “Face-to-face” (2007). It is important that teachers systematically provide continuous care and support, and actively play the role of facilitator in order to encourage ‘exchange and communication’ when introducing peer learning in hybrid classes in order to build trust between students and efficiently transition to harmonious activities.