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Before and after the 20th century, the Trans-Siberian Railway was laid. Russians management, workers and technicians, the family emigrated to Manchuria. Many Russians, especially after the opening of the Trans-Siberian Railway to get the jobs and profits migrate to Manchuria. The ruling class, artists, intellectuals, Jews, who opposed the Russian October Revolution, flocked to Harbin. As a result, Manchuria were the livelihoods of the Russians. Harbin's Russian society was facing a recession. However, commerce and industry, education, religion, media, cultural and charitable projects they were actively deployed. They had a prominent role in the legal, education, religion, medical, and literary arts. They early discriminated the Chinese and robbed the land of the Chinese. So they had resulted in tensions with the Chinese. However, as they expanded their exchanges with the Chinese went to have a very good relationship. On the other hand, the relationship between the Russians in Manchuria and the Soviet Union was bad. As The Soviet Union's international presence grows, their awareness about the Soviet Union began to be improved. After Manchukuo was established, the Russians greeted Japanese. Because when the Russian October Revolution was happened, like the Russians, the Japanese also opposed the Russian October revolution. However, Japanese colonial authorities began to monitor, control, and persecute the Russians. In addition, they hindered the commerce and industry of the Russians in Manchuria. As a result, many Russians went away from Manchukuo.

There are two types of the bear ceremony practiced by the Orochi in Siberia which pray for rebirth or resurrection of bears. One type is the bear ceremony for wild bears and the other is for domesticated bears. The former is comprised of an initial, middle, and final part while the latter is comprised of a preliminary, initial, middle, and final part. Thus, they are structurally the same, only the latter includes the preliminary stage where a captive bear cub is raised. The bear ceremony of the Orochi in Siberia reflects two adversarial primitive thinking such as the metaphorical system of totemism and the metonymic system of an increase rite. The former forms similar relations between nature and culture such as the life cycle of bears and that of humans. This is the system that constructs the bear ceremony. In addition, it includes a lot of taboos, incantations and wishes for multiplication of totemic animals. These are also regarded as major elements of totemism. The latter forms contiguous relations between spirits and humans, nature and culture, and production and consumption. However, death of bears creates a gap in the contiguity, so the bear ceremony is held in order to restore the contiguous relations. Thus, the bear ceremony is the increase rite to seek rebirth or resurrection of the bears.

Due to its own configuration, space can manifest various characteristics and also cause specific behavior. Shared space is a semi-public/private space, which is located roughly in between public and private space. In other words, it contains the closed part of public area and open part of private section. From the emotional point of view, this space is capable of healing mental disease of the lonely moderns by the intimate relationship among humans, connection each other, and communication. This space is divided into ‘territoriality’, ‘accessability’, and ‘functionality’ based on its function. It is also summarized by categorizing it into friendly relation, openness, and humanity based on its emotional point. Moreover, this space has a point of contact with the expression of modern community. Being obscure among boundaries of modern communities is very similar to the point that the boundaries are ambiguous as the shared space is laid across both public and private section. Moreover, that the shared space is developed in a type of network can be compared with the characteristics of the shared space to make connection with humans. Open and public characteristics have the similar direction with what this space is pursuing. Based on these characteristics, the amenity plan was applied as an activation plan for the community. Especially, constructional amenity plan is progressed focusing on convenience, nature-friendliness, esthetic appreciation, and culture. Amenity plan, which applies landscape architecture, means comprehensive comfortableness of the environment after all, and also a paradigm which can improve the quality of space. Moreover, physical environments and programs for environmental improvement and community activation are capable of building a community infrastructure. Like the architectural amenity plan, the shared space can also lead the characteristics of the public space to the private space, which forms inter-relationship with intimacy. Thus it is highly probable that the community can be activated in the space. The interior and the exterior in architecture can be considered by applying them to the public and private space.

This paper is to study the meanings of an Korean verb, ‘말리다’, contrasting with the meanings of Japanese verbs, ‘hosu’, ‘kawakasu’, and to observe not only what they have in common, but also what they distinguish, which serves critical data as lexical education for both those born-in-Korea and born-in-Japan. The Korean verb, ‘말리다’, implies as follows: ① to dehydrate the inside of an object ② to dehydrate the surface of an object ③ to dehydrate the inside of an container ④ to remove the sort of a shape ⑤ to dry blood. The meanings of ①③ correspond to the Japanese verb, ‘hosu’, and that of ② to ‘Kawakasu’. ④⑤ are only in the Korean verb. The Japanese verb has another meaning as follows, which the Korean verb does not have: ⑥ not to give a work and let a thing/ person alone. What have in common with both languages are ①②③ and what distinguishes is that ④⑤ are only in the Korean verb, and ⑥ is only in the Japanese verb.

This study was aim to present the model of Korean novel abroad by analyzing Dono Kim(Korean Writer in Australia)'s novel, Password. Password is invading record of Western Imperialism in Central Asia. In this novel, Author surveyed tragic destiny of Asia and Asian through frustration of a idealistic Chinese elite- officer. Dono Kim represented various character symbolizing contemporary situation and dynamic relation of central Asia in Password. Also, he tried to enhance thriller-effect as political novel by establishing anachrony frame of double narration. Dono Kim's all works including Password were written by English and hero of each work was Asian except Korean. He persued objective ‘Others’ through complete non Korean establishment in his works. Therefore, Dono Kim attained ‘ordinary thesis’ beneath latent identity of Korean. That is to say, it is his creative strategy.

The initial work as the novelist of Yang Sok-il is “Taxi frenzied uproar music”(1981). “The Canal”(1980) which is collected there is at the original form-like position in the birth of the full-length novel such as “End of the family chart”(1989), “Lullaby in the uterus”(1992), “Bone and Blood”(1998). But the work which did not attract attention so much by the shadow of the taxi driver thing and the masterpiece inventing one after another. I take up “The Canal” in this report and consider a physical sense of Yang Sok-il and a characteristic in the spatial representation. Therefore at first I pay attention to ‘canal’ as the topos of the literature of Korean resident in Japan and investigate a similarity and the difference in eyes for ‘canal’ of other writers. The literary starting point of Yang Sok-il is poetry. I analyze it through the attitude against the ‘language’ and the ‘body’ of characters how desire in his story is articulated in the process which Yang Sok-il converts into a novel language from poetic language. In addition, when it represent space called ‘canal’, I consider how to come to expression. This work is not only a literary characteristic of Yang Sok-il appear in the “The Canal,” a short story, will be in the process of understanding the theory of the body of Yang Sok-il is expressed as ‘Asian Body’ thereafter.

This paper examines the form of registering the names of Shilla people appearing in Nihonshoki. As the outcome of the examination, though it is regarded that job titles preceded names in the arrangement method of job and rank titles including the names of Shilla people, rank titles are featured by its two forms of ‘names + rank titles’ and ‘rank titles + names.’ The arrangement methods of rank titles are distinguished by volumes. The two forms are coexisting in Volume 22-25, but the ones prior to Volume 22 are of the form of ‘names + rank titles’ and the ones posterior to Volume 25 are of the form of ‘rank titles + names.’ The epigraphs of the ancient Shilla on the part of Korea say that the names of Shilla people precede rank titles, but it is witnessed in Nihonshoki that after Volume 25 there's a change in the arrangement method of names and rank titles. In writing of names, job titles, district titles and rank titles, furthermore, the usages in each volume exhibit their unequal distributions, too. The names of Shilla people not subjoined by rank titles and the rank titles with no distinct chain of command make frequent appearances throughout Volume 9-19, and the job titles of Shilla, limited to the particular job titles of ‘King of Shilla, Prince, Messenger of Condolence, Monk’ are shown throughout Volume 6-19 and Volume 27-30. In the district titles of Shilla, the same title of ‘沙㖨部’ makes appearances in Volume 22 and 25, and ‘沙㖨’ in Volume 27 and 29, having unequal distributions by volumes, too. The rank titles of Shilla have restricted usages in Volume 9 and throughout Volume 17-21 and Volume 25-27, but Volume 29 and 30 are featured by many different rank titles. This unequal distribution in the forms of registering the names of Shilla people by volumes can be thought to have happened by the differences in materials referred to by Nihonshoki.

These days Historical lesson in elementary school is in progress based on the demands by the government. It is well showed that the government manage the compilation of books such as guide of curriculum, textbook, guidebooks for teachers. Teachers are conducting their lessons based on the demends of government. Historical lessons were conducted by the view of Nationalism in Korea as well as Japan. The problem is that two countries conduct the historical lesson with different point of views. The study is to analyze the real historical lessons of each countries based on problems of the viewpoints of Nationalism. Im-Jin War(Japan is invasion of korea in 1592), the relational event of two countries was chosen as objective analysis. First, this study compared the national education guidebooks such as the guide of curriculum, guidebooks for teachers of Korea and teaching manuals of Japan to understand the direction of historical education of both countries. Second, this study compared the text and figure of two nation's textbooks to understand how to embody the directions of historical education of both countries. And the comparison of lessons were conducted through the lesson plans and the materials for lesson of both teachers, considering of the differences of textbook description and the direction of historical education. From this, this study tries to find the differences of the way of teaching about Im-Jin War in both countries. Finally, after historical class, this study compared and surveyed what did the students remember and what kind of viewpoints did they have about Im-Jin War.

This study proposes some design methods based on the space as ways for regenerating the waterfront of the Nakdong estuary. Since only ecological parks are currently being made in the terrace land on the river in the estuary, I will suggest design methods so that the regeneration of it can be complementary to the benefits of the adjacent cities to it. I present 4 points of accessibility, continuity on the space, mutual openness, and network of transportations as designs for the regeneration of it in this study. I introduce the concept of Green Band in the first point and suggest commercialization of building occupancy in the second, minimization of width between blocks and connection of exterior spaces of buildings to public spaces of ecological parks in the third, and introduction of BRT, increase of trails in the ecological parks, and restoration of river ports in the forth.

환대 기업 관련 선택 속성 연구는 많이 되어 왔지만, 중국 테마 공원의 선택 속성은 거의 연구된 적이 없었다. 기존에 연구된 선택 속성 항목과 전문가 집단연구를 통해 초기 항목을 설정하여 중국의 대표적인 테마 공원의 방문객을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하여 중국의 테마 공원의 선택 속성 측정 도구를 개발하였다. 두 개의 중국 테마 공원을 북경 근교의 Fragrant Hills Park와 상해 근교의 Happy Valley 공원을 방문한 방문객들의 기대를 중심으로 선택 속성을 측정하였다. 본 연구는 중국의 테마 공원을 방문하는 고객들이 기대하는 선택 기준을 중요도 측면에서 느낀 정도를 미리 준비해 놓은 설문 항목 별로 표시하도록 하였다. 본 테마 공원에 방문하는 고객들은 방문 선택 속성으로 14개의 항목이 가장 대표성이 있는 항목으로 인식하고 있었으며 대표적 요인으로 주제, 접근성, 지원시설, 방문 가치로 요약 할 수 있었다. 현재 중국의 경제적 성장으로 인한 중국의 테마 공원에 대한 관심이 고조되는 상황에서 현실적으로 적용이 가능하고 업계의 전략을 수립하는데 매우 유용한 측정 도구가 될 것이다.

This paper inspects the trace of Goryeo(高麗) envoy in the Caoe shrine(曹娥廟), Shangyu in detail. Caoe is Chinese woman who typifies the devotion to her parents. The Caoe shrine is located on the banks of the Caoe-river(曹娥江), in Shangyu city, Zhejiang province(浙江省). The shrine was first set up to praise her devotion, by Dushang(度尙) of the Later Han(後漢). Since then, prominent figures of the time has inscribed epitaph. In the years of King Huizong(徽宗) of Beisong(北宋), Goryeo envoy could cross the Caoe-river by virtue of the miracle of God Caoe. The envoy notified this to court of Song Dynasty, and the court conferred the first and second noble title on her. Since then, Caoe shrine became officially approved shrine. In 1110(the 4th year of King Daguan: 大觀), Goryeo envoy(高麗使臣) could also cross the Caoe-river by virtue of the divine power of God Caoe. In 1115(the 5th year of Zhenghe; 政和), Goryeo lady(高麗貢女) gained favor of the King, with her beauty, got from God Caoe during crossing the river. There are 5 drawings, which contains activities of Goryeo envoy, in (Guangxu)Caojiang xiaonu miaozhi(『(光緖)曹江孝女廟誌』) and Xiannu shenjitu(『孝女神蹟圖』). Later deeds of Goryeo envoy in Caoe shrine, contributed to introducing and enhancing prestige of Caoe shrine and God Caoe.

There are many words which are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, but those words are printed in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』. In this study, the writer surveyed what kinds of the headword of Chinese Characters are not appeared and then why those are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. By classifying the headword of Chinese Characters which are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, the <two spelling words> are 180 characters which are first labeled, and then the remains are followings: <names of places> are 92 characters, <doubled words> are 56, <names of nations> of the proper nouns are 48 nations, <names of tools> are 39, <miscellaneous words> are 36, <Japanese official titles> are 25, and <words of seasons> are 22. Therefore, the causes of an omission of Chinese headword in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』are not uniformity but the writer surveyed that the reasons of omission are followings(1, 2, 3, 4 items): 1) The Chinese head words in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』are not much appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, those omitted words are intended to be not appeared because the Korean styled regular annual events and government posts which are not Japanese style are omitted by the reason of necessity. 2) The proper nouns are much more among the Chinese headwords which are omitted in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Those are 92 characters of <names of places>, 48 Characters of the proper noun <names of nations>, and <Japanese official titles> are 25. These proper nouns are related to the problems of common usage, and the other reasons are not proper for the season of the usage. Except for these reasons, all the 56 words of <doubled words> are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These omitted words are not appeared by the reason of necessity. 3) Among the Chinese headwords which are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, there are long sound words like o-u in ｢A Chance Meeting｣ and ｢Authority｣ written in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These omitted words are related to the sentenced words and Japanese reading of a Chinese character as Hamada had already studied. 4) The headwords of 180 characters of <two spelling words> in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』are all not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai󰡕. These omitted reasons are Japanese reading of a Chinese character. For the example, the reading sound ｢而｣ in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』is similar to (耳) in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Therefore the editorial principle of 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』was to omit the headword which is related to the Japanese reading of a Chinese character. The Japanese reading of a Chinese character is regarded to be a reading sound in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』and thus these many related words are revised in 󰡔IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Japanese readings of a Chinese character (the sound of reading) are thought to be revised by Kanajawa Showsaburoga who is an editor of 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Among the 180 words of <Two Spellings> many characteristic Japanese readings of a Chinese character are omitted in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These are the upset reading words of headwords which are strong characteristics of Japanese reading of a Chinese character: the examples are ｢雪恥(45ウ. はぢをすすぐ)｣ ｢有益(46オ.　えきがある)｣ ｢無益(46オ.　えきがない)｣ ｢無窮(48ウ.　きわまりない)｣. These Chinese headwords are thought to be omitted as far as possible bv the editorial principles which are good to be eliminated for the general usage. Among the headwords of a Chinese character there are newly the supplemented Chinese headwords in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, the other classified words as the different headline in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』which are already classified in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』, and the changed Chinese headwords in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These Chinese headwords are judged by the proper usage and necessary.

This paper shows the syntactic and semantic characteristics of in “causative sentence of reflexivity” by verb of “(sa) seru” type. The characteristics were investigated by examples of reflexive verbs and reflexive use, range of certification for causative verb. The syntactic sentences which types of ｢〜V1 sasetamama｣, ｢〜V1 sasete｣, ｢〜V1 sasenagara｣ and ｢〜V1sase｣ are represented reflexive expression in subordinate phrase indicate state of principal clause or dependent activity by using ｢Adverb State｣ of verb, or successive or paratactical activity of the clause and state. The semantic characteristics can be classified into four types by the presence of intention and activity of “Ga” case. When the causative sentence of reflexivity represents causative meaning, the “Ga” case has intention but does not activity. On the other hand, when the causative sentence of reflexivity represents transitive meaning, “Ga” case has intention and activity in s sentence, and only activity without intention. In case of the causative sentence of reflexivity representing intransitive meaning by having state of the “Ga” case, the sentence do not have intention and activity. In addition, the semantic characteristics show that “O” case represent the properties of body parts, possessions, mental․Property, the results of the inner workings and the result of the act for the “Ga” case. Therefore, the results of the researches show that the causative sentence of reflexivity representing causative, transitive and intransitive meaning get a continuity of semantic characteristics for verb.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how connection modes of ｢te｣ ｢tari｣ ｢si｣ are used in five types of Japanese textbooks for liberal arts in National Universities located in Kyung-Nam province and Pusan. 1) The meaning and the order of frequency of use of ｢te｣ is ｢competibility｣ ｢reason｣ ｢order｣ ｢means｣ ｢synchronismus｣ ｢contrast｣ ｢the result of hypothesis｣ ｢adverse｣ and each chapter from chapter one to chapter five seldom deals with ｢te｣. However, the frequency of ｢te｣ gradually increases from chapter 6 and it becomes high from chapter 6 to the last chapter in most textbooks. 2) The meaning and the order of frequency of use of ｢tari｣ is ｢example｣ ｢repetition｣ ｢example (with single ｢tari｣)｣ and there is an intensive increase in specific chapter from chapter ten. 3) The meaning and the order of frequency of use of ｢si｣ is ｢accumulated arrangement｣ ｢set-builder｣ and most of the textbooks, it is addressed in the later chapters, especially one specific chapter. To improve our communication skill naturally, it is very important for students to use these connection modes such as ｢te｣ ｢tari｣ ｢si｣ appropriately, and that is also the main purpose of the language education. Thus, using the connection mode ｢te｣ from the first chapter with conversational situations like greeting or introduction and providing the meanings and functions of ｢tari｣ ｢si｣ from the middle of the textbook helps users to learn the differences in each usage as well as the meanings much more effectively.

In this study, theses for master's degree majoring in Japanese education at the graduate school of education in Korea were analyzed from 1982 to 2011. The major findings are as follows: (1) The total number of master's degree theses during the 30 years was 3,253 and it increased steadily from 1982 to 2006 (314 theses) but started decreasing from then on. The distribution of theses in terms of field of study were Japanese Education 1,352 (41.6%), Japanese Linguistics 879 (27.0%), Japanese Literature 842 (25.9%), and Japanology 180 (5.5%). (2) Among the theses on Japanese Education, analysis of the textbook were 480 (35.5%) and others were 872 (64.5%). The former mainly covered language and culture whereas the latter mainly covered teaching and learning (in particular language teaching, teaching materials/teaching tools). (3) Theses on Japanese Linguistics mainly covered vocabulary 262 (29.3%) and grammar 363 (42.3%). The former mainly covered voice and modality whereas the latter covered idiom and class word. (4) Theses on Japanese Literature can be divided into modern Japanese literature 676 (80.3%) and Ancient Japanese Literature 157 (18.6%). The former mainly covers the works of Natsume Soseki, Kawabata Yasunari, Akudagawa Ryunosuke, and Tarocchi whereas the latter covers the works of Japanese Literature in Edo Period, Japanese Literature in Heian Period, Japanese Literature in Middle Period, and Ancient Japanese Literature. (5) Thesis on Japanology mainly covers culture, history, and education. The above findings allows us to conclude that theses of Japanese education major at the graduate school of education cover more topics related to Japanese Education than Japanese Education. Also, the number of theses is decreasing since its peak in 2006.

This announcement compares about the word the ‘movie’ in Japanese literature and the South Korean literary work. As a result, in the case of a literary work of Japan, it is as application of a ‘movie’. ①The simile for image-izing, and visualization are attained, and it is made to imageize as the writer imagined readers. Or even if expression of the past recollection and a movie were past, it could be made to revive actually in an instant, and since it was a thing it is made to appear at hand, also in the novel, movement of time became as it pleases.　②losing the boundary line of a dream = movie, and reality and a movie - novel space and appearance in the work a person is made to become complicated. A work is made dreamlike. It becomes like the talk of the dreamy sick and a mentally deranged person, and makes a movie or novel space fearful. ③It is divided into three of manipulation of the element of the trick which is a mechanism of a movie. In the case of a South Korean literary work, ①Even if expression of the past recollection and a movie were past, they could be revived actually in an instant, and since it was a thing it is made to appear at hand, movement of time became as it pleases also the novel. ②The mechanism of the projection method of a movie,③Movie = movie = it is divided into the thing which are a defect (an indecent person, an ugly person) and only an absurd and amazing show and which cannot carry out a thing and reliance. Being mentioned as difference of how both countries are used, First, since it was an optical device, while there was a common feature of having recognized the ‘movie’ as the mechanism of projection and expression of the past recollection, when Japan did the simile of the object to the scene and person of a ‘movie’, many texts were applied to the place which visualizes a novel more. Moreover, the various human relations which become complicated while weaving well the equation which should be called ironbound rule of a dream = movie in a work and mixing it with it were completed, and the wonder of a movie, mysteriousness, eeriness, and fear were found out also for literature. In South Korea, while a ‘movie’ expresses the value of the thing which are a defect and only an absurd and amazing show and which cannot carry out a thing and reliance, it is a point which it should mention especially that the ‘movie’ was used as a social use that a desirable social ideal is realized by a movie.

Today, Buddhist sculpture is booming in Japan. The Newspaper and the magazine are focusing on various kinds of the sculptures every day. Such a boom is not a new phenomenon. Some times, we remember the Buddhist sculpture romantically or reexamine it scientifically. However, the boom of today may be a new phenomenon. The youth came to feel a Buddhist sculpture to be comical or casual. Of course it is positively. Needless to say, there are many images about Buddhist sculpture or the ways of reception of it. It would be connected with the flexible attitude of Japanese to the acceptance of Buddhist sculpture. When Buddhism was transmitted in Japan, the Japanese observed the Buddhist sculpture as exotically. And we produced various Buddhist sculptures. In fact, such a behavior which appeared in the Japanese history is resembled to the youth of today. In a sense the exotic eyes of modern people for the Buddhist sculptures are the same as the first surprise when they watched it. The Japanese Buddhism culture started from that surprise. In conclude, I would say that there is a possibility of a new development of Buddhism culture in our age.

This article is about researching the strategy for One Source Multi Use(OSMU) utilizing ≪Genji Monogatary≫. OSMU is defined as the marketing activity, such as diversifying windows of one sousce, adapting genre, selling concerned products, and effect of creating a brand, for maximizing added value. ≪Genji Monogatary≫ is the Japanese classic novel who Murasaki-Shikibu wrote in 11th century. It is the most successful source content in strategy of OSMU. The story of the novel has been adapted as painting, movie, drama, musical, and animation etc. Also lots of products concerned this novel, such as the book of paintings, weekly magazine, museum, trump cards, and 'Genji's incense, are merchandised. Especially 'The Meseum of Genji Monogatary' in Uji-city is famous as a theme-tour course for readers of ≪Genji Monogatary≫. The OSMU of ≪Genji Monogatary≫ as a cultural content arise from the romantic story of lovers, double-faced theme and characters, lots of episodes which can use selectly. The Korean classic novel ≪A Nine Cloud Dream(Guunmong)≫ which Kim Man-jung wrote in 1867, is very similar to the story of ≪Genji Monogatary≫. It also described romantic love story between a man and eight women in noble families. But ≪A Nine Cloud Dream≫ is different from ≪Genji Monogatary≫ in being lots of episodes which lovers cheat each other for fun, and women characters who are positive and active. Because of these characteristics, ≪A Nine Cloud Dream≫ is a interesting and enjoyable source content which can adapt as modern cultural contents. In order to use ≪A Nine Cloud Dream≫ for OSMU, developing of new storytelling and bench marking of a successful strategy of ≪Genji Monogatary≫ are required.

Aging is universal but very cultural, societal and historical. This means that every individuals experience aging but their perception of it are influenced by cultural, societal and historical assumptions. These various assumptions prescribe appropriate behavior toward them. The aged has been in the margin of society no matter of historical change. However it is undeniable that rapid modernization and remarkably increased longevity has resulted in very negative view of the aged and aging. The elderly living in contemporary society but experienced less modernity in their young ages arguably suffer from confusion of identity and are lost in life design. In this paper I examine how Japanese Mr. W who retired and decided to move to Hyuga city as a new domicile for his old age with his wife has adapted to new circumstances and constructed various social network based in local community and argue the significance of that social practice at senescence. For the purpose of this paper it is firstly considered administrative policies and institutions related to the aged and aging in Hyuga city. Secondly I attempt to analyze Mr. W's life history distinguishing before and after the retirement focusing on his social engagement and social network at Hyuga city as a new domicile for his old age. By this work it can be concluded that senescence is influenced by not only innate personality but various social experience of full age, it means senescence is not the disengaged but continued from manhood. Additionally it is remarkable that active administrative effort to construct institutional policies related to the aged is very relevant to build and broaden social network at senescence.

Aristoteles in 『Poetics』said that the most important element of the tragedy is plot. He emphasized that the tragedy without characters is possible, but the tragedy without plot isn't possible. By the way the most important element in tragedy, which lead the accident on the stage, isn't plot, but character. Here is a reason. The aim of the ancient greek tragedies is Catharsis, occurred by well-built plot. An audience by means of Catharsis could affirm that he is one of the commune, polis, and purify the wicked emotions in his mind. But in the tragedy of W. Shakespeare, the representative playwright in the epoch of the Elizabeth, Catharsis was no more the aim of the theatre. The bourgeoise audience, that at that time new formed, demanded the high leveled theatre with interesting spectacles. They wanted the pleasure in the theatre, because they were the son of the capitalism. The accident of the stage in Chekhov's drama .『The sea gull』relied on the change of the relationship between the characters and the subtle emotion. The disposition of the important accident on the stage made a great difference between Shakespeare and Chekhov. Because the russian playwright interested in the collapse of the social environment where the dramatis personae lived. Their difference had influenced upon also the viewpoint of theatre. Shakespeare had the faith that human life is play, the world is theatre. He thought that theatre is a mirror which reflects direct the life and world. But Chekhov, depicted the trembling russian intelligentsia in the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, interested in the endless falling life of them.

The objective of this study is to propose a contingency model which examines the moderating role of national culture in explaining how marketing alliance orientation influences marketing alliance sustain capability, which leads to marketing alliance performance. In order to test the hypothesized relationships in the contingency model of national culture, we collected 284 data from South Korea and Japan. Based on structural equation modeling approach, we found that (1) marketing alliance orientation that reflects as intangible corporate asset has a positive impact on marketing alliance sustain capability, and that (2) marketing alliance sustain capability has a positive impact on marketing alliance performance, and that (3) national culture reflected by uncertainty avoidance and individualism has a proposed moderating role in some cases. Thus, this study confirmed the importance of the role of national culture on the marketing alliance sustain capability-marketing alliance performance. The managerial and theoretical implications will be discussed.

전 세계의 주도적인 국제개발기구는 서구의 강대국들이 지배한다. 서구의 방식으로 훈련 받은 개발 전문가들은 선호되는 경제 모델에만 주목을 하고, 다른 것들에는 관심을 갖지 않는다. 개발 경험이 주목 받지 못하는 주요 지역은 동아시아와 일본이다. 일본은 비서구국가로서 아시아 첫 번째로 국제개발에 참여한 국가이다. 1900년대 후반에 일본은 세계에서 가장 빠른 성장률을 보였고, 이는 종종 “일본의 기적”으로 불리곤 하였다. 현재의 경기침체에도 불구하고, 일본은 여전히 세계에서 가장 부유한 국가 중의 하나이다. 그러나 일본과 다른 동북아시아 그리고 동남아시아의 여러 국가들의 개발에 대해서 서구 국가들의 상당한 수준의 무지가 존재한다. 동아시아의 많은 국가들 또한 대외 원조 공동체에서 잠재적으로 강력한 새로운 기부자로 부상하고 있다. 대부분 그것들은 전통적인 경제협력개발기구 그리고 그 산하 개발원조위원회의 기부프레임 워크(OECD/DAC donor framework)의 범주 밖의 것이다. 무엇이 이러한 심각한 상태의 무지를 야기하였는가? 그 이유 중의 많은 부분이 문화적인 것들이다. 이 논문은 국제개발의 분야가 아시아의 개발과 원조는 다르다는 점을 인식하여야 한다는 점을 주장한다. 논문에서는 일본의 개발 원조 역사, 최근의 국제 원조 분야에서의 큰 흐름, 그리고 그 큰 흐름의 일본 국제개발원조에 대한 영향, 아시아 개발과 원조 모형에 대한 서구국가들의 무지의 이유, 그리고 전 세계적 국제 개발 분야와 일본은 서로 어떤 것을 배울 수 있는지에 대해서 연구한다.

Powerful Western nations dominate the world’s leading international development organizations. Western‐trained development specialists pay close attention to preferred economic models and ignore others. The main regions whose development experiences are ignored are East Asia and Japan. Japan was the first non-Western and Asian nation to develop. In the late 1900s, Japan had the world’s fastest rate of growth, and was often called the “Japanese miracle.” Despite its current recession, Japan remains one of the world’s wealthiest nations. Yet there is a high level of Western ignorance about development in Japan and in other Northeast and Southeast Asian nations. Many countries in East Asia are also rising as potentially powerful new donors in the foreign aid community, mostly outside the traditional OECD/DAC donor framework. What has caused this profound state of ignorance? Many of the reasons are cultural. This paper argues that the development industry must recognize that Asian development and aid are different. It surveys the history of Japanese aid, recent international aid trends and their impacts on Japanese aid, reasons for Western ignorance about Asian development and aid models, and what the global development industry and Japan can learn from each other.

This study considered the reason for refusal in a rejective situation with focus on the interview materials through role-playing targeting the native speakers of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese and foreign learners. 1) The survey of the native speakers of Korean revealed that the reason for high appearance of a rejective situation lies in ‘the reason related to school’ in which a persuasive measure was taken using the personal reason linked to a status because of the current status of a student; in the survey of the native speakers of Chinese, the reason of high appearance of a rejective situation lies in ‘the reason related to application materials’ in which a logical reason linked to the situation where something related to applications was called for. The reason for high appearance of a rejective situation was found to be ‘working part-time’ in the survey of the native speakers of Japanese, showing the characteristic that a persuasive measure was taken using an eternal factor unrelated to the situation with which a student faced. 2) On the basis of the appearance of the reason for refusal, first, this study reorganized the Code of Speech and Behavior into (A) group which maintained the elements of the mother tongue and (B)group which adopted the elements of a target language; as a result, this study was able to reorganize KC.KJ as (B)group in the survey of the foreign learners of Korean; reorganize CK as (B)group in the survey of the foreign learners of Chinese, and reorganize KJ as (A)group, and JK. JC as (B)group, respectively in the survey of the foreign learners of Japanese.