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The Sakhalin Korean people know how deeply the helpless national situation such as the Japanese colonial period, the Rusia-Japanese War, the division of the South and the North is related to the individual's life. The time when the state showed interest to the Korean people in Sakhalin was the issue of returning to Korea after Sakhalin Korean homeland in 1990. Since the end of the 1980s, the visit to the motherland has been gradually made visible through the Korea-Japan Red Cross. However, in 1992, the Korean government granted permission to return only to those who were 65 years of age or older. After that, in 1994, Korea and Japan agreed on the implementation of the “pilot project to return to the homeland.” As a result, the homeland returns to full force and 4,116 people migrated to Korea by 2013. In January 2009, 69 households, 52 men and 68 women, returned home from Sakhalin and now reside in the Busan Constitutional Court. The socio-cultural studies on the permanent returnees residing in Busan have been limited to the discussion on the actual situation of immigration and migration experience, social structure and class change, and settlement process of migrants. This paper examines the conflicts and acceptance patterns of returnees from Sakhalin during migration and noted the place where the border between settlement and migration was distinguished by interviewing their daily life culture. Sakhalin Koreans have been living in Sakhalin since their childhood and have moved from their residential areas to the place of Busan, which is the most influential factor in the background of the situation and the transition from settlers to immigrants I wanted to find out the answer to the question of what was needed most.

This study analyzed the contents of local government ordinances to find solutions to the health problems of migrants, which are becoming a social issue due to the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzed the health and health care of migrants in the ordinances of 52 local governments. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the ordinances of some local governments use similar terms related to foreign residents, causing confusion. Second, the policy targets of the ordinance mostly included foreign residents, multicultural families, and marriage immigrants. Third, As a result of analyzing the health and health care supporting contents of the ordinance, it was found that support for foreign residents was relatively insufficient. Based on these research results, policy implications are presented as follows. First, local governments should revise ordinances that reflect the characteristics of migrants living in the region and the direction of development of the region in the future. Second, local governments should further expand the support contents of the ordinance to improve the practical health of migrants and improve their right to health. Third, since migrants are a human resource necessary for the country's sustainable development in Korea, sustainable development must be achieved through social inclusion and hospitality. In addition, the central government should grant policy and financial autonomy to local governments where foreign residents reside intensively, and a change in migrant policies that can enhance the responsibility of local governments should be made. Finally, it is necessary to conduct follow-up research by expanding the ordinances of all local governments. In addition, it is necessary to conduct an empirical study on the migrants' perceptions and attitudes toward the local government's health and health care supporting ordinance for migrants.

This study focuses on the socio-economic and environmental consequences that have occurred since the gold rush to acquire gold in Mongolian commons in the mid-1990s. Many civilians joined illegal mining for gold that should be kept as a common-pool resource in Mongolia. The mining of gold by Ninja miners, who illegally taking gold for its own interests, is not limited to taking gold, but has caused social, economic and environmental damages. This study aims to figure out their identity and behaviors of illegal miners and suggest alternative institutional measures to protect the land and gold, respectively commons and a common-pool resource in Mongolia. As a result of the study, it is found that Ninja miners think gold can be taken by themselves. For they think the person who occupies it first is the owner because it belongs to no one. It is very difficult for Ninja miners to quit their job because mining is a means for their livelihood and survival. Thus, either prohibiting their illegal mining with harsh punishment or leaving illegal Ninjas unattended is not the best option for protection of the commons which need to satisfy future generations’ needs. It will be better to pursue a policy to legalize mining activities under state permission and three-way cooperation contracts between local governments (mainly counties), companies (mines), and miners (including Ninja miners). Sustainable use of common-pool resources including gold is necessary for future generations as well as Mongolian as a whole. It requires communication among stakeholders within the system.

This study compares Chae Man-sik’s ??Takryu?? and Lao Seo’s ??The Crescent?? because the two novels not only reflect the aspects of the 1930’s when red-light districts and prostitution were prevalent with the motif of syphilis (sexual disease) but also have allegorical meaning in that the source of infection is huge capital that is invisible. The novels have one thing in common in that although syphilis is physical disease that personal and concealed, they both symbolize it as greed for ‘money’ resulted from the influx of modern capital, that is, absolute evil, resulting in the inevitable destruction and collapse of female subjects represented by the weak. Through comparison, three points have been derived as follows. Chobong, the main character of ??Takryu?? and ‘I’ in ??The Crescent?? were both born with the fate of having no choice but to trade themselves for money. The first is the fall of fathers, and the second is their beautiful faces. If this is interpreted allegorically, it corresponds to the situations that Korea lost its sovereignty and China was exploited by the war of aggression. The second is that syphilis in both novels is used as a symbol of greed for money and decadence. In ??Takryu??, it is spread by a character named Taesu, and in ??The Crescent??, it is spread by an unspecified number of men. In the process of prostitution, both Chobong and I became victims getting infected by that; thus, it can be seen as an unfair trade. The third is the emergence of evil which is the source of infection. In ??Takryu??, character named Hyeongbo engaged in exploitation, deprivation, and violent behavior over Chobong restlessly while in ??The Crescent??, the subjects of evil are ‘high-birth aristocrats’ who are the officials exploiting the people in a dualistic manner. They are both provided with social meaning as a symbol of absolute evil that extorts the weak rather than a specific individual.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in the way learning is conducted. This study examines the moderating effect of college life adaptation on the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic achievement in the context of online learning caused by COVID-19, based on previous literature. The study findings are summarized as follows. Firstly, task difficulty (β=0.251, P=.000), self-regulation efficacy (β=0.227, P=.000), and self-confidence (β=0.383, P=.000) all have a positive (+) effect on academic achievement. Among these variables, self-confidence (β=0.383) has the most significant effect on academic achievement. Secondly, in terms of the sub-factor of college life adaptation, when examining whether college academic adaptation, social adaptation, and emotional adaptation act as modulators through regression analysis, the third step of the regression model showed almost .000 significance probability, and all differences in the values ??of the second and third steps of the regression model were positive (+), indicating a moderating effect. This study is meaningful in that it provided a theoretical basis for Chinese students to adapt to college life and improve their academic achievement by exploring and verifying the relationship between academic self-efficacy, academic achievement, and college life adaptation. The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in the way learning is conducted. The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in the way learning is conducted. The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in the way learning is conducted. The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in the way learning is conducted.

This study examined how well the textbook used at Chinese universities, “Jeongdok (精讀)” (“Intensive Reading” in English), reflects the five requirements of intercultural education, such as personal focus, recognition of cultural diversity, interaction, reflection of culture, and cooperation and negotiation. The analysis results showed that, as with previous studies, textbooks developed in China reflected individual focus and mutual comparative activities, but they were only simple comparison activities that did not lead to a full understanding of recognition and acceptance of cultural diversity. Recently published textbooks, however, reflect the characteristics of interculture and use a variety of materials to guide students in conducing more specific comparative activities. Moreover, even though they originate in China, they strive to consider other perspectives as well, such as those of Asia, East, and West, which deserves positive evaluations. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it confirms how Jeongdok's content composition, questions or speaking related to the main text, writing task activities, and cultural texts and questions for thinking about cultural texts can sufficiently reflect intercultural perspectives. Jeongdok is not a culture-related course, but it contains a variety of cultural elements and is the subject learners spend the most time studying. Specifically, cross-cultural competence cannot be acquired easily, but rather internalized through various stages, which is why Jeongdok textbooks can contribute to acquiring cross-cultural competence if they are approached, developed, and utilized from an intercultural perspective. This study has limitations in that the criteria for textbook analysis and the extraction of cultural items from textbooks were based on the researcher's subjective judgment. It was also unable to present specific teaching and learning measures to enhance each cross-cultural competence. Nevertheless, this study is significant in that it was the first study to review Chinese textbooks from an intercultural perspective, and to suggest ways to improve textbooks and use textbooks from an intercultural perspective.

Tangchi, which has been used in both Korea and Japan since ancient times, can be said to be a modern version of wellness using hot spring water. It cannot be denied that the difference between active use and passive use has deepened in modern times. However, the current status and purpose of use of hot spring users, and the analysis and research of users accordingly must be a task to continue. The purpose of this study is to identify the difference between Korea and Japan, where hot spring therapy has become 'bath centered', and to settle it as a type of preventive medical wellness. Considering the changing concept and application of wellness, our wellness research should also evolve over and over. In the case of Japan and Germany, there is a very active movement in the application of hot spring therapy and wellness using hot spring water, which is a natural resource. In the case of Japan, which is the subject of this paper, the current status, purpose, and effect of hot spring resort use across Japan are analyzed and studied through a survey of hot spring users. If the wellness effect of health promotion using hot spring therapy is important, I think Japan's survey method is appropriate. However, Korea, which lacks the medical and scientific system and management system of hot spring facilities, is bound to show differences from Japan. The application of hot spring therapy and wellness requires the government's revision of the hot spring law and facility management, and academic circles should continue to analyze hot spring water and research on medical approaches. In addition, it is necessary to attempt a survey method on whether the purpose of using hot springs is related to physical wellness, such as changes in health conditions after using hot spring facilities.

Chinese verbs occupy an important position in the study of grammar. Most grammar books divide verbs into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs based on whether they are accompanied by an object. However, among verbs currently named or regarded as intransitive verbs, example sentences accompanying objects are often encountered, and verbs in the form of “动宾 structures” also often accompany objects. Among the verbs named after intransitive verbs in Chinese, such as “出发”、“奔走”、“出差”、“停留”、“到来”, many example sentences with objects have been found in 'CCL's ancient Chinese search. Although there are traces of a place object, it can be considered as an intransitive verb. Currently, the number of intransitive verbs accompanying objects is increasing, indicating that the scope of transitivity in Chinese is expanding. The phenomenon of intransitive verbs accompanying objects has gradually become a common linguistic phenomenon. This paper argues that the phenomenon of intransitive verbs accompanying objects does not arise from any one reason, but rather from the organic combination of various factors, resulting in the phenomenon of intransitive verbs with objects. Among them, it is related to the economic principle or prosodic principle, the fixation and expansion of the “V+N” grammatical format, and the elision of “于”, the lexicalization and fixation of “动宾 structure”. Through these observations, we can prove the fact that language is constantly changing, confirm the transition state in the process of language evolution, and make language predictions. In the future, the number of intransitive verbs accompanying objects will increase.

In this study, analyzed the tendency and characteristics of the use of ‘ndesu’ for the first face-to-face conversation between Japanese native speakers and Korean Japanese learners. The results of the analysis of the utterance of “ndesu” were divided into KF and JF, and the analysis of KM and JM was divided into male and female. The characteristics of the actual conversation were also described. The main results are summarized as follows. First, looking at the tendency of native Japanese speakers, both female native Japanese speakers and male native Japanese speakers showed a tendency to use “description”, “true questionnaire”, and “questionnaire”. Next, women and men, who were Korean learners of Japanese, used the most frequently after “explanation,” “true questioning,” followed by “conviction” and “teaching.” Both native Japanese speakers and Korean learners of Japanese had something in common with each other in terms of “explanation” and “truth and authenticity questions.” However, most Korean learners of Japanese were followed by “pushing” and “teaching” followed by “surprise” and “confirmation” among native speakers of Japanese. Next, looking at the difference between men and women, it was found that both native Japanese speakers and Korean learners had similar usage trends, but women used them more frequently. Finally, describe the characteristics that are not found in previous studies from actual conversation examples.As a characteristic of this, there were several expressions that strongly expressed disapproval in the “noda” of “pressing carefully.” If you continue to use the word “ndesu” in “ndesu” when you disagree with the other person, you may make an unpleasant impression on the other person may have an unpleasant impression. In addition, “teaching,” which was often used by Korean learners of Japanese and native speakers of Japanese, seemed to teach the other person's questions in detail. In particular, the words of “teaching” seemed to teach each other about each other's culture and things they didn't know.

In this paper, we surveyed newspaper editorials in both Japanese and Korean languages, and conducted a manual extraction survey of foreign words from editorials for 10 years (2013 to 2022). The samples obtained from this survey consisted of the number of editorials (Japanese) 6,592: (Korean) 8,977, the total number of characters) 1,555 words: (Korean) 1,035 words", the total number of words is “(Japanese) 39,590 words: (Korean) 26,167 words”. Using the top 100 words counted as high-frequency loanwords from this survey data, we classified the semantic fields based on the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2004) “Classification Vocabulary Table (Enlarged and Revised Edition)”. First, the distribution of major classifications was common to both languages, with the noun “type of body” accounting for more than 90%. There were very few verb-related “用の類” and adjective-like “相の類”. However, based on the “Classification Vocabulary Table”, it is classified as “体の類”, but according to the research results of Kishimoto (2023) from a different perspective, some words are classified into nouns and verbs. touched. Words classified as verbs are “service, share, check, lead” in Japanese and “브리핑, 쇼핑, 인터뷰” in Korean. Next, in the middle classification, the distribution of “abstract relations” in Japanese and “human activity” in Korean was the most common. Furthermore, what is common to both languages is that six words overlap in the distribution of “language” in the “abstract relation” subclass. Among the subcategories, what is characteristic is that four words overlap in the field of “communications,” but there are also words related to the technology field. Korean) 빅데이터 was to be included. The results of the survey are a reflection of foreign- language products circulating at the time, but it remains to be seen how the results would change if the survey were to cover items other than editorials.

The hybrid class format has been adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic and has a high possibility of becoming established as a teaching format from here onwards. However, it can be said that learners and teachers perceive it more negatively. Ishizuka (2021) also failed to confirm any clear advantages, and did not point out any notable advantages other than an "increase in class format options”. Hybrid classes are a burden on teachers and involve several problems, such as the teachers’ tendency to avoid them. Therefore, in this study, literature survey, questionnaires and interview research were conducted in order to verify the following three issues: ① While hybrid classes are spreading, do they really provide no advantages? ② Is there an educational effect unique to hybrid classes that goes beyond face-to-face and Zoom-only classes? ③ If there are any demerits, how can they be turned into advantages? As a result, although the advantages of the environment for taking classes were confirmed, the advantages of hybrid learning itself in terms of class quality could not be confirmed. Despite trying various approaches to explore the unique advantages of hybrid classes that go beyond face-to-face and Zoom-only classes, a clear answer could not be obtained. It is likely that hybrid classes will remain in the future, but it is necessary to continue exploring the ongoing issue of whether hybrid classes have unique educational effects or not. This time, the focus was on research in Japan, but in the future, it will be necessary to survey research on hybrid classes outside Japan and consider them comprehensively.

In this study, among Higuchi Ichiyo's works, “Akatsukizukuyo”, “Yamiyo” and “Nigorie”, which are works of the "Itohu-kohi" series, in common, the purpose of this study was to define the role of a man who brings out the feelings of "Itohu-kohi" of the main character. “Akatsukizukuyo” is the first published work in the ‘Itohu-kohi’ series, in which a man infiltrates a mysterious woman’s territory and takes on the role of an explorer, a reporter, and a spokesperson for the reader’s curiosity to find out her secret. Not only that, but the setting in which she enters the woman's territory out of simple curiosity, but eventually becomes a prisoner of love, is unique. It is active and interesting in that it plays the role of a reporter, but it can be seen that the role is limited in that it is not directly involved in the life of the protagonist. Naoziro, a male in “Yamiyo”, not only plays the role of a reporter, but also plays the role of an actor who elicits emotions from the protagonist and assimilates into the protagonist and leads those emotions. In “Akatsukizukuyo”, there was no personal story even though she was a character, while in “Yamiyo,” Naoziro’s personal story appeared, giving the possibility that she had no choice but to assimilate with the main character, Oran. In addition, When the main character Oran's emotions overflow and murder instigation, he proceeds. This is Naoziro's way of expressing his love. “Nigorie” is a work that expresses reality more realistically than “Akatsukizukuyo” and “Yamiyo”. Whereas until now, the main character was a young girl from a fallen family, the life of the lower class is the subject here. In particular, the male Tomonosuke who appears is a scene where the two of them have a conversation in a limited place called the “2nd floor 6 tatami” room. There are no direct episodes about Tomonosuke, but he constantly asks the protagonist Oriki about his identity. Sometimes he becomes a drinking buddy, and sometimes he accepts complaints, helping the reader to find out what Oriki's complicated feelings are step by step. In particular, Chapter 6 of the work is where the dialogue scene that brings out the emotions of the protagonist rises to the climax, and it develops into a role that not only draws out Oriki's emotions, but also encourages the protagonist to act independently. He is more active and subjective than the male in the previous two works. As can be seen here, the roles of “Akatsukizukuyo”, “Yamiyo” and “Nigorie” are the same in that they bring out the emotions of “Itohu-kohi”, but the role of a reporter is to express the emotions of the protagonist through actions. It developed as a substitute helper, and went one step further by sympathizing with the protagonist's feelings and taking on the role of an adviser for the action. In terms of the function of the role, the passive one becomes horizontal, and furthermore, the active role to be involved in the life of the protagonist is being performed in various ways. In Ichiyo's works, most of the studies focused on the female protagonist, and studies on men appearing in the works are rare.