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unofficially, The emperor Kojong started to build Western capital in pyongyang by appointing jung-sin, kim(金鼎植) as inspector of sanhwa(三和) In July 1901. Right after the appeach of kwu-hong, kim(金奎弘), The emperor Kojong pronounced the establishment of Two capital system. in order to make pyongyang into Western capital, The emperor Kojong build new palace in pyongyang. the name of pyongyang palace was Poongkyung-palace(豐慶宮). it was very similar case in mei-ji japan. historically in joseon dynasty, any attempt to establish Two capital system were harshly criticised. therefore there was no success in establishment of Two capital system during joseon dynasty. so The emperor Kojong should make big effort in order to succeed in establishment of Two capital system. The emperor Kojong used his own portrait to justify his attempt to make pyongyang into Western capital. because in late joseon dynasty, it was royal custom to draw king's portrait every ten years. The emperor Kojong could not draw his portrait for thirty years because of national difficulty. so when The emperor Kojong ordered to draw his portrait in November 1901, nobody could disagree with The emperor Kojong's order. after all, the portraits of The emperor Kojong were finished in 1902. and one portrait of The emperor Kojong was enshrined Poongkyung-palace(豐慶宮). in 1902. by this portrait, The emperor Kojong could succeed in establishment of Two capital system during his ruling period. the other hand, The emperor mei-ji used portrait photograph.

There are two main parts in this article. First, the period of “prepare to constitute” contradictions inner the ethnic relations. Second, the period of Xuantong(宣統), the political struggle of the inner part group of government. About the ethnic relations and the bureaucracy reformation in the late Qing Dynasty, Duan Fang(端方) and Yuan Shi-kai(袁世凱) were very important officials. In the late Qing Dynasty, with the intensification of contradictions between Manchu and Han race, “anti-Manchu”(排滿) was the slogan of the revolutionaries for winning the support of the public opinion. Fully recognizing the serious harm existing in these contradictions, Duan Fang and Yuan Shi-kai, as very important officials with the revolutionary thought in the late Qing Dynasty, made contributions to the national unity by putting forward the systematic suggestions in order to “eliminate differences between Manchus and Han”(平滿漢畛域). And the bureaucracy reformation inevitably gave rise to complex contradiction, conflict and antithesis among all political forces because it related to not only the redistribution of power but also all officials immediate interest.

In July 8th, 1853, the 4 giant black ships appeared suddenly off the coast of Uraga(浦賀) at the entrance of Edo(江戶) Bay. American whale fishing boats, and merchant ships needed refilling water, food, supplies and needed to be refitted to continue voyage. Sometimes, unfortunate shipwrecked American vessels needed help and support. For this reason, Commodore Perry visited Japan with the letter of president Fillmore addressed to the emperor of Japan. The cabinet of the ministers reported Tennou Komei with Japanese translation. On receiving the report, Komei prayed for expelling the foreign barbarians at seven shrines and seven temples. This reaction was the totally same with that of Mongol invasion at 13th century. Tennou was the top priest to pray for the agricultural good harvest every year and the internal peace from ancient period. Facing the external crisis, people payed attention to Tennou's power, expecting his removing the foreign threats by prayer and incantation. With the upsurge of anti-sentiment, the sepulchre of Tennou Jinmu became the symbol of Zyooi-ha(攘夷派) who wanted to drive away the foreign barbarians. On the day when the tomb of Jinmu was established, Komei announced the view of subjugating the sea barbarians. After the restoration, Meiji officials decided the tombs of all emperor and royal family to justify their actions and to prove the unbroken line of emperors. But the decision of tombs was based on written materials, legends and political intention, the greater part of decisions were contradictory to archeological evidences. In addition, the emperor tombs was prohibited from investigation and entrance. As the result, the study of Kohun period(古墳時代) was restricted greatly and the mistakes of decision was not corrected until now.

Dalai Lama's images were changing in the first half of 20 century. Dalai Lama traditionally have had the religious and political power in Tibet. Tibetan Regent actually have ruled Tibetan State in so many periods, but Dalai Lama have had the supreme power. The holy power was basically not changed. On the contrary to this, the secular power was increased. And Dalai Lama's images were also changing. The main causes of changing Dalai Lama's images were some external factors. Tibetan People felt the big threat and pressure. Qing Empire's power and authority were largely weakened in the late 19Century. But the British Empire's power have threatened Tibetan Buddhist State. Because Tibet had a weak military forces, Tibetan State had to selected the new patron of the diplomatic and military dimension. Then, Tibet was a buddhist state and nationalist state at the same time. As a nationalist state, Tibetan State pursued the integrated Tibet. Necessities against national wars and disasters also needed the national reforms. Tibetan reforms was not enough as a result. Tibetan State did not reunite the nation and protect themselves. In spite of the limitations, Tibetan State tried for their identities. The Thirteenth Dalai Lama became the new model as the supreme leader of Tibet. The Tibetan Wars showed the Tibetan national identities and goal, the measures against the natural disasters acted as the reason for being of Tibetan Buddhist State and abilities.

This paper focuses on the sovereign power of Lyukyu Kingdom(琉球王國) and the symbols of it. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. First, the most important facility for the preservation of sovereign power of Lyukyu Kingdom was the tribute-installation system(朝貢冊封體制) which was one of the universal character in the traditional East Asian society. The installation of the Lyukyu Kingdom's sovereign by the Chinese Emperor was the most indispensable proof for the authority and the power of the Lyukyu Kindom's sovereign. The tribute-installation system between Imperial China and Lyukyu Kingdom had functioned until 1879 when Meiji Japan(明治日本) annexed the latter. Second, the most important shock for the authority and power of the Lyukyu Kingdom's sovereign was the invasion of the Satsmahan(薩摩藩) to the Lyukyu Island and the Satsma's control of the Lyukyu Kingdom. Besides the installation of the Lyukyu Kingdom's sovereign by the Chinese Emperor, the King of Lyukyu had to get the permission from the lord of the Satsmahan since 1609 for the accession to the throne following the passing of the king. King Sangpoong(尙豊王) of Lyukyu Kingdom was the first one who got the permission of the Satsmahan for the accession to the throne. Third, what were the internal or foreign symbols and facilities for the king of Lyukyu? The visit of the Imperial ship from the China to Lukyu Island, the royal seal and, royal costume granted by the Chinese emperor were ones of the important foreign symbols and facilities for the authority and power of the Lyukyu Kingdom's sovereign. That kind of imperial messenger's visit to Lyukyu Kingdom, imperial granting of the royal seal and royal costume had been continued even after Satsmahan's invasion to the Lyukyu Kingdom in 1609. Besides those facilities and symbols there were internal symbols and facilities for the royal symbols and facilities of Lyukyu. For example, the royal castle(首里城) and the main pavillion(正殿) of the palaces in Naha of Lyukyu Kingdom, the royal tombs(玉陵), the female shamans(神女) who stayed at royal palace, Confucianism, the sacred paintings(日輪雙鳳雲文), the three sided circle(三巴紋) are some of the salient examples which has its own special history.

This paper attempts to disclose the implications of Beilis's case, a trial happened at the period of increasing opposition to the authority of the Russian autocracy. Rather than focusing on racial conflicts and religious rituals inherent in the case, I'm trying to put it in the context of the maneuver of Russian conservative forces, who thought that they could extend the lives of the autocracy by exploiting the implied meaning of the case. If Beilis was found guilty, the conservative forces thought that they could extend the prosecution against the Jews, who from their viewpoints were involved in various kinds of revolutionary movements. Beilis's case with passing of the time was not a simple murder case only attentive to the small group of people in the region. It might be the case contributing to strengthening power of the autocracy. In order to bring back the stability of the Russian tsardom, the conservative forces did not hesitate to ignore righteous legal procedures such as selecting qualified juries and guaranteeing the rights of the defendant. They could carry out such unlawful acts with the collaboration of high officials and Nicolas II's tacit approval. In spite of the efforts from supporters to the autocracy, Beilis after all was released from the prison. The royal forces were greatly disappointed with the final verdict. But it could not be interpreted as their total defeat. The argument that the religious rituals of Jews were the principal reason to the death of innocent Russian youth was accepted. After all the Jews were turned out to be harmful elements to the stability of the Russian society and lives of Russian people. It was difficult for the Russian autocracy to disregard the hatred against the Jews advocated by the right political forces such as the Union of Russian People and Black Hundreds, because they were the active supporters for the declining regime. They attempted to find chances of fight back to the opposing groups by expanding the implicit meaning of Beilis's case. However, the Russian autocracy could not have enough time to exploit the potential of Beilis's case for the defense of the regime as it slided into the First World War.

本文は、金県卨(1897-1966. 凡父は、号)(以下 凡父)の｢花郞｣に関する見解が集約されている 󰡔花郞外史󰡕を通して、彼が伝えようとした ‘花郞’とは何か、そしてその論議の意味は何なのかを知ることに、その目的がある。 一般的に抜きんでたその天才的、博学多識な学問能力に比べると、凡父の思想が具体的、体系的には論議されていない。彼の著作は、そのほとんどが、彼の後学者たちのために整理され、散発的に紹介された。その中でも󰡔花郞外史󰡕は、その思想の中で一番中心となる‘花郞’に関する論議を集約しているに関わらず、‘正史’ではない‘外史’という呼び方のために、一冊の小說であった。 本文では、このような基本的な認識を土台として、凡父の󰡔花郞外史󰡕が作られた背景と、󰡔花郞外史󰡕に登場する人物たちの分析を通して分かってきた、凡父が把握する花郞、そして、その特徵について論ずることとする。 凡父の󰡔花郞外史󰡕が持つ特徴は、次の四つに整理される。 第一に、󰡔花郞外史󰡕は花郞の話をまとめた原典を土台としている。󰡔三国史記󰡕の｢列伝｣に登場する人物たちの話を中心にして、その不足する所は、󰡔三国遺事󰡕, 󰡔東国通鑑󰡕などを参考にしている。これは、凡父が、このような原典を土台として、自己の論理を構築いたということが伺える。 第二に、󰡔花郞外史󰡕は、硬い‘正史’の文体ではなく、‘外史’の形式を見倣い、分かりやすく書かれている。凡父が、敢えてこのような‘外史’の形式を習得した理由は、読者たちに対する配慮であったと理解できる。 第三に、凡父によって選ばれた花郎たちは、当時武士としての姿だけをしていた彼らではなく、彼が考える花郎の形式–宗教的․芸術的․軍事的要素をすべて兼ね備える–に附合する人物であった。凡父は、彼らを通して当時の花郎が軍事的要素を、人物だけで再解析したことに警戒しようとした。 最後に, これを通して様々な人物に現れた共通的である精神、すなわち‘風流道精神’が、当時の混乱した事態から、国民を和合させるひとつの精神的支柱として提示させようとした。

The objective of this paper is to look into Baek-Bul-Am(Choi-Heung-Won, 百弗庵, 崔興遠 1705～1786)'s the Norm(規範), which he presented on the basis of Confucianism for the purpose of constructing Buindong-Dong village as a paradise. Baek-Bul-Am's attention was paid to setting up behaviour patterns for enhancement of ‘moral dignity’, ‘common value’ and ‘exemplary legislative custom’ which were thought to be the most important points needed for the society of clan and country as a confucian utopia. This paper discusses 7 items of the Norm for management of the country and analyzes ‘Enforcing Background of the Norm’, ‘Edification(敎化) and Economic Norm’, ‘The Extent of Knowledge of Norm’ and ‘Functional Features of the Self-Governing Community’. The Norm contains 5 distinctive features as follows. First, his enforcing Buindong-Dongyak(夫仁洞洞約) was motivated by the belief that through filial piety and brotherly love(孝悌之道) the people could enjoy an age of peace(太平聖代). This showed a phase of the Joseon society. Second, he adopted the policy of ‘wealth first and edification next(先富後敎)’ and ‘public first and private next’(先公後私) to acquire the steady stability of farming area. At the initial stage of Dongyak(洞約), he thought that management of the country would be possible with the edification(敎化) only, but soon realized that the effect of edification(敎化) could not be acquired without solving problems concerning economic welfare. Therefore, he adopted fraternity systems such as Sa Chang Gae(社倉契), Sun Gong Go(先公庫) and Hyul Bin Go(恤貧庫) for the step of ‘wealth first’(先富), built the village school(講舍) and set up the regulation of village school(講舍節目) along with the assisting regulation of village school(講會時申約節目) for the step of ‘edification next’(後敎). Third, his Norm related to the country administration was presumed to be mostly influenced by Li-yi-fen-shu(理一分殊) of Chang Tsai(張載) for philosophical background and by Ban Gae Su Rok(磻溪隧錄) for practical and pragmatic background. Baek-Bul-Am's Norm showed ‘status discrimination in harmony(差等․調和)’ based on a rigid caste system, and thus was quite different from ‘unconditional unified harmony(調和)’ of the philosophy of Wang Yangming(陽明學). Fourth, Buindong-Dongyak(夫仁洞洞約) followed Jung Jun Bub(井田法) and adopted the managing ways of both private farming(私田) and public farming(公田). Baek-Bul-Am aimed to remedy excessive individualism caused by full-scale private farming system and loss of profit due to full-scale public farming under Communitarianism(共同體主義). Fifth, Buindong-Dongyak(夫仁洞洞約) is thought to have had many positive functions revitalizing the self-governing community as a self-sustaining confucian community because it had run Sun Gong Go(先公庫) and Hyul Bin Go(恤貧庫). As studied above, the Joseon Hyangyak(鄕約) had several features of ‘edification(敎化)’, ‘wealth first and edification next’(先富後敎), ‘public first and private next’(先公後私), ‘faithfulness in life(分)․job(業)․sacrificing one´s personal interest for public good(奉公)’, ‘spirit of mutual help’, ‘Jung Jun Jae(井田制)’ and so on. The Joseon Hyangyak might have survived until now, if coping with the caste system had been accomplished efficiently.

The interest in the ocean has recently grown quite intense in Korea and the word ‘marine’ or ‘maritime’ has become a keyword in the press or in the academic field. The purpose of this essay is to suggest an outline of the studies as well as to define their characteristics by reviewing research in the maritime history in the Korean academic field since 1945. Studies of Jang Bogo take up the majority of the ancient maritime history studies, including ancient sea routes, ancient Korean ships, and the characteristics of Jang Bogo's maritime activities. Studies in the Goryeo dynasty concern who took the initiative in maritime trade, while the studies on whether the Joseon dynasty was hostile to maritime policies or not and the study on the refuge are noteworthy. Regarding the shipping industry in the modern period, one of the controversies is focused on how to consider the development of traditional shipping industry since the Joseon period. While the mainstream opinion considers the shipping industry during the Japanese Occupation before 1945 to be unrelated to the development of the industry since 1945, there exists an attempt to relate before and after 1945 in continuity. Studies in modern fishing industry have been active recently. In theoretical studies, scholars suggested a model of East Asian-Mediterranean-Sea. Studies in Korean maritime history still retain the tendency toward nationalism in spite of recently emerging post-nationalist approaches. In my opinion, Korean maritime history studies need to perceive the meaning of its recent boom in relation to the society. As a specific field of history, maritime history should be connected to history in general, and the East-Asian perspective and environmental-ecological perspective should be added to it.

In this paper, the author chose two history textbooks, ｢Histoire. L'Europe et le monde depuis 1945 / Geschichite. Europa und die Welt seit 1945｣ in European context and ｢History to Future｣ in East Asian context to analyze visual data i.e. photographs for the study of collective and visual memory. For theoretical backgrounds, we reviewed and applied the discussions of the third meaning and studium / punctum expounded by R. Barthes, and subjunctive voice and collective memory by B. Zelizer. The author found subjunctive voice facilitating the third meaning or punctum beyond denotation / connotation or studium. And we also found the triangular relationships: subjunctive voice, collective memory, and the visual data in analyzing visual images describing war crime trials(Nuremberg and Toyko trials), and so forth.

This study analyzed ‘East Asian Discourse’. And this study tried to make the result as Methodology of Canon Study. Since 1990 years, ‘East Asian Discourse’ had been spread vigorously in the South Korea and China and Japan. Various attempts that was discussed in ‘East Asian Discourse’ are related with problem about ‘Center and Margin’. And, Various attempts that was discussed in ‘East Asian Discourse’ are related with problem that do ‘How will we think margin department’. And, Various attempts that was discussed in ‘East Asian Discourse’ are related with problem that do ‘How will we dissolve Eurocentrism’. Important thing is that this attempts are not different from viewpoint of Canon Study. That is, ‘a Study of Canon’ must study (centrism of canon) it critically. And ‘a Study of Canon’ must dig margin department's works newly. And ‘a Study of Canon’ must dissolve Eurocentrism of canon. So, ‘East Asian Discourse’ and ‘a Study of Canon' are sharing same viewpoint. Specially, ‘East Asian Discourse’ gives much reference standpoints about part that was unexhausted in ‘a Study of Canon’. In ‘a Study of Canon’ field, discussion that ‘How will we change system of power failure?’ is lacking. By the way, discussion that ‘How will we change system of power failure?' consisted vigorously in ‘East Asian Discourse’. So, if we expropriate ‘East Asian Discourse’ as methodology of Canon Study, discussion of canon's study may become rich so much. At this point justly, ‘East Asian Discourse’ and ‘a Study of Canon' may combine creatively. This study analyzed ‘East Asian Discourse’ variously in these intention. And, this study wished to accommodate the result, as methodology of Canon Study.

This thesis studied 'the view of the ideal world' focusing on『Chunjigyebyuk-kyoung』that contains works and quotations of Kang Jeung-San (1871-1909), a figure of the Greater Korean Empire, among ‘New Religion’ ideologies occurred in East Asia in the 19th century. It criticized the problems of the preexisting world and considered ‘Haewon’ as the solution, and it explained Jeung-San's ideology divided into categories, which mentioned the political affairs and cultural elements of 'the ideal world' that will unfold after ‘Haewon.’ Cultural elements are about memorial service, funeral, marriage, order of men-women relationship, education, ethics, farming, food, status order, population, good fortune, longevity, convention, and custom. The reason why Kang Jeung-San described and planned such ideal world as a world that can be actualized are not just dreaming of a fabricated world impossible to actualize; but rather, it is a production of introspection about the ideal and reality of intellectuals who perceived the darkness and pain of the period. Such ideology seems to have shown a model of what kind of society is the ideal world that mankind should seek, the world where everyone can live well together.

The purpose of this study is to find out the relations between parents attachment and social anxiety and to find out the effect of parents attachment on social unrest. 86 elementary school students (who are multi-culture children and one of parent are linked to the Northeast Asian countries) are selected to analysis. The results show that as follow: First, a correlation analysis between parents attachment of children from multi-culture family and social unrest has been done and the result found that parents attachment is significantly associated with social unrest. Second, as the result of regression analysis to find out how parents attachment affects to social unrest. The results show that the alienation variables of parents attachment, especially alienation with mother, have influence on social unrest. Third, there are significant differences between low Korean-ability level group with highest Korean-ability level group.

This paper analyzes ‘the current relationship between the shopping district and the local community’ by a questionnaire which was taken at the Dong-Hae Central Market in Balhan-Dong in Korea. Analysis points are, (1) basic relationship (relationship between each store and the local people judged from 3 points, the customer, the producer, and the workers), (2) eyes of local people (attachment of the local people to the shopping district as judged by store owners), (3) local community activities (participation and cooperation in activities in the local community, such as ‘assistance to the needy’, ‘the environment and beautification’, ‘crime prevention and disaster protection’, ‘recreation’, ‘special events’, ‘informational meeting’), (4) area-orientation (desirable relationship between the shopping district and the local community). In conclusion, the Dong-Hae Central Market is currently well organized as a neighborhood shopping district. There are a lot of store owners who recognize that local people are attached to the shopping area, too. Each store also participates and cooperates in local activities. In area-orientation, however, its economic-area-orientation (the expectation of local people’s consumption) is larger than its social-area-orientation (the intention of helping to reduce local people’s problems). It would be the general tendency in the present-day shopping district. But, considering that Balhan-Dong is experiencing a population decrease and an aging problem, the relationship between the shopping district and the local community will be an important theme from now on in the Dong-Hae Central Market.

Reading foreign literature without cultural understanding limits the readers’ perspective in interpreting the written art. Tang and Sung lyrics, in particular, contain a variety of descriptive expressions based on their unique cultures. The early versions had descriptions of women’s artifacts in daily life, creating a soft and gentle image in the songs. Yet, modern readers have difficulty coping with these cultural items, which leads to errors in analyzing the accurate meaning and limits understanding. These items are also reflected in ceramics and drawings of this period, ranging from apparel and cosmetics to ornaments such as beaded blinds, folding screens, and pillows, all displaying their distinctive beauty. This paperstudies the aesthetic tastes and consciousness of the women in Tang and Sung dynasty reflected in the cultural items used in everyday life. A comprehensive comparison of the lyrics which contain the aforementioned items enhances our understanding of the aspects and implications these articles portray. This gives us an opportunity to rediscover the value of this particular type of literary art, and appreciate its distinctive style and image. It is also meaningful that this study opens the possibility of interdisciplinary research between the field of pure poetry and fine arts and cultural history.

This Study focused on the Beauty of Art of the Seven quatrain' Historical Poems in Late Tang Dynasty. First, I divided rising cause of Historical Poems into three parts; these are Historical Poems's development of the internal discipline, transition in the history of literature and the formation of quatrain. Second, I researched the relationship of Seven quatrain and Historical Poems, and found the reason why they composed the Seven quatrain' Historical Poems, the reason involved the implication and aftertaste. So critics said them as 'Historic Review of 28 characters'. The method of Historic Review developed from the emotional stages to reasonal stages. This reasonal expression was apparent in Du-Mu and Li Shang-Yin's works.

The purpose of this paper is to study in detail how the movies of 6th generation of China and the movies of Korea exclude or describe the city surroundings and to extract the locality of city surroundings and the necessary conditions for locality formation. The movies of 6th generation of China and the movies of Korea in 1970s appeared in the period of initial industrial stage of the countries under the circumstances of strict national censorship and control. The movies had great interest in marginal men in cities and the surroundings of cities that were actively formed in the period. They had no other option but to take independent production method. As a result, the 6th generation movies enjoyed political freedom. The power of recognizing themselves as outsiders or marginal people became an important foundation that can describe marginal men in cities and city surroundings realistically. While Korean movies in 1970s saw the marginal men in cities and city surroundings with limited viewpoint, the initial 6th generation movies of China described themselves with the viewpoint of outsiders of their system. Consequently, the 6th generation movies of China and Korean movies in 1970s tend to describe the abstraction of marginal men and the surroundings of cities due to viewpoint and the identity of movie directors. But they paid sincere attention to marginal men and the surroundings of cities. They tried to find the locality of surroundings through the escape from center and damage. Since late 1990s, the movies of both countries describe the centers of cities scattered as abstract secret rooms on the path to the centers of cities realistically. These movies consecutively show the conditions of locality with identity, viewpoint and relation.

The public is inseparably connected with the governance structure. Especially, the life and consciousness of the public are often affected much by politics which is to establish the governance structure, and on the contrary to this, the politics is reformed by enlightenment of the general public as well. Besides, they live being affected dominantly by politics consciously or unconsciously while they live without being aware of it. In Chinese films, <The Dull-Ice Flower>and <Fairy Tale in Desk Drawers> are well expressed this governance structure and political situations. The rank of school is actually the social rank that ideology of the natural talent is concealing. For school to perform its function of justification of social order, this ideology is most important. School should do anything in order its function to be understood as lawful one, that is, as what is based on the principles that everyone admits and accepts. By the ideology of the natural talent, school transforms social inequality into inequality of qualification and by this, it makes ‘what is social into what is natural.’ In this paper, we've done a comparative analysis of the two films, <The Dull-Ice Flower>and <Fairy Tale in Desk Drawers> with the method of mutual cross through the concept of school and the notion of rules which are conducted in the space of school.

The theme and interests between ChinaandKoreanPeninsulaarecooperation and conflict especially in the 21st century after China and the ROK established diplomatic relationships. In order to better understand the impact of this change, the paper carries out a survey to study cognitive conditions of university students from Yanbian, Qingdao and Beijing about some hot issues of the Korean Peninsula. The survey results are as follows: University students in China pay more attention to ROK than DPRK. In comparison, ROK is the highest concern of students in Qingdao. Through television and Internet, the students access information on the Korean Peninsula. Most Chinese students believe that the traditional economic system has led economic difficulties in DPRK and the future of DPRK lies in the systematic reform. Chinese college students believe that the reason for DPRK to develop nuclear weapons is an attempt to control the situation on the peninsula in order to improve its significance when negotiating with the U.S.They believe the key toresolving the Korean nuclear issue is to abandon the sanctions on the DPRK from the U.S.side.Vastmajority of the students think the obstacles to the development of China-ROK relation come from some civil societies with ulterior motives in Korea .Nearly 60% of the students believe the reunification of North and South Korea will not be realized within the foreseeable future. They intend to believe the key to the future reunification is in DPRK’s hands. For the choice of China’s policy on the Korean peninsula, ensuring China’s influence in the Korean Peninsulais the high est percentage, and nearly 70% of the students admit Korean reunification is conductive to China’s development. Except the students from Yanbian, the view that China should support the reunification of the Korean Peninsula is the highest rate. For Qingdao and Beijing university students, the ratio of non-interference is in the first place. The survey shows that opinions of Chinese students about Korean Peninsula are influenced by China’s policy, at the same time the diversity of information accesses play an important role to cause the shock and vibration which can be described as the co-existence of orthodox and sensitiveness.

정보통신기술의 발달로 인해 전자상거래시장은 기하급수적으로 확대되어 왔으며, 많은 기업들이 인터넷을 마케팅의 전략적 도구로 활용하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 따라서 전자상거래의 성공을 좌우하는 디지털 경제 및 요인의 특성을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 그 결과 국내외에서 전자상거래에 대한 많은 연구가 발표되었고 현재에도 진행되고 있다. 이 연구는 중국의 국민경제에서 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 중국 현지의 중소기업들을 대상으로 전자상거래 이용실태와 성공요인을 실증적인 방법을 이용하여 분석함으로써 전자상거래의 발전적 모델을 제시하는 것을 그 목적으로 하고 있다. 이러한 연구목표를 달성하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 다음의 연구방법을 이용하였다. 첫째, 중국 전자상거래의 발전을 위한 전제조건 및 장애요인을 분석하였다. 둘째, 전자상거래 관련 기존연구들의 문헌연구를 통해 중국 전자상거래 산업의 성공을 위한 내부적 요인과 외부적 요인을 분석하여 가설과 연구모형을 설정하였다. 셋째, 본 연구의 가설에 대한 실증적 검증을 위하여 중국 요녕성에 소재한 중소기업들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고, 통계적인 분석방법을 이용하여 수집한 데이터를 분석하여 가설을 검증하였다. 검증결과는, 첫째, 내부적 성공요인은 기술복잡성(technology complexity), 구조적 통제 메커니즘(structural mechanism for control), 관리자 태도(attitude of management), 경영층의 몰입도(management commitment), 조직의 통합(organizational coordination), 그리고 자원의 이용(resources utilization) 등이 성공적인 전자상거래 운용에 궁극적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 이 다섯 가지 요인 중에서 관리자 태도가 가장 중요한 요인으로 확인되었으며 이러한 결과는 정성분석의 결과와도 일치한다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 중국 중소기업에게 필요한 전략적, 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다.

City image, as a concentrated expression of urban cultural environment which attracting tourists has become one of the most crucial factor. Particularly, city image should have the characteristics and hierarchy. It is the personalized summary nature, through which association functions gave. Shanghai can still be explored by its cultural image.Its “charm index” can be further improved, and its image is necessary for further extraction. From the perspective of tourism industry development, this article give demonstration of this interaction of cultural and economic. From the Aesthetic point of view, it attempts to build Shanghai cultural environment image of “Sentimental Affection” in connotation.

The ultimate goal to learn a foreign language is to make smooth communication with foreigners. In order to communicate effectively, linguistic abilities, operational capabilities, and strategic skills are required.　However, the current Japanese honorifics education in South Korea focus on learning vocabularies and honorifics expressions. Therefore, honorifics education does not function as communication education. This paper proposes a model of the honorific education to improve communication skills through learning scenarios. The purpose of the model not only improve linguistic abilities, but also enhance operational capabilities to use honorific expressions appropriate to the scene, and strategic skills to use honorific expressions to consider the position and feelings of others. In the model, the scenario learning consists of three stage(Text, presentation, DVD), described the role of teachers and students at each stage. In the model, we have some ideas in addition to teaching management to maximize the effectiveness of learning. This paper is an attempt of the model that honorifics education play the role of communication education.

This is a report about university students' communication behavior mediated through cellular phones. Sometime ago, I published a paper on university student's communication behavior, and from the study I found out that cell phone SMS (short message service) is the media for communication supported most by students. This time, I have done a survey about how to use the cell phone SMS, and examined students' communication behavior. I can point out as follows from the analysis of this survey. Students tend to use their voice call and SMS appropriately by a degree of intimacy relation with their counter part. For example, voice calls tend to be chosen when their partners are close ones; on the other hand, they prefer SMS for partners who are not familiar. And I also analyzed contents of their SMS for the purpose of understanding students’ politeness strategy. When students send SMS of refusal against partner's request, they express apology first. This means that Korean students tend to have a strategy of negative politeness to preserve their partner's negative face. In general, it is said that emoticons are widely used when SMSing between university students. Concerning on the usage of emoticons, I would say that appropriate use of emoticons is occurred according to the social or psychological distance with their partners, and it should be counted as a strategy in refusal behavior.

This study compares Korean writing borrowing materials from Christianity and describing Christian view of the world faithfully, and Japanese writing which borrowing materials from Christianity but not describing Christian view of the world to define ‘Christian Literature’ clearly. This study aims the consideration of the most important element in so-called ‘comprehensive perspective’ by comparison between writing near the ‘Christian Literature’ and writing far from it despite of borrowing materials faithfully from Christianity. Moreover, both targeted writing are full-length novels published each in Korea and Japan nearly at the same time, and became the bestseller at that time. It is argued that the question about what kind of relations these novels, being popular among readers at that time, had with ‘Christian Literature’, how they involved in the area of ‘Christian Literature' or not are relevant to the definition of ‘Christian.

Toshiko Tamura’s “Ekichi” made use of independence and personality of women, and was on the first issue of a woman literary magazine “Seito”. By her own will, the heroine of this novel, Yuko spent a night with Akichi. On the next morning she stacked into an eye of a gold fish and killed it because it smelled like the man. It was like a revenge on the man who violated her chastity. However, she felt self-hate in it, having been assaulted her body and she could not bear a tangle and division and tearfully expressed the feeling. On the other hand, Akichi did not take it seriously and laughed at the tears of Yuko. It illustrates the reality of the women who did not escape from the ideology of chastity. It does not matter whether they did it on their will or not. The author successfully generalized the psychological appearance between men and women by drawing “Yuko and Akichi” as “a woman and a man”. In addition, the author utilized a bat as a metaphor of the man who absorbed the blood of the young ladies who lost their purity and been controlled selfishly by the man in his show tent. The author also realistically pointed out the social issue on the vulnerable women through the exploitation of the young juveniles. Even though they failed to do so, it can be said that this novel contains the aspiration for escaping from the traditional contradiction. The women in the time of chastity before marriage attempted to have affairs with self-determination and it indicates the change of perception about “sex”.

“Zero focus” of Seityo Matsumoto shows that the woman who lived as a prostitute of the US soldier commits murders. The motive of the serial killing was to defend herself against a past secret, but this simple reason symbolizes viewpoint of Seityo Matsumoto. I want to consider about the viewpoint of Seityo Matsumoto through “zero focus”. At the same time, this article focuses at several works of Seityo Matsumoto in the 50s. Seityo Matsumoto painted relationship between America and Japan in his novels. Especially, he tried to describe about Japan in the wake of world war 2.

The discussion on the popularization of art in proletarian literature is discussed in many cases from the so-called discussion in 1928 to the NALP's resolution(a resolution for the popularization of art) in 1930. However, just before this NALP's resolution in 1930, there was the other discussion in which Kishi Yamaji participated. And there was another one in which Tokunaga Sunao participated after the NALP' s resolution in 1930. As a result of those discussions on the popularization of art, NALP emphasized the dogmatism by Communist Party. Therefore NALP caused an inner conflict among NALP members. And after a while the external factor(the suppression of 3․15, 4․16) has resulted in NALP's dispersion(in 1934) with it not been solved. This study aims to clarify the inner factor of a NALP's dispersion according to investigating comprehensively those discussions (from 1928 to 1934), including discussion in which Kishi and Tokunaga participated. Moreover I will investigate Kishi Yamaji and Tokunaga sunao's biography in writer too, because they had a greate influence on the Chosen Pro literature in those days.

Sweet potato originated from Central and South America. It was brought to Europe by C. Columbus, and then to the Philippines and Malaysia Islands by Spanish and Portuguese people. And it was spread across Fuzhou Province of China to Okinawa, across Tanegasima to Gagosima, and finally across Daemado to Korea. In the last route, Mr. Saburo Harada in Tsusima and Mr. Eom Jo made a great contribution to the process. Some advocated once that sweet potato had been already introduced from China. So-called ‘Theory of Introduction from the North’ is not true. Although the information source regarding sweet potato is not Japan but China, its introduction source is not China but Japan. Sweet potato was, for a while, imported to Korea by Mr. Jisu Seo, who was requested from Mr. Gwangryeo Lee, but withered due to carelessness and ended in failure. Eventually Mr. Eom Jo obtained the sweet potato from Daemado and began to cultivate in Korea. From the period of introduction, sweet potato was called ‘Gamja’ or ‘Goguma’. While ‘Gamja’ was restricted to the regions of Jeju, Jeolla and Chungnam, ‘Goguma’ was widely used among other various areas. As ‘Gamja’, a potato, was introduced from China and people got aware of the differences between sweet potato and potato, sweet potato should be called just ‘Goguma’, and the name ‘Goguma’ is popular across the country recently. Just as Japanese people called the origin of sweet potato, which was introduced from the native land of Central and South America through the Philippines and China, Kara(唐), Ryukyu(琉球) or Satsuma(薩摩), so Korean people named its origin by using the Daemado-originated word to distinguish ‘Goguma’ from ‘Gamja’.

The aim of this study is to the approach of the document transmission in the early medieval Japan( Heian period) through the function of Soe-jo(invoice letter). When the sender himself of document cannot bring it, he writes a Soe-jo and explains it. Soe-jo functions not only as taking the place of sender himself but also as guaranting the messenger who sends the documents and oral message.

Korean people's social consciousness on elderly issues has changed since the Long-term Care Insurance System for the elderly of Korea was introduced on July 2008. This study through the concept of Universal Design examines a change of welfare facility for the elderly in Japan, where aging has previously proceeded and in-depth studies on the various fields including architectural environment for elderly people have actively been proceeding. The purpose of this study, from the Universal Design point of view, is to look for the relationship between the welfare policy and change in living environment and the concepts of Normalization, Barrier-Free Design, Eco Design, and Community Design. Therefore, this study is one of basic researches to reanalyze the key words of coexistence, commensalism, and independence in the 21th century changing into horizontal social structure including the physical change of environment, not with the concept of general design but with that of Universal Design.