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Civic Culture of Korean Regional Societies, Daegu and Gwangju Yoo, Tae-Gun The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of civic culture of the two Korean regional societies, Daegu and Gwangju. Considering social participation, political participation, generalized reciprocity and trust as fundamental components of civic culture, it compares the status and demographic distributions of these four components of civic culture between the two regional societies, based on the data analysis of the two surveys conducted there in 2016. In adition, it analyzes whether social participation and political participation encourage generalized reciprocity and trust. The results of the data analysis are as follows. Civic culture in Daegu and Gwangju share many similarities, with some differences. To be compared, social participation is higher in Daegu, political participation is higher in Gwangju, generalized reciprocity is higher in Daegu, and there is no difference in the level of trust between the two regions. On the other hand, among the demographic groups, the level of social participation and generalized reciprocity in Daegu and Gwangju in common are generally high in men, middle-aged or high socio-economic status groups, and the level of trust is increasingly higher in lower-educated people, while the level of political participation is different among the demographic groups of the two regions. Finally, the types of participation which promote generalized reciprocity or trust were analyzed as being the expressive associations, voting participation, moderate protest and attributive associations.

The Formation of Overseas Chinese ethnic enclaves and the Role of Overseas Chinese Organizations in Japan : Focusing on Kobe Chinatown Jin, Hui-Lian․Li, Dan Ethnic enclaves of Overseas Chinese*Chinese Diaspora are often called Chinatown in Chinese history. Chinese migrants have flown and begun to form their own ethnic organization in Kobe since the opening of the port in 1868. They establish Nankinmachi Chinatown in Kobe which has a history of more than 100 years. They established not only a center of economic activity of Overseas Chinese but also Zhang Kobe Chinese alumni school of ethnic education, the overseas Chinese association, overseas Chinese temple expressing nostalgia to home country, historical museum of overseas Chinese. The purpose of this study is to analyse the formation of Nankinmachi Chinatown in Kobe and the role of the overseas Chinese organizations from China town through survey and in-depth interview. The result of this study is overseas Chinese organizations are playing a key role in supporting the Kobe ethnic Chinese society and maintaining the Chinatown. They exchange information and enhance cohesion through Overseas Chinese organizations as well as inherit native language and preserve traditional culture. In addition, overseas Chinese organizations are also a fiduciary organization that maintains their national identity and expresses nostalgia for their home country. Overseas Chinese organizations are supporting platform for the existence and development of ethnic houses called Chinatown.

Invention of Maritime Tradition : The Symbolic Politics of Mikimoto Pearl and Women-divers(Ama) in Japan An, Mi-Jeong The purpose of this paper is to interpret the symbolism behind diving performances by women divers(Ama) in Pearl Island, Tobashi(鳥羽市) Mie Prefecture, Japan. In Pearl Island, where Mikimoto cultured pearls, it is thought that the diving show, during which local women divers bring pearl shells out of the sea, has a symbolic meaning. According to local myth, women divers belong to a group that has extracted pearls since ancient times; they are fishermen who dedicated their labour and the seafood they caught to the Ise Grand Shrine, which worshipped the ancestor god of the emperor’s family. Today, the Pearl Island women’s diving performance ‘proves’ that women divers were the ones who collected pearls and abalone and who devoted themselves to the shrine. The white clothes they wear continue tradition and suggest that the current divers are the ancient mythical women divers reborn. The pearl shells they bring from the water also represent this. Mikimoto Koukichi is reported to have been a successful pearl diver in 1906 and discovered a large number of Ise Shima’s cultured pearls. Because of this, Japan proved their superiority over the West in terms of modern science and technology and, after the Second World War, the pearl industry played a leading role in Japan’s economic revival. During the globalization of cultured pearls, the white clothes and diving performance of Shima’s women divers illustrated political power by implying that the pearls were not imitations, but instead ‘real pearls’ collected from the sea. Women divers began to wear the white clothing in the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, intentionally making the connection to their historical use: the performance of women in ‘traditional’ dress implies it is being done for some purpose that relies on the power of tradition. I interpreted that this performance and Mikimoto’s cultured pearls reflect the dream of world conquest through the golden age of the pearling industry and Japan’s economic revival after the Second World War. At the same time, the cultured pearls also implies the pain of war and depression. Furthermore, the symbolic politics of the combination of pearls and women divers bring together an invariant relationship between the political and diver groups that appears in mythology. The act of diving into the sea and the women divers’ white clothes demonstrate the power of tradition.

A Study on Property and Application of Word Spacing in Korean Woo, Hyeong-Shik This paper presents the observation that the word spacing has been applied in its own unique way in Korean writing system. The word spacing is one of the orthographic methods in order to write and read a text effectively, and is related to grammatical structure and writing system in a language. In particular, the word spacing is a matter of especial importance in Korean as compared with other languages(English, Chinese, and Japanese etc). It is because Korean language is very agglutinative morphologically and written by an alphabetic letters, Hangeul. The original plan of Korean modern orthographic regularities were established in Unified Plan of Hangeul Orthography which was made public in 1933. And the regularities were revised several times by an academic society(The Korean Language Society) and a government agency(Ministry of Education). However they exposed differences of view in many parts of the word spacing. It was the most difficult problem to make a definite scope of the word forms. The word spacing is related to the morphological structure of sentence such as distinguishing between inflectional affixes and bound words. The authorited writing system of Hangeul prescribes that the inflectional affixes and postpositions should be attached to the stem of the word. But there are many classes of bound words, for example bound noun and numeral unit noun, auxiliary verb, it was an important issue whether the bound words left a space to the previous form in Korean. Therefore, the regularities of word spacing of Korean orthography is related to syntactic and semantic causes as well as morphological motivations, so they are dispersed in the diverse fields of writing system of Hangeul. Moreover, the word spacing is affected by writing tradition and conception of native speakers, so it has become an issue whether the phrasal words like proper noun combined by nouns, jargon, given name and last name, unit of numerals should be attached or not each other.

Films about ‘Comfort Women’ and New Challenge of Historiography-Focusing on <Spirits’ Homecoming> and <Snowy Road> Joo, You-Shin ‘Comfort Women’ issue is going now, wound and sense of debt of us having caught our brain and emotion. Especially, the appearance of two films depicting ‘Comfort Women’ is very nice and inspiring events, and raises not only some problems whether we know well about ‘Comfort Women’ issue or not, but also how possible the representation of it is after ‘Korean-Japanese Agreement about Comfort Women on Dec. 28th’ arousing Korean people’s disappointment and rage. This paper discusses the relationship between ‘old women’ as survivor and ‘young girls’ as image, and between memory and historiography through two films about comfort women. It also examines the problem that how the national cinema has represented body and trauma of suffered women in the tragic history of nation. The starting point is the overlooking that how the process of discourses about comfort women in Korean society has processed for more than the half century, and how dramatic is the appearance of two films about comfort women. Two films establish young girls as female protagonists having the tragic situation and fateful relationship, however, the eyes and intentions of creators and narrative unfolding centered on images of these girls are very different. <Spirits’ Homecoming> focuses on the moment of the pain violating girls’ sexuality and the traces of it on their bodies, at the same time, watches and records them through the voyeuristic gaze and exhibits them explicitly. On the contrary, <Snowy Road> is evaluated as showing new ethics of filmic representation through expressing the tragedy metaphorically instead of exhibiting it physically. The stories of ‘Comfort Women’ in two films didn’t break out the known testimonies, and didn’t show the new possibilities of rewriting women’s history and representing wounds and memories of the victims. In this regards, revising history being negated by Japan through the post-colonial perspective, interpolating women’s history into the national history as something of minorities and the oppressed, and displacing the position of ‘Comfort Women’ issue through the geopolitical frame of Asia must be very important and urgent.

The critical study on the concept of Uichon’s Tea No, Sung-Hwan This article is about the critical study on the concept of Uichon’s Tea. By reviewing of previous studies, the concept of Uichon’s Tea can be summarizes as follows. He followed the tea plantation techniques of the Song dynasty and built the Sean-am temple. By the Tea, He was in the traditional mentor disciple relation with the Liao dynasty’s emperor. He imported the Long Feng tea from the Song dynasty and exported the Noewon-tea to the China. The philosophy of Uichon’s tea is based on the Daseonilyeo(茶禪一如). In fact, academically his concept of tea was not refined. He wasn’t the person who brought the tea plantation from the Song Dynasty. And he wasn’t in the traditional mentor disciple relation with the Liao dynasty’s emperor. Also it wasn’t him who developed the Noewon-tea and had important role in tea trade with China. Uichon’s Tea concept was more close to the DongLim temple’s monk Haewon who prefers to have a tea with intense discussion rather than ideological practice such as DaseonIlyeo (茶 禪一如) or Hwagyeongcheongjoek(和敬淸寂). The tea wasn’t the Zen practice to find the truth, he was just enjoying tea while the discussion on Buddhist scripture or during the everyday life. The tea was nothing more than an tea in the daily life.

Memory of Joseon custom through photograph and postcard of Japanese Colonial Period Choi, In-Tag The pictures and postcards created and distributed during Japanese Colonial Period are base data for recovery and reconstruction of custom of the time. However, there are some negative views as they were used as a part of ideology to reinforce the colonial control of Japan as a tool symbolizing the value, uncivilization and barbarism. In other words, theory of cultural evolution which argued that the Joseon culture is subjected to improvement and enlightened by Japanese, the less developed culture, and that it must be civilized through Japanese colonial governing was used in postcard images. Therefore, this study discusses how the “tradition” related postcards present “Joseon” based on the traditional customs of Joseon from Japanese point of view, or even from the Korean point of view. Joseon custom reenacted in the postcard starts from “record” and goes through reenactment of “memory” of others and pose considerable influence on building stereotyped view point on others. This study aims to examine “Joseon folklore and custom” postcards among the images chosen and represented by Japanese during “Japanese Colonial Period”. However, due to the limitation on paper, the study aims to examine the fraction of images from “Shindongkyu Collection” about Joseon custom. However, due to the limitation on paper, only a fraction of images from a huge amount of “Shindongkyu Collection” have been handled and described in the present paper.

The Beginning of Korea-Japan Annexation and the Propaganda of Japanese Imperialism as seen in Picture Postcards during the Empire of Dai Han Shin, Dong-Kyu The point of this paper is as follows. First, Japan was explicitly declaring the invasion of Korea and at the same time, propagating Japanese imperialism by using a picture postcard along with “the boom of picture postcards” around 1904to1905 of the Russo-Japanese War. Secondly, on the basis of the analysis of the designs of memorial postcards issued at that time, the results show that the full-scale of the Korea-Japan Annexation emerged through the visit of General Moore of the British Fleet to Korea dated Sep, 1906, abdication of the Crown from Emperor Gojong to Sunjong dated Jul, 1907 and 'The 3rd Korea-Japan Agreement' dated July 24, 1907. For example, in the case of General Moore's visit to Korea, although he visited Korea's territory, it was nothing more than propagating that Japan was virtually ruling Korea in a method of issuing postcards only with a picture featuring General Moore and Resident-General Ito Hirobumi and only with the British flag and Hinomaru inserted excluding Taegeukgi. Thirdly, in October 1907, postcards commemorating the visit of Yoshihito Sinno to Korea, who was the crown Prince of Meiji, were issued in various forms and kinds indicating that it was the stage of actualization of the Korea-Japan Annexation, and also aiming to propagate the rationality of Japan's domination over Korea just ahead of the Korea-Japan Annexation in 1910. This can be seen in the method of having downgrading Empire of Dai Han, while increasing the status of Japanese imperialism by using an arbitrary design in the production of picture postcards.

The ‘Seopyeonje’ marketing and the Slow marketing by the Cheongsando Island Kwak, Su-Kyoung The influences of the visual media on the public are powerful. Because the places that were exposed in the visual media make the deep impressions remain, a lot of visitors visit, too. But, in order for this to not stop at being a temporary phenomenon, either the heavy cultural soil of the concerned region must be the foundation or the demand and the desires of the visitors must be satisfied through the appropriate tourism products and through the execution of the appropriate policies. While being introduced with a good image beginning with ‘Seopyeonje’ and through the television dramas and the entertainment programs, the Cheonsando Island heightened the nationwide level of awareness. And, by implementing the tourism policies that meet this, it has been luring a lot of tourists. In this manuscript, the causes of the success were found in the ‘Seopyeonje’ marketing and the Slowcity policy. When considering that the time limit by which the visual media have the influences on the public is 3 years ordinarily, the influences of the Cheongsando Island have been continuing by having the visual works of art get filmed by having the effective cycles. Although, actually, each and every visual work of art had appealed to the diverse consumption brackets and had played a role that had been similar but different, by engaging in the visual marketing which concentrates on the ‘Seopyeonje’, the Cheongsando Island used the strategy of definitely establishing the level of awareness of the region and the brand and spreading the effects. Thereby, the other visual media, too, have been made to continuously possess the interest in the Cheongsando Island. And, meanwhile, by pursuing the Slowcity policy that harmonizes with the image of the Cheongsando Island, which is depicted by the visual works of art, and by proceeding with the Slow Walking Festival, the direct result of making the tourists come to visit has been garnered. Of course, because the tourism policy of the Cheongsando Island is still in the elementary phase, which attaches the importance on the increase of the number of the tourists, there remains the task of elevating to a higher phase which considers the qualitative level of the tourism industry. However, I believe that, as a successful case example that connects the influences of the visual media with the specific results, it will provide a point of suggestion to a lot of the local governments that have been promoting the attraction of the visual media.

The influence of teacher efficacy and collective self-esteem on the burnout of nursery teachers Seo, Hong-Suk․Lee, Hee-Yeong․Choi, Tae-Jin The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of teacher efficacy and collective self-esteem on the psychological burnout of nursery teachers. Collected date from 270 nursery teachers were analyzed using correlational analysis and multiple regression analysis. Major results of this study were as follows: First, both teacher efficacy and collective self-esteem significantly influenced on the degree of psychological burnout. Second, The influence of teacher efficacy and collective self-esteem on psychological burnout of nursery teachers differ depending upon aspects of psychological burnout. Third, the influence of collective self-esteem on psychological burnout were higher than the influence of teacher efficacy on psychological burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of these results were discussed and research directions based upon the limitations of this study were suggested.

A Comparative study of Performance between Social enterprise and Community Business Yoon, Byung-Gwon․Lee, Jae-Jung This study attempts to analyzes social enterprise and community business and find out whether there is any difference in the performance and sustainability of these two types of social economic organizations. We investigated 96 social enterprises and 99 community business around the city of Busan Metropolitan area. The results of this research project showed that social enterprise outperformed all the three area of performance, that is, economic performance, social performance, and sustainability. We collected data of theses two organization by using questionnaires, interview with social worker. Then, empirically analyzed those data to test hypotheses. All the results are statistically significant and we come to following conclusion. We conclude that there might be many reasons for these results. Among them we summarize those into two major reasons. First of all, most social enterprise located in urban area while community business are in the area of rural area. That means, the outputs of social enterprise are nearer to market and easily exposed to customers while the product and service of community business mostly stay away from market and sold by people usually involved in the business or their friends. Secondly, most managers working for the social enterprise are citizens of Busan metropolitan city and they seem to be business-minded and market-oriented people compare to the managers of community business. These two facts are the reasons of the difference. However, these interpretation must be empirically investigated to be accepted. Therefore, future research will be necessary to justify the conclusion.

A study on the Feng Shui theoric characteristicof Samseong campus of Daegu Hanny University Kim, Mi-Song In order to analyze a characteristic of a campus on the authority of Feng Shui theory, it should be based on four principles including long(龍), xue(穴), sha(砂), shui(水). However, there have been few research papers grounded on four principles as aforementioned. Particularly, 사 has stood for the Black Tortoise(the north), the Red Phoenix(the south), the Cerulean Dragon(the left), and the White Tiger(the right). This study has been researched the site of Samseong campus of Daegu Hanny University according to the previous theory and it was verified that the male graduates were different in the academic achievement to female graduates. We designed a comparative study on academic achievements of male students and those of female students to clarify the correlation between Feng Shui theory and the academic achievement of students. For verification of the connection between Feng Shui theory and students' school records, we assigned male students to the left and female students to the right side of the campus, and accumulated comparable grades in their exams in college from 1981 to 2016. Then, we analyzed some result that target students have achieved after the commencement. According to those data, it exhibited that there was little difference between male students' grades and female students' on their exams when they enrolled in the college, but female students had high academic scores in comparison with male students' scores after 4 years. Besides female students have shown for superior results to male students after 35 years. This implied that the spirit should be strengthen in the right side by comparison with in the left side. It was accorded with the results analyzed with their field investigation materials, a topographic map of 1:25000, and a satellite photograph. Therefore, the current study confirmed that the disparity in students' achievements between a campus site and vitality depending on the campus site should be far more relevant.

Geomantic Interpretation of Ha Ryun's Site for the Royal Palace in the Early Joseon Dynasty Jee, Jong-Hag․Park, Jong-Min When the Joseon Dynasty was founded, Ha Ryun thwarted the transfer of its capital to Sindoan by insisting on the law of Feng-Shui and also objected to the transfer of its capital to Hanyang by claiming that it ran counter to the law of geography. He consistently insisted as an alternative to it that the site located at the foot of Mount Muaksan be adopted as the seat of government. But his claim was not adopted to the end but Hanyang became the capital of the Joseon Dynasty for 518 years. Hence, this study attempted to analyze the sites of Hanyang and Mount Muaksan as the seat of government based on the system of 'Jirisinbeob(地理新法) quoted by Ha Ryun. And it attempted to anticipate what would have been the size, scope and settlement structure of the capital city if the area situated at the foot of Mount Muaksan had been adopted as the capital of the Joseon Dynasty. Results of this study show that the scope of the capital city would have taken a form of spanning Mount Muaksan(296m) at its back, Mount Yongsan(90m) at its left, Mount Seongsan(66m) at its right and Mount Wawusan(101m) in Ansan. In case, the area of the capital city of Muak was slightly small(84%) compared to that of Hanyang but slight broad(115%) compared to that of Gyerim or Pyeongyang as compared by Ha Ryun. This corresponds with the description of The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. It is anticipated that the capital city of Muak would have contributed to more vibrant trading with foreign countries than that of Hanyang as it is somewhat narrower than that of Hanyang and favorable to the water transportation using the Han River. It is thought that this would have exerted not a few effects on the political, economic, cultural and military strength, making great societywide changes.

A Study on Feng Shui Analysis and Utilization of World Heritage Banwolseong Park, Dae-Yoon This research analyzed geographical natural environment of a thousand year old capital Gyeongju Banwolseong based on modern Feng Shui theory. As the result, it was determined that Banwolseong was located by the influence of Feng Shui idea. Feng Shui characteristics of Banwolseong are, first, it is a state well prepared with Sasinsa(四神砂: shape of hole surrounded by four mountains), as the best Feng Shui propitious site in royal district. Second, Jusan(主山) and Hyunmoo(玄武) are lucky stars(吉星) as Geumseongche(金星体), while Ansan(案山) is bigger and more grand than Hyunmoo(玄武), as well as threatening. Third, SuSe(水勢: capacity of water and appearance to embrace) is a U-shaped semi-archer, however it is the well(有情) to phenomenon of Muncheondosa(蚊川倒沙). Fourth, Hyunmoo(玄 武) has a strong collective characteristic of land energy as a cubic structure, and the royal palace is facing the south. Also, as the Feng Shui supplementation and improvement plan for Banwolseong, this research suggested for Feng Shui Bibo(風水裨補) plan, such as restoration of castle wall, installing Sujungbo(水中洑) in Muncheon(蚊川) upstream, and forest in the water entry(水口), etc, and created a storytelling scenario of Feng Shui tour based on Feng Shui characteristics of Banwolseong as a plan for utilization of cultural contents. As the above, this research has a significance that it expanded historical value of Banwolseong by suggesting the frame of Feng Shui analysis, supplementation and utilization plan of World Heritage Banwolseong, and more activated prosperity of Feng Shui culture and tourism industry in Gyeongju.

The Role of Local Government for Social Integration with Multicultural Family Park, Beom-Jong This study focuses on multicultural family formed by international marriage and analyzed the current status of multicultural family and roles of local governments. As a result, the multicultural family policy of Korea was biased toward assimilation and discrimination. The number of multicultural family in the provinces was increasing more than the multicultural family in the metropolitan area. Therefore, the role of local governments is very important for accurately grasping the situation of multicultural family and making the right policies. and we emphasized to operate a multicultural integrated management system led by local governments. These local governments should overcome to the language barriers, economic difficulties, loneliness and discrimination problems of multicultural family. In order to solve these problems, a mature multicultural ritual should be preceded by a recognition of ‘different’ rather than ‘discrimination’. In addition, policy should be changed from a policy of discrimination and assimilation to a policy of multiculturalism. Such multiculturalism will improve discrimination, become a starting point for social integration, and play a positive role in resolving regional issues.

Comparative Study on Technological Change Pattern of Fishery Area between Korea and Japan using Weibull Growth Curve Model Park, Ju-Chan․Kim, Wan-Min․Bark, Pyeng-Mu This paper is to analyze the technological change patterns in Fishery areas of Korea and Japan, and to find out whether change patterns of these two countries are similar or identical due to the geographical closeness as well as historical, industrial and technological ties. To analyze the patterns this study uses the Weibull growth curve model on selected six fishery technology areas and further applies the reduced and full models in order to test an identical change pattern of two countries. This study draws a conclusion that the Weibull model perfectly fits to six areas based on the statistical significance test and suggests future studies should consider using the Weibull model as well as Gompertz model for a technology assessment task. The study also concludes that there would be significant possibilities of being identical or similar between two countries in most fishery technological change patterns with only time lag difference. Based on the result of the study, the statistical test suggests that there could be I denticalness in five areas such as resource cultivation, fishery structural facets, seedling production, diagnosis, and precaution and treatment technologies. These findings may be due to the same characteristics of each technology. The study also finds out that fishery food processing and distribution technology area is significantly different between Korea and Japan due to their own systematic and cultural difference of this area industry and market in each country. The study suggests that further study should put more efforts on finding unique and independent characteristics and differences in each technology area and applying a proper growth fitting model such as Weibull, Gompertz and others respectively.

Modern Chinese Auxiliary word ‘Zhong(中)’, ‘Zhe(着)’ aspect features Contrastive analysis of Chinese and Korean Han, Keung-Shuk Based on the analysis of the modern Chinese auxiliary ‘Zhong(中)’, ‘Zhe(着)’, The distinguishing features of the semantic features of ‘Zhong(中)’, ‘Zhe(着)’ are found out. The semantic features of ‘Zhong(中)’ correspond to ‘Zhe(着1)’ aspect features, But there are differences. Chinese auxiliary ‘Zhong(中)’ emphasizes the process of predicate verbs, And because it's still a auxiliary in the process of Grammaticalization，So auxiliary ‘Zhong(中)’ can not bring the object behind. Moreover, Chinese auxiliary ‘Zhong(中)’ does not have the semantic features of ‘Zhe(着2), ‘Zhe(着3). ‘Zhong(中)’ equivalent to the Korean ‘_는 중_’, belonging to the continuing aspect. ‘Zhe(着1)’ is equivalent to the Korean ‘_고 있_’, Belong to dynamic continuous aspect. ‘Zhe(着2)’ is equivalent to the Korean ‘_어 있_’, belonging to the static aspect.In short, Chinese auxiliary ‘Zhong(中)’ is still in the development of aspect auxiliary, so, relatively speaking, the use is also subject to a lot of language environment and grammar constraints. In use, we must pay attention to the difference between the ‘Zhe(着)’. They have the following differences in the deep structure.

Research on color and dyeing culture from ancient Chinese characters Chinese - In the ≪ShuoWenJieZi≫ by 糸radical based on - Seoh, Jae-Sun The research methods, the first time of the Eastern Han Dynasty's 《ShuowenJiezi》糸 radical occurs in the staining of 62 words, to find out the relationship between the analysis of color and dyeing. From these words, China's dyeing technology has been very delicate and complex. By the Han Dynasty, red, yellow and blue were mutually developed, and chromatography has been extended to ten tones and thirty-nine colors. As for dyeing, there are two kinds, such as straw dyeing and stone dyeing.. The grass is mostly dyed cloth dyeing. The stone dyes all the dye is Zhu Sha, the color, the color and so on. These mineral dyes also applied in the cloth. The ancient color to distinguish the color grade stone dye used in dyeing Zunfu, grass color for underwear. From the ≪ShuowenJiezi≫ 糸radical said colored silk, also said the intention is to dye, the meaning of color is brought out. These words are not many words of color, but they can be seen from ancient Chinese ancestors for the color and dyeing, keen and meticulous observation ability and creativity.

『TanJiCongShu』 and the trends of literature during the Late Ming and early Qing period. Song, Kyung-Ae 『TanJiCongShu』 is a series compiled by a literary and editorial write–named ZhangChao, during the the Qing dynasty, Kangxi period. This paper analyzed the content of 157 literary works contained in the『TanJiCongShu』and through this, also analyzed the trends of literature during the Late Ming and early Qing period. All of works contained in 『TanJi CongShu』 belong to the literati of Late Ming and early Qing. The contents contained in 『TanJiCongShu』 vary widely. It consists of Confucian classics and history, and also expresses a literati’s everyday life and personal hobbies. There are also many writings documenting regional characteristics and customs, along with an emphasis of moral precepts. 『TanJiCongShu』 mainly contains the essay of the literati in the Late Ming Dynasty period. Therefore, it has a tendency to focus on literature that pursues personality and self. In addition, within the political chaos and chaotic social scene of the Late Ming and early Qing period, we can find the literary trend that emphasized practicality and morality within each piece of work. The writings contained in the 『TanJiCongShu』 show the lives, consciousness, and emotions of literati during a period of political upheaval. Also, there are many writings documenting the geographical features and customs of the time. Therefore, it is a worthwhile piece of literary work that can help in understanding the social, cultural activities of the Late Ming and early Qing, as well as the lives and the world of literati.

A Study on the Acceptance of Wang Wei 's Poetic Style by Chen He Kim, Chang-Gyeong As the representative of the nobility literati in Koryo(高麗) dynasty, Chen He(陳澕)'s literary works showed a remarkable picture of the change of the old literati, and his poems showed the overall image of the “clear(淸)” character, emphasized the “Painting-in-Poetry(诗 中有画)” of the shape and mind mood, and particularly valued the use of “Rectitude(逸气)” at the time of creation. These are the characteristics of Wang Wei’s poetic style. Chen Yu on the acceptance of Wang Wei’s poetic style, on the one hand was the development of poetry in the self-understanding and integration of the move, on the other hand also wanted to take Wang Wei’s “elegant landscape poetry” to express their own chest, to pursue the desire for the ideal social innovation. His poems, are some lyrical, are some freehand, are some seeking the artistic beauty, are some looking for rational thinking. Moreover he melted these things in his poetry. This is both the development of literary works and the need for integration, but also the background of the times and the humanistic mapping of the historical process.

The Study of Book Titles’ for Korean－Chinese Translation Methods Cui, Hai-Man․Han, Yong-Su The title of a book is a sophisticated element. A book titles’ translation determines whether the book will be noticed by the readers of the target language or not．There are a lot of Korean books have been published in Chinese. If a Korean book wants to be noticed by Chinese readers, it should have a good translated title. This paper provides Skopos theory, a new guiding theory to the study of book title translation. For the purpose of analysis, the translation methods are categorized into five groups: maintenance, paraphrasing, adding, deleting and shifting. How to use the five methods is very important. When it comes to translating a title, we need to choose the best methods from these five. First, we can think about maintenance; if that does not work, we can think about paraphrasing, then adding or deleting. If we can not find a good translation, then we have to think about shifting the book's title. Second, Translators are expected to choose the best translation method to reflect the meaning of the Korean books and attract Chinese readers. Third, The role of the publisher of the translated text is very important too. If we want to make a good translation of a book's title, the publisher needs to collaborate with the translator. This paper aims to provide a valuable case study for the Korean book's titles into Chinese translation studies and to serve as a stepping stone for Korean into Chinese translating practices. It seeks to enhance the cultural communication bettwen Korean and Chinese people.

Political Dynamics and Increasing Power in China’s Leadership Transition : from Jiangzemin to Xijinping Kong, Bong-Jin The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of strengthening power and the political dynamics of leaders of each generation. In particular, I analyze the political situation that have been shown to strengthen the leadership of each generation leader and examine the effect of the results on Chinese politics. Chapter 2, I deals with the process of strengthening the power of Jiang Zemin. And during this period, Shanghai clique was formed. At this time, the rule of ‘70 years of retirement’ was made. Chapter 3, I deal with the process of strengthening the power of Hu Jintao. And during this period, the Communist Youth League faction was formed. Hu Jintao has been called ‘the general secretary’ rather than the ‘core’. Chapter 4, I deals with the process of strengthening the power of Xi Jinping. In 2012, Xi Jinping received all the power of ‘Chinese Communist Party, government, and military’ from Hu Jintao at the same time. This is the basis on which Xi Jinping can strengthen its power. Xi Jinping has implemented anti-corruption policies and established a new national organization. It has a great influence on the change of Chinese political system and political dynamics. Chapter 5, I deal with the change of political dynamics of each political generation. When Jiang Zemin became the general secretary, there were political interventions of a retired senior politician and various political forces. During the Hu Jintao government, Jiang’s power was still strong. During the Xi Jinping government, depending on the political power of Shanghai clique and Communist Youth League was weakened, the political power of Xi Jinping is being strengthened. And the power of Xi Jinping was strengthened by the Shanxi clique and the old colleagues.

The Contrast Analysis of Conjunctive Auxiliaries Used in Inverse Conditions Zhang, Rui Conjunctive auxiliary can be irreplaceable when it is specifically used for expressing the sense relations and logical relations in Japanese.In the using of conjunctive auxiliaries which express inverse conditions, “temo” and “tatokorode”can be seen as the most representative one. Because of the polysemy of those two words, this thesis aims at analyzing their meanings for express inverse conditions, which is based on the using of meanings of those two words. Moreover, this thesis picks up illustrative sentences in corpus and analyzes similarities and differences between “temo” and “tatokorode” on the basis of subordinate clause’s property and tone characteristics of main sentence.Finally, we draw a conclusion as follows: (1) When there comes out assumed inverse condition,“temo” can be used in both sentences with the meaning of impossible event or the meaning of possible event. However, compared with “temo”, “tatokorode” can be only used in the sentence with the meaning of possible event. Moreover, “temo” can be also used in the sentences with the meaning of disposable condition and constancy. While “tatokorode” can be only used in the sentence with the meaning of disposable condition. (2) Although “tatokorode” can lead specified inverse condition, it is different from “temo”. When “temo” is used in specified inverse condition, it can lead the sentence with the future meaning without the limit on tense. However, “tatokorode” can only lead specified inverse condition which has been already achieved and the tense of its main sentence is usually past tense. (3) The mood between “temo” and the main sentence can be correspondingly used with mood of attitude expression”, “mood of presentation and “mood of value judgment” in terms of its responsive meaning. In contrast, the main sentence of “tatokorode” usually has “mood of attitude expression” which is can not correspondingly used with “mood of value judgment”, “mood of function”, “mood of presentation” and “sentence of phenomenon description”. This study makes a contrast analysis of“ temo” and “ tatokorode” on the basis of previous studies and has not had a deep discussion about other conjuctive auxiliaries used in inverse conditions. Therefore, it should become the subject which we are going to talk about later.

Akutagawa Ryunosuke‘s historical perception and social criticism, having insight into long history of human, appear in his works generally. Among his works, historical perception is most prominent in following 6 types of writing. 1.Fairy tale form: 『The War of Monkey and Crab(猿蟹合戦)』(1923.3), 『Momotaro(桃太郎)』(1924.7), 2.Works on historical events: 『The General(将軍)』(1922.3), 『The General Kim(金将軍)』(1924.2), 3.Travelogues on China: 『A report on the journey of China(支那遊記)』(1925.11), 4.Essays about the Great Kanto Earthquake: 『Miscellaneous notes on the Great Kanto Earthquake(大震雜記)』(1923.10) and the like, 5.literature of the absurd: 『The Story of a Head That Fell Off(首が落ちた話)』(1918.1), 『Horse Legs(馬の脚)』(1925.1), 6.General social criticism through metaphor: 『Kappa(河童)』(1927.3),『The Man of the West(西方の人)』(1927.8). Except travelogues on China, most works consist of figurative language such as metaphor, symbol and allegory. This was condensed form that could show the truth accurately and intelligibly to readers and also was indirect form to avoid censorship of controlled media at that time. In this way, these works were not only anti war novels but also they criticized the plunder of imperialism and fabrication or concealment of order speech. It requires, like Gulliver‘s Telescope, deep historical insight and understanding of his figurative language in interpretation and criticism on these works. Also, on account of their art pursuing universal truth acknowledged to everyone, it should not commit dichotomous logic of self-or-others and right-or-wrong fallacy presupposing interests own nation. His historical perception and social criticism which is penetrating human history, in spite of endless repetition of war history, were positive, toward universal truth of humanism transcending races and nations.

A study on marine in Japanese literature Yoon, Il As the slopes of Japan are surrounded by the seas, ‘maritime characteristic’ is found in Japanese Literature from the early age. In modern times, after Meiji Restoration, the political revolution in 1868 in Japan, Japanese literature was influenced by fast modernization and western literature, and after it went through the Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905), it recognized the political and geographical importance of sea again. However, in modern literature, ‘maritime characteristic’, together with the authority in imperialism were used to beautify and justify the war. The discourse on Seafaring novels and poems has come in earnest and they have been discussed more thoroughly after 1970s. This thesis listed discourses upon seafaring literature from Meiji Restoration until now. It is worth mentioning that 20 studies were concentrated in 32 theses since the 1940s, and there were no discourse held upon seafaring literature during last 30 years except for 1 thesis in 1963. Also, there were only 3 discourses during Japan's record period of economic growth, and there were 20 years of period of blank as pointed earlier. However, from 1980s to 1990s, there were 10 theses related to folklore and religion which are related to seafaring literature, it is interesting that sea studies focused on folklore and religion when there were no discourses on seafaring literature. The seafaring literature studies until now mainly discuss the definition and range of the seafaring literature, which reflects full-scale study on seafaring literature has never begun and it recognizes the necessity of the study. Even if there are discourses going on seafaring literature, and ‘maritime characteristic’ is pointed out in Japan, there has never been the thorough discussion on ‘maritime characteristic’.

Analysis on the Theme of the Thesis for Doctor's Degree(1980〜2015) Majoring in Japanese Language and Literature Awarded by Universities in Japan Cho, Nam-Sung 　This current study thoroughly reviewed the subjects of Doctoral Thesis on Japanese literature published from 1980 to 2015 at Japanese Universities. The following is the summary of significant results. (1) A total number of 678 Doctoral Thesis on Japanese Literature were published from 1980 to 2015 at Japanese Universities, while the number of studies shows significant increase up until 2001 with 54 published thesis, the number of studies decreased afterwards. (2) Considering the proportion of the field of study, Japanese Literature composed 47.6% (323 Studies) of overall studies, followed with Japanese Language and Japanese Language Education with 42.8% (290 Studies) and 9.6% (65 Studies), respectively. (3) The institutes with most doctoral degrees granted are the Tsukuba University, Tokyo University, Tohoku University, Osaka University, Nagoya University and Hiroshima University, in a descending order. (4) In particular, the 290 Doctoral Thesis on Japanese Language can be categorized in detail by Grammar (30.0%, 87 Studies on Voice, Modality, Verbs, etc.), Japanese Language History (23.1%, 67 Studies on Character, Presentation, Vocabulary, Grammar, etc.), Vocabulary (12.4%, 36 Studies) and Dialog & Heraldry (12.1%, 35 Studies). (5) The 323 Doctoral Thesis on Japanese Literature can be categorized as Classical Literature (36.5%, 118 Studies) and Modern Literature (63.5%, 205 Studies). The former, may then be further categorized by era as: Classical Literature (39.0%, 46 Studies), Early Modern Literature (22.0%, 26 Studies), Medieval Literature (19.5%, 23 Studies) and Ancient Literature (18.6%, 22 Studies). The former may also be further categorized by subject as: Monogatari (20.4%, 22 Studies), Waka (16.7%, 18 Studies), History, and Novels (9.3%, 10 Studies) in a descending order. Novels (57.6%, 118 Studies) and Comparative Literature (13.2%, 27 Studies) composes the majority of the latter, while Novels in Modern Literature shows the subjectual composition of Natsume Sōseki (12.7%, 15 Studies), Akudagawa Ryunosuke (10%, 12 Studies), Kawabata Yasunari (9.3%, 11 Studies), Dazai Osamu (7.6%, 9 Studies), and Ōe Kenzaburō (5.9%, 7 Studies), in a descending order. (6) The 65 Doctoral Thesis on Japanese Language Education can be categorized by subject as Acquisition & Misuse (29.2%, 19 Studies), Teaching & Learning (27.7%, 18 Studies), Verbal Material (16.9%, 11 Studies), Japanese Language Education History (10.8%, 7 Studies), in a descending order.

A Study on the Political contents of High school Japanese textbook Kim, Eun-Hee 󰡔日本語讀本󰡕 is the first Japanese language textbook in Korean high school. This textbook aims to teach Japanese language, but contains lots of political components. In fact, political components in the textbook are similar to regime propaganda. In this backdrop, this study tries to compare high school Japanese textbook with middle school ethic textbook to reveal how much political contents are included and what these mean. From the results, high school Japanese textbook is similar to ethic textbook in a way that emphasizes decorum of individual and society and nationality supporting sacrifice of self. Ushin regime’s propaganda such as acclimatization of national characters, awareness of national home land, economic development of the country, Saemaul Undong, reunification were all covered in the Japanese language textbook. It is because the education of the 1970s in Korea was a means of injecting national thought. Another reason that high school textbook skewed to political means is that Koreans’ stance on Japanese language was not good that Japanese language was forced to learn under colonial rule. This textbook tried to replace those colonial history and negative attitude, rather showed this language actually helps the development of Korea and stability of ruling regime. This textbook manifests that the ethnicity of Korea will not be hurt despite learning Japanese.

An Aspect of The First Susinsa, Envoy to Meiji Japan in late 19th Century viewed based on Koukanhitsukei Lee, Hyo-Jeong Upon the Chosun-Japan Treaty of 1876, the first Susinsa of Chosun recovered the rupture of diplomatic relations between Chosun and Japan for 60 years and experienced the new modern civilization as a national delegation. The studies of Susinsa have been conducted mainly on the basis of Ildonggiyu, the official history written by Kim Ki-su. Although Changsagihaeng and recent translation of Japanese materials improved the accessibility to the references, related researches are still lacking. To broaden our horizons for the research of Susinsa, therefore, we investigated the Koukanhitsukei which contains most of data from the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Koukanhitsukei consists of 18 books and were published by Sakada Morodo of the Japanese ministry of foreign affairs to assist Miyamoto Kouichi for his task in Chosun after return of Susinsa. In these references, not only fragmentary events such as participating in magic banquet and physician’s visiting from Juntendo for a sick envoy member, but also detailed stories such as the painter Kim Yong-won’s purchase of machines and chemicals (zinc and hydrochloric acid) and Park Young-sun’s learning of vaccination from Juntendo were contained, which were not included in the record of diplomatic journey of Chosun. Such a positive attitude toward modern civilization has been hard to find in the records by Kim Ki-su or his personal assistant Ahn Gwang-mook. We can also figure out the Japanese viewpoint on the Susinsa by Koukanhitsukei. Japanese in the meiji era had an antipathy to the arrogant attitude of Chosun’s Tongsinsa and attempted to impair the relation between two countries. They regarded Chosun as an uncivilized country clinging to old customs and had a perception that they must civilize people of Chosun. Consequently, though there was no practical outcomes, they tried to let the first Susinsa enlarge the knowledge about multiple government organizations, and the products of civilization.

A Study on the Structure and Pattern of Trickster Tales in Siberian Itelmens Kwak, Jin-Seok By language, the Itelmens belong, together with the Chukchi and Koryaks, to the northeastern group of paleo-Asiatic peoples. In the past, the Itelmens were divided, according to language, into northern, southern and western. The term Itelmen means ‘resident’, ‘living man’. In the documents and literature of the 18th century and later, the Itelmens were called Kamchadals. A Trickster in the Trickster Tales is a person or animal, however in most cases it appears as an animal such as a rat or a fox. In such cases, the trickster is related to a secular role such as gourmand or lazy person. The tricksters plays tricks for various reasons which include: ‘acquiring food’, ‘causing mischief’, ‘getting support’, ‘offering help’, ‘escaping danger’, and ‘punishment’. Judging by the purposes of the tricks, it is possible to say that the trickster is a secular figure following its carnal desires. Tricks in the Trickster Tales serve two narrative functions. One is the function which causes narrative tension and conflict and the other is the function which relieves them. If an agent which transforms a situation into a different situation is the mediation in the narratives, then the existence, success and failure, and the result of the mediation is linked to a cultural index. Narratives with no mediation or failed mediation are typically seen in a primitive society. On the other hand, narratives in which the mediation invalidates the initial result or substitutes the result for another one mainly appears in an advanced society. Considering the mediation relating to the cultural index, Trickster Tales of the Itelmens reflect a change of their world-view and development of their society.

A Study on the Vietnamese Proverb and Its Characteristics Derived from the Chinese ancient testament Kim, Hyun-Jae 　Today 's Vietnamese people frequently use the Vietnamese Chinese characters prover who translated the Chinese story in Vietnamese in the everyday life and the Vietnamese proverb which translated literally by interpreting its original meaning in Vietnamese. These proverbs are attributed to the fact that during the Vietnamese rule of China, which lasted more than a thousand years, the letters are not deeply rooted in Vietnamese language culture. Furthermore, even after independence from China of Vietnam, Chinese character are spread more widely in society through encouragement and dissemination of each feudal dynasty in Vietnam, and as a result, in Vietnamese vocabulary of today's modern Vietnam Chinese character words which are read in the range are made to account for about 70% or more. The influence of such Chinese character shows that the biggest root of Vietnamese language culture is Chinese character as one of the biggest features of Vietnamese language culture. This means that two countries have many similarities in language culture. In particular, as a proverb is transmitted through many years, as a language of the common people inherited from the predecessors who have lived in each era, its traditional notions based on traditional beliefs, values, wisdom, etc. of that nation It is inherent in China, collecting the proverbs of Vietnam originating from the story rooted in the Chinese story, and investigating its meaning and its participation, not only the influence on the Vietnamese proverb of Chinese pretext, as well as China Culture may be a means to understand the influence of Vietnamese traditional ideas.