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The aim of this study is to review the characteristics of immigration and negotiation in Northeast Asia in Globalization era by comparative analysis between Korean and Japanese community in the Chinese coastal city. I conducted the fieldwork in Dalian, Liaoning Province from 2013 to 2016. The results could be summarized into the four categories. First, I looked at the characteristics and pending issues of Korean and Japanese community in China through the previous research. The keywords of Korean society study included national ethnic relationships and social mobility. Those of Japanese were gender, generation, self-initiated expatriates, and active migration. All these were constructed during the processes in which business companies extended to China were trying to continue the corporate culture of one’s home country cheaply, and had flexibilities in the labor market as their backgrounds. Second, I examined the growth and shrinkage of economical space. Investment and bankruptcy of STX in Dalian affected the growth and reduction of Korean Society definitely. Otherwise, the Japanese had an overwhelming influence in Dalian economy. Although the scale of Japanese society was reduced because of political conflicts between China and Japan, the importance of Dalian as a mediator between two countries is growing more. Third is about change and response of the social space. The life of immigrants was unstable ones that affected directly by the fluctuation of global, national and local scale. Thus, the representative organizations of immigrants were carrying out many activities to show that they were members of local society. Finally, there were individuals who acted as intermediaries throughout the community. Those had a legal foreigner status and strong tendency to stay. The role of Korean-Chinese as a mediator between both Korean and Japanese society was important.

This study is meaningful as an exploratory attempt to understand the diversity of life of Zainichi(Koreans in Japan) beyond the framework of modern nation-states by paying attention to a new region, specifically Fukuoka in Kyushu. Researches on Zainichi focused on the region emerged with the recognition of limitations that their detailed lives could not be understand if we just analyzed the motherland and the host country. However, there is another limitation that only certain areas, including Osaka and Kawasaki, have been studied so far. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the area of Fukuoka, which was previously unnoticed, but has a significant meaning in the history of Zainichi, and looked at how their communities have been formed and developed. As a large city adjacent to Shimonoseki where was the starting and arrival place of the Bugwan Liner, Fukuoka provided jobs and became a place of life from the early stages of the influx of the Zainichi into Japan. In the modern times Fukuoka's Zainichi community largerly depended on the mining, which is the local backbone industry. Meanwhile, after Japan's defeat in World War II, Fukuoka went through a process of forming and developing a characteristic community in another sense. As the transportation network linking the Korea Strait was restored around Fukuoka, the region entangled the return to the Korean Peninsula and stays in Japan. As a result, Zainichi formed a self-sustaining residential area downstream of the river that flows into the port. Afterward this area became a city problem in Fukuoka and in the process of solving the problem Zainichi began to live in a special space called the ‘Danchi’ and formed their community. Throughout modern and contemporary times, Fukuoka served as the nodule point of the transportation network between the Korean Peninsula and Japan and as the center of population movement. And these characteristics are clearly differentiated from other regions, and continuing to study the Zainichi community in Fukuoka area in the future is significant in expanding and deepening the content of Zainichi study.

The Northeast Asian sea surrounding South Korea is being discussed in terms of politics, economy and military beyond the geomorphological area. Pan East Sea, where South Korea, North Korea, Japan, Russia and China form the network, initiated from the planning of the economic bloc, but it currently refers to the neighboring countries and the sea area surrounding the East Sea in general. The point that connects the sea area is the port. The marine and land traffic networks stretch out in line with the port as a core. The thesis intends to examine, in overall, the individual subjects from the precedent research. The traffic networks centered on ports, railways and sea lanes are only effective if abundant electricity and port hinterland are formed. In other words, it goes through the process of building power plants to supply electricity, securing a large tract of land to construct the hinterland, and creating the infrastructure such as labor and administration to build a port city. Of course, the budget is mostly funded by the government. This relationship will be studied through the case of Niigata in Japan that played the major role as the East Sea’s traffic network. The Niigata Port rapidly grew along with the expansion of Japanese imperialism in the 1930s and 1940s. The Dalian Port was the central route to connect Japan and Manchuria until 1920, but Japan, which founded Manchukuo in 1932, tried to make the shortest East Sea route between Japan and Manchuria. At that time, Japan observed 新瀉港·伏木港·敦賀港 in Japan and Cheongjin Port·Najin Port·Woonggi Port in the northern part of Joseon. After designating the subsidized line, Japan began expanding port facilities in the Niigata Port and enlarging the city. This was the outcome of traffic network policy for Pan East Sea of imperial Japan.

This study attempts to examine the Ocean Interchange between Dongnaebu and Tshushima-Han in the pre-modern age. Some people said that Busanpo of Dongnaebu was very the solitary and the quite fishing village, after opening port by Japan the modernization of Busan was achieved in the Japanese colonial period. But it was different with the facts. Reading the dairies of Choryang Oeguan Leader, Busanpo was a very busy harbor which was visiting with many ships of Tshushima-Han. For examples many ships of Tshushima-Han came and went between Tshushima and Busanpo in the late 17th century. The number of visiting of ships of Tshushima-Han were 57 times in 1689 year, and 65 times in 1690 year, 58 times in 1691 year. In other words, the average number of visiting of ships of Tshushima-Han were about 4 times or five times in every a month. Therefore the official men of Dongnaebu and Choryang Oeguan were very busy with handling diplomatic business of ships entering and clearing in Busanpo. The ships of Tshushima-Han were divided three kinds such Bisen and Goyitobune and Segoensen, Segoensen ship is the most typical ship visiting from Japan to Korea in pre-modern ages. Segoensen ships were consisted of 18 kinds, every Segoensen ship visited from two to three times every year. The captains of Segoensen were changed every time in entering to Busanpo, they could not own the ship. When the visiting times of Bisen ship increased, the visiting times of Segoensen ship were decreased a little in 1691 year. The marine accidents of ships of Tshushima-Han were occurred frequently in visiting Busanpo, the cause of the accidents was came from the direction of wind. The marine accidents of ships were anchored such harbors which was called Gijang and Namcheon and Dadaepo and Gadeukdo and Goegedo and others. The network systems of solving the marine accidents were formed between Dongnaebu and Tshushima, the officials of two countries were contacted intimately and closely for rapid rescue.

This study analyzed monk calligraphers’ calligraphy and poems on calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty. In this regard, this study made a general introduction of monk calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty, and then extracted the poems on their calligraphy and categorized them into calligraphy poems. Further, this study selected and analyzed the poems on calligraphy written by monk calligraphers since the Tang Dynasty, and investigated the later evaluation of monk calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty. In the early and middle Tang Dynasty, most of the poems were written by literary men about monk calligraphers’ calligraphy, while, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, quite a number of poems were written by monk poets about monk calligraphers’ calligraphy. The closer the Tang Dynasty was to the middle and late period, the greater the number of monk poets with great poetic skills was. It can be said that monk calligraphers’ calligraphy received much attention from monk poets as well as literary men. As for calligraphic script styles other than Cursive script, there are only 2 poems that Huangtao(黃滔) and Qiji(齊己) wrote about Seal script and Clerical script. Monk calligraphers’ poems on calligraphy are all related to Cursive script. This shows that poems related to Cursive script occupies the absolute majority of monk calligrapher’s poems on calligraphy. This reflects the fact that most of the famous monk calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty, including Huaisu(懷素), Gaoxian(高閑), and Bianguang(䛒光), were excellent in Cursive script. What made monks so closely related to Cursive script? It seems to have been due to the influence and praise of Zhiyong(智永), a famous monk calligrapher who mastered Cursive script in the early Tang Dynasty, and the trend of the times that Cursive script in the early Tang Dynasty created by Zhang Xu(張旭) was remarkably developed. These poems on calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on later poems on calligraphy since the Tang Dynasty, with the Cursive script of monk calligraphers excellent in Cursive script having a particular influence on later Cursive script.

Fake biography literature is a biographical form of writing that chronicles a person's life through the personification of objects. The biographical style borrows the form of a historical biography and records the life of the protagonist. The writing appears to be sincere as if reading a biography of the main character. The fake biography began with Han-yu's "MaoYingZhuan" in the Tang Dynasty, which is a filial poem. Subsequently, many writers created works based on objects to describe family relations. Their work mimics the characteristics and form of a character, which include a family tree, the main character's history, and the final verdict format. Sometimes the writers use historical figures or stories, and also employ implied methods to enhance the didactic effect. In particular, the Four Treasures of Study has been an important candidate in the literature of fake biography writing and is considered a must for reading for writers. Among the Four Treasures of Study are papers considered anthropomorphic works such as WenChong's “HaoZhiHouChuZhiBaiZhuan” of the Tang Dynasty and MinWenZHen's “ChuDaiZhiZhuan” as well as “ChuXianShengZhuan” of the Ming Dynasty. This paper examines An Overview of the Chinese Fake Biography and attempts to better understand the contents and meanings of ZhangChao's ChuXianShengZhuan of the Qing Dynasty among paper-based fake biography. In addition, the similarities and differences are considered in terms of the contents of WenChong's “HaoZhiHouChuZhiBaiZhuan” and MinWenZHen's “ChuDaiZhiZhuan”. In the Fake biography literature, Ming Dynasty was the most developed, emphasizing the amusement of literature. Because of the development of textual criticism in the early days, the critical view of playful sentences led to the decline of the course.ZhangChao's “ChuXianShengZhuan” is listed in “XinZhaiLiaoFuJ”i.

The aim of this paper is to compare five different editions of Chinese Literary History with in terms of their treatment of Zuo Zhuan(左傳). This paper adopts as its method of comparison that of description in the original texts, one based on the distinction between 記 事(jishi, record of events and actions) and 記言 (jiyan, record of words). To be specific, this paper examines the selected five editions proceeding first from classifying jishi into “technique of description”, “treatment of warfare” and “characterization”, then moving onto examining jiyan. The intent of this paper does not lie in finding out similarities and differences in terms of writing literary history; rather, it is in identifying standardized manner of writing literary history and thereby determining a set of passages from Zuo Zhuan suitable for fruitful comparative analysis. Ultimately, I hope such endeavor would contribute to a greater understanding of the way in which Chinese Literature is handled within and without Korea. I start with clarifying the way these editions characterize Zuo Zhuan in general and the passages they select as representative. I then reassess my initial findings from the point of contemporary perspectives and in consideration of regional and national elements. Lastly, even if there are no explanations written directly in the five writings of literary history, I tried to open the possibility of access from a new perspective by suggesting several stories on my perspective that require new emphasis or active interpretation from the current perspective. But, it did not point out the influence of Zuo Zhuan on later narrative literature, so it is difficult to deny the one-sidedness of the discussions presented in this paper. By focusing on the narrative of literary history published in recent years, the field of view was limited. These problems should be reinforced through further and wider work.

Current understanding of how meaning in work leads the consumption behaviors is limited by a lack of identification various factors confirmed by empirical evidence. Therefore, the present research investigates the effect of job meaning work on consumption behavior through consumption motivation. To confirm the relationship between meaning in work and consumption behavior, we classified the meaning in work as job, career, and calling, consumption motivation as fun and exciting need, need for status, and prosocial needs, consumption behavior as hedonic consumption, symbolic consumption, and utilitarian consumption. To test hypotheses, responses from 172 Chinese consumer samples were achieved, the proposed model was estimated by using structural equations modeling. SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 15.0 software were used for the data analysis. The results from structural equation modeling showed as follows: First, job positively affected both fun & exciting need and need for status. Second, career positively affected need for status, but does not to prosocial need. Third, calling was positively related to both fin & exciting need and prosocial needs, Finally, we found that positive relationships between fun & hedonic consumption, need for status and symbolic consumption, prosocial need and utilitarian consumption. Therefore, we concluded job meaning on work have a differential effects on chinese consumption behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of this present research are discussed, together line with its limitations and future research guidance.

Under the context of economic globalization, an increasing number of countries build technological and innovative centers to improve comprehensive strength and adapt to new technological and scientific revolution. Have realized the importance of technological innovations, the Chinese government launched the strategy of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Greater Bay Area). Despite of remarkable achievements in China-South Korea economic and trade cooperation, there is room for improvement. It bears great realistic significance to discuss the strategy of Greater Bay Area and study China-South Korea economic and trade cooperation. Hoping to make contributions for China-South Korea economic and trade cooperation, the article looks into the following aspects: the background and significance of Greater Bay Area blueprint, the interpretation of Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the building of Greater Bay Area and advice on China-South Korea economic and trade cooperation. Huizhou China& South Korea Industrial Park is a platform of cooperation between China and Korea in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Those two countries should make good use of this platform to strengthen cooperation relationship. This article proposed to strengthen cooperation between China and South Korea in financial fields, high-end service, high-tech industries and Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection. Regional economic cooperation is a irresistible trend. China and South Korea should lead by example in this progress.

　In language education, some unnatural expressions which create discomfort regardless of the intentions of the communicator may negatively affect interpersonal relationships. In this paper, we investigated Japanese language teachers’ discomfort and reactions on about 20 unnatural expressions used by Korean learners of Japanese language. The unpleasant response in this paper can be classified into the following seven types. ① Command an order without asking the other person’s opinion. (Q 1 and 2) ② Make comments on the other person’s personal details. (3, 4) ③ Speak as if the communicator is superior to the other person. (5, 6) ④ Show an attitude of giving much credit to him or herself. (7, 8) ⑤ Point out or judge the other person. (9, 10, 11, 12) ⑥ Request inappropriate answers, inquiries or demands (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18) ⑦ Decline one’s suggestions or requests flatly. (19, 20) The level of discomfort is high in the order of ②4.41, ⑦3.91, ③2.73, ⑥2.61, ②.55, ⑤2.55, ④2.50. The degree of irritation is high in the order of [Q4 先生はお年ですから(irritation 4.55)], [Q3 女(4.27)], [Q19 無理です(4.09)], [Q20　困ります(3.73)]. These problems belong to the types of discomfort ② and ⑦, which is a high level of discomfort. The above is the result of an evaluation of each native Japanese teachers’ propensity toward the unnatural expressions in sampled dialogues which ignores diverse factors in communication. However, it is believed that it will be one of the objective standards for correcting and evaluating unnatural expressions for Korean-born Japanese teachers who lack Japanese intuition in the field of Japanese language education that emphasizes communication.

This diachronically deals with semantic changes in onomatopoeic forms in kara, koro, and kuru, which are adjectival bases for onomatopee in Japanese, from the cognitive semantic perspective. Analysis was performed in three different categories—sound, motion, and shape. First, onomatopoeic forms derived from kara or koro in modern Japanese imply ‘to roll’, while an investigation of the Ancient Japanese reveals that they originally had the core meaning of ‘to hit’. It is thought that the meaning of ‘to roll’ assumed this core meaning starting in the literature of Middle Japanese. This is distinctively different from the case of the adjectival base kuru, which has had a core meaning of ‘to roll’ since the Ancient era. In addition, because the adjectival bases kara and koro connoted ‘to hit’, they often convey ‘the sounds of objects colliding together’. However, since kara and koro have different background images, they have developed represent different nuances when extended to the meaning of ‘the sound of people laughing’ since the Middle era. In other words, the adjectival base kara, which had typically exhibited a mainly auditory meaning with associated behavior, has come to imply a visual meaning due to a focus on the ‘act’ of making the sound. On the other hand, the adjectival bases koro and kuru, which originally conveyed visual meanings, have changed their meaning within a range not significantly deviating from a core image of ‘to roll’. Lastly, turning to morphology, the adjectival base koro serves as a suffix by focusing on the meaning of ‘round shape’, which changed to the meaning of ‘easily changed’ due to the image of a round shape implying ‘easily movable even when little force is applied’. In addition, the adjectival base kuru has been used to represent the shape of a vigorously spinning top in the sense of ‘smoothly’, while also accommodating the meaning of ‘frantically moving’ as well.

This paper examines the author's individual slang taste about the use of Chinese slang in modern times. There are quite a few writers who use Chinese slang, but I have focused on Ozaki among the relatively heavy writers. Ozaki is guessed to be reflected in the language used in his work, if he was devastated by Chinese literature. Therefore, as a result of investigating linguistic expressions (Kanji notation) used in all Ozaki's works, the following characteristics were found. First of all, Chinese in the “這 -那-” line is used in large numbers. While these are basically full of the original meaning of Chinese, there were also some lessons from Ozaki's own idea.　In Ozaki, not only instructions and questions but also various personalities and designations such as “乃公․所天․良人” are well utilized. Topic change words such “不在話下却説 ふ ざい わ かきやくせつ․話次分頭 わぢぶんとう ․閑話休題 かんわきうだい․案下却説 あんかきやくせつ ” Chinese expressions can be seen. And it can also find structural particles such as “明々地あからさま”. In addition, a wide variety of Chinese slang is used for the work of Ozaki. It was found that leverages freely as if it was a Chinese in some aspects. This is also a lot of reading Chinese literature, so it seems that there was also interest in the world of languages.　 Originally, there is no problem in making the reader understand even if the traditional Chinese language or kanji notation is used. Why Ozaki use Chinese slang too? In the background, there is a Chinese literature, which reveals Chinese knowledge. In short, they were showing the phylogenetic elements that intersperse Chinese slang as one of the kanji notation diversity in their works.

In this paper, I consider Oe Kenzaburo’s thought of intending wholeness that appears in contemporary history recognition through the novels which used the United Red Army Incident as motif. The specific objects of analysis are Bitten by the River Horse(Kaba ni Kamareru), Revolutionary Woman(Kakumei Josei), and The Teaching of Silverberry・ Introduction(Gumi no Ki no Oshie・Jo). Oe Kenzaburo has asked himself what is the whole, what is the eye that sees the whole, and what is the relation between human existence as an individual and the whole, to present the wholeness of the United Red Army Incident. Oe Kenzaburo tried to find the answer from a mythical archetype. Specifically, he created the metaphor called ‘KABA(hippopotamus)’ by focusing on the marginal existence, and introduced the trickster myth as a literary method. In the novel, the imagination of trickster was activated as a method to restore the missing parts in the incident perception and the distorted or not transmitted message. Oe Kenzaburo tried to present the wholeness of the United Red Army Incident through various human models. However, Oe Kenzaburo was most conscious of human existence as an individual. The unique perception of the individual and the whole that can be found from the characters in the novel is due to Oe Kenzaburo’s attitude to give meaning to human existence as an individual. Therefore, it can be said that the wholeness that Oe Kenzaburo intended is the wholeness which human existence as an individual can reach the salvation, namely, the wholeness as the salvation. In addition, it may be said that this is a basic thought to make the root of the contemporary history recognition of Oe Kenzaburo.

The family characteristics of Hata Uji are generally defined as Labor work groups, local-oriented, and lower-class clan groups, and this perception is supported by many researchers. However, if you look closely at Rikokushi(六国史), Shinsen- shojiroku(新撰姓氏 録), it is easy to see that Hata Uji was the largest clan group in Japanese ancient times. Therefore, there is a gap between recognition and facts and the intent of this study is to try to convert them. According to Rikokushi's records, in the early days of the ancient tombs, Hata Uji was already a major force and a large group already accounting for 8 percent of Japan's total population. In the 700s, the collective residence records of Hata Uji spreaded nationwide. In particular, Hata groups showed such enormous economic power that it would not be possible without their financial support for the construction of Emperor's palace. Based on their economic power, Hata Uji founded Hachiman Jinja(八幡神社), Inari Jinja(稲荷 神社) and Shimogamo Jinja(下鴨神社), which are loved by numerous Japanese even now In the ancient times, there are three points where the Korean immigrants arrived in Japan. First, it is a route that they departed from the south coast and arrived in Kyushu(九州). Hata Uji in this area established Hachiman Jinja. The second route was stopping over at Izumo(出 雲) and they arrived in Tsuruga(敦賀) and finally settled in Oumi(近江). Hata Uji worshipped Shilla Myojin(新羅明神) in Onjoji Temple(園城寺) in Oumi(近江). The last route was that they arrived at Naniwa(難波) via Setonaikai(瀬戸内海) and settled in Katsuragi Gose(葛城御 所) where was the native land of both Yamashiro Hata Uji(山城秦氏), and Kamo Uji(賀茂氏) who established Shimo- Kamojinja in Kyoto(京都). Minamoto Yoshiie(源義家), Yoshitsuna(義 綱) and Yoshimitsu(義光) who were the middle ancestors of Minamoto Yoritomo(源頼朝), the founder of Kamakura Bakufu(鎌倉幕府), held an adult ceremony in front of God Yamata (八 幡神), God Kamo(賀茂大明神) and Shilla Myojin(新羅明神) respectively and each was called by Yawata Taro（八幡太郎), Kamojiro(賀茂次郎) and Shillasaburo(新羅三朗), depending on each God's name.

This study aims to re-examine the meaning of the existence of the Tenno through the exile of the Tenno of the Middle Ages among the history of the Tenno of Japan in 1,500 years. The exile of the Tenno of the Kamakura period in the Middle Ages means that it became an important turning point of the Tenno's crisis of existence as a historical event. Thus, this study focused on the Kotoba Tenno, Juntoku Tenno, and Go-Daigo Tenno who led the rebellion with the aim of Shogunate defeat in the Kamakura period and had to leave exile as a result. In addition, this study examined the tradition and culture related to the Tenno focusing on the Oki Jinja, Manogu, and Kuroki Jinja that serve them as a priest to Oki Island and Sado Island, their exile. This is to confirm the exile culture directly or indirectly related to the Tenno and to confirm its influence and significance through the culture inherited to date. In addition, to compare the exile of Gotoba Tenno and Go-Daigo Tenno, the main rebellion and surrounding situation that caused the exile of Tenno of the Middle Ages were analyzed. Through this, it was tried to explain that there is an inevitable relationship between the ruling of the Tenno and the maintenance of the Tenno, including the difference of these exiles. Furthermore, it was intended to confirm that it affected not only the social influence caused by the exile of the Tenno, but also the significance of the Tenno's existence, regional relations, and the propagation function of culture.Therefore, this study tried to expand the scope of comprehensive understanding and consideration of the Tenno and to clarify the value of the Tenno's crisis and the existence of the Tenno.

On the basis of Busan University of foreign studies, a methodical experiment was planned, during which a group of Korean students under the guidance of Professor Jae Hyuk Lee was offered the Russian by tandem method for a four-day trip to Sakhalin, as a supplement to the basic course of studying at the Busan University of foreign studies. For this experiment with the help of a survey were selected students of the second-third year undergraduate, studying Russian language and culture. Three groups were formed and their subjects of research projects were announced like these (“History and culture of the Sakhalin region”, “A. P. Chekhov on Sakhalin”, “the Fate of Sakhalin Koreans”). The level of knowledge of the Russian language in the three groups is about the same–about two years of learning a foreign language, and none of the participants of the experiment had previously had experience in tandem method. Before the trip to Russia (Sakhalin region, Yuzhno-sakhalinsk), it was decided to form 5 tandem pairs. The experiment was held in February 2018. The aim of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the tandem method has an impact on the process of learning the Russian language and contributes to the most effective and complete formation of communicative competence. The results of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis about the effectiveness of the tandem method in the study of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The use of this method in the experiment included the following steps: 1) The teacher divided the students into groups of 3-4 people and gave each group one common task; 2) Each student performed a specific task facing him, then brought it to the discussion group; 3) The group formed a general plan for solving the research task, based on the results achieved by each individual; 4) The teacher determines the degree of correctness of the task and assesses the work done not individually, but by the whole group. The purpose of the project activity is the formation and development of intellectual skills related to creative and critical thinking. The learning process using this technology is characterized by the following features: 1) the new role of the teacher (in the collective form of tandem method): it defines the framework of the educational process and creates an appropriate learning environment, thus motivating further cognitive activity of a foreign language and culture; monitors the parity of both languages; activates communication; makes recommendations; monitors the process of communication; 2) Heterogeneity of groups: participants of the tandem proceed from the individual, real level of the partner; communication in tandem always occurs between two partners, but not between the teacher and the group. As an auxiliary method in the study of a foreign language at the University tandem method also has a huge impact on the learning process, because this method fills the gaps in the components of communicative competence. There is also a process of applying the acquired knowledge in practice. At any stage of the study of Russian as a foreign language tandem method is an effective way of forming socio-cultural competence -knowledge of cultural and historical characteristics of the native speaker, his habits and traditions, norms of behavior and etiquette and the ability to understand and use them in the communication process, as well as sociolinguistic competence -the ability to choose and use appropriate language tools depending on the situation and purpose of communication.

In many landscape sketches of the cycle “Dark alleys” the dominant component of the landscape is often the illumination and color scheme. And the writer often refers to the image of the “heavenly” landscape. The color palette in each of the stories is quite monotonous - white, white and black colors, contrasting with each other; white and black colors, smoothly flowing into one another; sometimes in this rather monotonous picture there are separate brighter strokes (blue sky, red fire, gold stars). But the feeling of monotony of these pictures of nature does not arise. This is achieved by using the author of a variety of lexical means, synonyms, words of one lexico-semantic field. Sometimes lexemes that are completely incompatible by their semantics (white - sugar - birch - moon) become contextual synonyms. The author also actively uses complex compound adjectives as epithets, creates metaphorical symbols of colors using the names of precious stones: diamond moon, topaz light, smaragd. The same values (white, green) are implemented in various ways using various lexemes. The most important paths for Bunin are epithets, metaphorical epithets and metaphors. The metaphors (with some degree of conditionality) include such lexical structures, where one image is connected to various sensations.: wet darkness (light and a feeling of dampness); odorous dampness (smell and damp feeling), glass bells (light and sound). In General, Bunin's landscapes are quite static, the main load in them lies on the adjectives, not on the verbs; verbs often express some quality, state, not movement. Bunin’s landscapes are full of repeated motifs - motifs of the night sky, light, water, moisture, rain - and they all become deeply symbolic, multifaceted - and this is largely due to the special organization of lexical means used by the author in his works.