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Since the 10th century in East Asian history, the proper-china centric paradigm has been severely shaken. At the center of it was the power of Khitai state. The power of Khitai empire came from the military strength of a powerful cavalry group. Khitai empire maintained its state based on the growing agricultural development. Khitai empire was a country that integrated southern agriculture with northern nomadic territory. The main players in agricultural development were the Han-chinese officials and farmers. In addition to the agricultural technology of North China and South China, various technical and ideological factors are thought to have contributed to the agricultural development of Khitai empire. The role played by the northern element in the agricultural development of the Khitan cannot be underestimated. This is partly revealed by the introduction of new crops such as livestock and watermelons along with the agricultural incentive policy that Khitai empire has implemented, and further research is needed in the future. This was done because the Khitai elite exercised their ability to create a hybrid economy. There is no record of large-scale irrigation works being carried out in Khitai empire. But, by maintaining a very practical policy, Han-chinese officials and farmers with iron farming tools and manure techniques could be utilized. By showing the ability to utilize the agricultural economy, the Khitan forces set a precedent and foundation for the creation and maintenance of an integrated economy by the northern dynasty. Khitai empire occupies a special position in East Eurasian history in that it served as a pioneer of the Northern Dynasty leading to the Chin(金), Mongol and Qing empire.

　It is known that Hitomaro's Iwami (present-day western Shimane Prefecture) Somon Songs (135) depicts the seaside of “Tsuno(角)” and the place name of “Kara Saki(a cape of Korea))”. In other words, it can be naturally read that the existence of Karasaki(Cape on the sea towards Korean　Peninsula(岬)), which was directed toward ancient Silla, is clearly reflected in this “Tsuno(角)” land. Therefore, in this paper, I would like to argue that this ancient Silla culture took the Tsushima Current and flowed to the Sea of Japan in Northeast Asia through the islands off the coast and the “Tsunoshima” of Munakata(宗像), and spread. First, there is the god of YatsukanoMizuomiTsunonomikoto(八束水臣津野命) in “Izumo Fudoki”, which is related to the place name of “Tsuno" created along the flow of the Tsushima Current In short, this god is a god with the myth that he pulled the surplus land of Silla with a net, and it is incorporated in the family tree of Susanoo-no-Mikoto, and the god name related to “Tsuno". It is known to be “TsunonoMikoto”(津野命). 　So, if you enumerate the examples of the main god names(or personal names) that are closely related to “Tsuno", "Tsunokori" and “Ishikori Dome” are from Silla to the prince "Amenohiboko". It has become clear that the story is based on the culture of iron smelting engineers brought about by “Amenohiboko”. Next, in “Kamono Taketsunomi”, “Ajisukitakahikone”, which was handed down along with “Munakata" along “Tsunoshima", is the blacksmithing culture of Silla. It turns out that there is. In particular, in the anecdote of Mandanomuraji-Koromonoko(茨田連衫子), a descendant of “Kushitsunowakenomiko”櫛角別王) it is known that the civil engineering technique from Silla and the shrine maiden's Shinsen magical faith by Silla shown by the gourd are recorded. There is no time to enumerate. 　If you try to illustrate the influence of the ancient Silla culture surrounding these “Tsuno” with Hitomaro's phrase, the first thing that comes out is the place name of “Sono(薗)” at Tsuno　beach(角の浜) (No. 135). It is known that the god of Silla “Soshimori” is expressed there.　The second is the Makurakotoba “Takunawano(栲紲之Vol. 2-217)”. In this makurakotoba, traces of being pulled by a thick line(a rope 綱) and firmly tied as if to symbolize the culture of ancient Silla are witnessed. Furthermore, it can be said that the notation “Takubusuma Silla”(15-3587), which is the dispatched Silla envoy, is conspicuous, but it is said that the “a rope(綱)” in the above-mentioned Fudoki myth has pulled the land culture of Silla. It can be seen that the mythical narrative　overlap each other and the Silla culture is expressed in concentration. 　As mentioned above, when considering each God's name(or,　person's name) related to the “Tsuno” with the place names of “Tsuno” and “Kara-Saki(a cape of Korea)” in the Hitomaro song in mind, the he place names of the “Tsuno sea area”(角の海域) is Sanin(山陰) It is known that many of the advanced Silla's civil engineering techniques and religious culture, including the bronze and ironware of ancient Silla that were passed down to Iwami, were imported.

Since ancient times, hot springs in Korea have been widely used by patients with skin diseases, neuralgia, and gastrointestinal diseases. In the case of the Onyang hot springs, the history of development is the oldest in Korea. Not only the commoners but also the kings of the Joseon Dynasty often visited these hot springs for treatment. In modern times, with the enactment of the Hot Springs Act in 1981, 15 hot spring districts have been designated, and hot spring development has progressed rapidly since. In Korea, all hot water above 25 degrees Celsius is recognized as a hot spring. Unlike Japan, where the Hot Spring Act was enacted in 1948, it was not enacted in Korea until 1981, and the definition of a hot spring was finally established. The Hot Springs Act was established as a preventive measure due to the reckless development of hot springs during increased industrialization. In addition to the differences in hot spring culture in Japan compared to Korea, there are also many differences in hot spring facilities, but also in the amount of hot spring water discharged, which is a shame about our current hot spring use. In this study, the current status of hot springs in Korea is investigated, and accordingly, the method of using hot springs and the hot spring culture are identified. Investigating how to use hot springs in Korea will be the basic foundation for researching treatments and applications using hot springs. There are many records of hot spring baths left in the records, from kings and nobles to commoners. Since ancient times, hot spring bathing has been an essential part of Korean culture. This hot spring culture has been established as a concept of hot spring treatment beyond simple skin scrubs. However, skin scrubs have suddenly become the center of a more modernized hot spring culture rather than just bathing. This is evident from the data from the hot spring report we examined earlier. I think that valuable hot spring resources across the country should be utilized as an active concept of recreation and rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study is identifying the storytelling structure of <Igongbonpoori> as part of a literature analysis. <Igongbonpoori> is Jeju Island shamanic mythology which has a story of a hero who overcomes negative emotions and becomes a god. Focusing on these narratives of <Igongbonpoori>, this study selected ‘Hero’s Journey’ model of Christopher Vogler in order to analyze the structure of storytelling. ‘Hero’s journey’ consisted 12 stages as story’s flow. However, there was a limitation that detailed information of each stage described in the original text couldn’t explained. Therefore, we tried to add a detailed elements of each stage in hero’s journey. Moreover, elements which make up the story <Igongbonpoori> was divided for Message․Conflict․Characters․Plot. And divided elements were analyzed dramatic functions and significance in the story. The results of the analysis were as follows. First, more detailed elements were found by analyzing the ‘Hero's Journey’. Second, nine elements in <Igongbonpoori> were found additionally, which were not identified by the 12 stage analysis. Third, each elements of <Igongbonpoori> were emphasize the message through contrast. Also, the elements resolve the conflicts through punishment. In conclusion, storytelling structure in <Igongbonpoori> was explained the message which is overcoming the complex, by showing how conflicts were formed and resolved in connnecting characters and events. In addition, this study is meaningful in that it complements the concreteness of the research method, identified the functions of the narrative components, and additionally analyzed the <Igongbonpoori> elements by classifying them into messages, conflicts, characters, and plots.

The official Gazette started with the introduction of a new modern system on top of the traditional system. The official gazette is responsible for disseminating public information to the public. In other words, it is the distribution of public information introduced by the government. In a broad sense, the official gazette refers to all periodicals published by the government for the purpose of notifying the public. In a narrow sense, it refers to the government's official agency published under the heading “Gazette.” In this respect, the modern official book is very different from the previous one. First, the official gazette of the Korean Empire is a modern form published on the basis of Jobo. Second, the official gazette of the Korean Empire was published based on the official gazette regulations. Third, the official gazette of the Korean Empire was premised on publicity and popularity. Fourth, the official gazette of the Korean Empire has formed a system to expand and share information. Fifth, the official gazette of the Korean Empire realized the publicity and openness of information. Lastly, tthe official gazette of the Korean Empire contains historical and historical characteristics. Japan's influence was strong in the compilation and issuance of official gazettes in the Korean Empire. The public could see how the Korean Empire operated through the official gazette. The public could see how and how the national authority was passed to Japan. The official gazette was the official document of the state and had public confidence. Even now, through the official gazette, you can read the changes in the times and the present meaning of the Korean Empire.

This study set out to compare 󰡔A Drift Diary on Joseon󰡕 and related historical materials in “costume aspect[服飾樣相] in the early 19th century” based several illustrations of superior officials that Yasda[安田義方] met in Joseon. In the research process, the investigator encountered many questions and found small differences between historical materials and between laws and customs of the times. The costume aspect of superior officials that Yasda met were mainly divided into two types: one was the costume of superior officials that he met in Chungcheong-do including Yun Yeong-gyu(尹永圭) and Choi Hwa-nam(崔華男), and the other was that of Jo Dae-yeong(趙大永) that he met in Jeolla-do. These superior officials wore a public attire[公 服] to extend their courtesy[禮] as they met Yasda and his crew that were sailors from another country. It is estimated that the former and latter group wore Yungbok(戎服) and Gunbok(軍服) in simple formal attires. The study examined specifically the aspects and characteristics of Yungbok and Gunbok those days based on their outfits. A close look at Yasda’s paintings shows that there was a strict hierarchical order between upper- and lower-rank government officials and that it was reflected clearly in their attires. Then why did the Yungbok aspects of superior officials in Chungcheong-do not comply with the laws or systems of those days? That is, they were different from the Yungbok system in the colors of Ip(笠) according to the ranks, materials of Ipyeong(笠纓), and colors of Cheopri(帖裏) and Dae(帶). It is noteworthy in Yasda’s paintings that they wore “Hye(鞋)” with no Sinmok[鞋頸] according to the customs of the times even though the Yungbok and Gunbok outfits required “Hwa(靴)” with long Sinmok[靴頸]. It was also found in 『Dasan’s Collection of Poetry and Prose[茶山詩文集]』. It is not clear whether these black leather shoes with an opening in the nose[鞋鼻] were “Suhyeja(水鞋子)”. It also remains as a question whether putting on Beoseon[襪] like “Hwa(靴)” was due to the vogue of Chinese custom or a wrong expression of “Haengjeon(行纏)”.

During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Jeong Mun-bu played the role of Byeongmapyeongsa and a chief of the voluntary military. Jeong Mun-bu, a low-ranking official, was appointed to the rank of chief of the voluntary military and took high-ranking officials to fight against the Japanese army. In an urgent situation where the government forces collapsed, the righteous army rose up and carried out a triple battle against the band of traitors, the Japanese army, and the northern orangkai. Yoon Tak-yeon became a governor of Hamgyeong Province while on duty to serve as a escort for the Prince Imhaegun, and established a defense plan for Hamgyeong Province, secured a major transportation route, and closely contacted the King's temporary quarters, and managed the public sentiment of Hamgyeong Province. He also tried to save the captive princes and lost his eldest son in the process. The situation in Hamgyeong Province, where the government forces stepped down, led to the incitement and tyranny of the Japanese army, which occupied most of Hamgyeong Province, and a group of traitors who sympathized with it, forcing the people to sympathize with the anti-government groups. The traitors handed over a group of evacuated princes to the Japanese army and ruled the area with government posts granted by the Japanese army. As a result, the majority of the people were forced to serve the Japanese army. Jeong Mun-bu removed the traitors and defeated the Japanese army, and actively punished those who served the Japanese army, and spared those who were forced to serve the Japanese army for a living. The active behavior of a chief of the voluntary military could have been a concern of the a governor of Hamgyeong Province. The governor of Hamgyeong Province, who was supposed to take over the military authority of Hamgyeong Province, did not meet the conditions, and the Byeongmapyeongsa who lost the war became a chief of the voluntary military and devoted himself to reclaiming the land where the Japanese army were taken away and saving the people suffering from the tyranny of traitors. In this process, a conflict was formed between the Jeong, Mun-bu and Yoon Tak-yeon. As the cause of the conflict, First, the formation of a command system for the righteous army by a low-ranking official in the event of war, Second, the failure to seize military power of an governor of Hamgyeong, the highest military commander in Hamgyeong Province, Third, the lack of communication and cooperation between the government forces and the righteous army was a problem. The confrontation between government forces and medical officers could have led to a serious situation, but their conflict did not spread and left a great victory over Japanese troops in Hamgyeong Province. Judging from the background of their overcoming of the uncomfortable situation, it seems to be the result of expressing the feelings of patriotic loyalty for the nation and its people rather than personal understanding.

This study primarily categorized the sentences containing the complement ‘de’ characters from Corpus, which shows the actual language use of Chinese native speakers, and analyzed its frequency of appearance and distribution by introducing Corpus Linguistics in order to analyze Complement Structure with ‘de’; which is used to emphasis the degree of the verbs. Also the characteristics of the structured type of Complement Structure with ‘de’ were examined by focusing on the extracted sentences. Firstly, relating to the name and classification of Complement Structure with ‘de’, the boundaries are ambiguous with meaning criteria like ‘degree’, ‘state’, and ‘result’, it is reasonably judged to classify it on the principle that form and meaning are combined. Secondly, Complement Structure with ‘de’ is classified into seven types depending on the structure of the complement: pattern(1) NP+V/A+‘de’+Adv, (2) …+de’+AP, (3) …+‘de’+VP, (4) …+‘de’+像…一樣, (5) …+‘de’+NP2+VP, (6) …+‘de’+NP2, and (7) …+‘de’+Idiom, etc. The order on the basis of the frequency of appearance is pattern(2) → pattern(3) → pattern(5) → pattern(1) → pattern(4) → pattern(6) → pattern(7). I think that statistical analysis through these data can also be used to establish a basis for determining the basic sentence patterns in teaching and education, that is, exemplary sentences. Thirdly, the phased teaching plan of Complement Structure with ‘de’ was suggested as follows focusing on four types of sentence patterns (1), (2), (3), and (5) with high ratio of appearance. The above discussion is likely to be exploratory to highlight the necessity of a step-by-step teaching plan. I hope this intention becomes widespread so that the existing learning methods for Complement Structure with ‘de’ can be more systematic the appropriate teaching methods to be posed.

This paper first determines the category of double negation forms, and conducts overall analysis on six double negation forms in modern Chinese, ‘不+不’, ‘不+没(有)’, ‘没(有)+不’, ‘没 (有)+不是’, ‘不是+不’, and ‘不是+没(有)’ in terms of their construction methods, meanings, and pragmatic strategies. The results of analysis are as follows: 1. In the six types of double negation, meanings and grammar are closely connected with each other, and each negation marker varies in functions according to double negation constructions of different forms. First, ‘不’ can perform the function of [+negation] [+wish/possibility] when an auxiliary verb is followed, and all functions related to the non-aspect of ‘不’ when a verb (motion, state, change verbs) is followed. 没(有)’ mostly performs the function of negating ownership or existence in the form of [+negation][+有] in any double negation form. Sometimes it proceeds with the negation of situation in case that a verb appears after ‘没(有).’ ‘‘不是’ performs the functions of focus emphasis, refutation, predicate negation, and the denial of a listener's assumption, in front of a negative marker. It was found that when ‘不是’ followed a negation marker, the function of [+negation][+focus] was most. 2. All of the six types of double negation forms are implemented in the form of {Neg1[Neg2 ……]……}, and Neg1 of any of ‘不’, ‘没有’, and ‘不是’ is a clause negation marker, and negates all constituents that follow it. Neg2 may represent either predicate negation or local negation; in case that Neg2 is a predicate negation marker, it negates all constituents that follows it, and in case that it is a local negation marker, it negates an adjective that follows it. In addition, the negation focus of Neg1 is Neg2, and the negation focus of Neg2 is a following constituent, that is, a noun (phrase), a verb (phrase) or an adjective. 3. It was found that the double negation of the six forms are selected according to the speaker's intentions and utterance (sentence) environments, and also shows differences in delivered implications. The biggest reason for using the double negation structure is to deliver special dialog connotation-euphemism, unavoidability, refutation, denial, and emphasis, and it can be seen that the pragmatic strategy of face-saving strategy related to the principle of cooperation and the principle of politeness works in a series of these processes, and consequently the goal of guaranteeing smooth dialog is achieved, while saving the speaker's or the listener's face.

Words are the fastest-changing phenomenon in language life, especially during the leap-forward development of society. A number of new clusters have emerged in contemporary Chinese, requiring us to break new grounds for new explorations. Based on corpus linguistics, lexicology, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and other theoretical knowledge, this paper has carried out a dynamic and in-depth examination of the popular Chinese neologism clusters marked by “da” to reveal the internal and external mechanisms that generate and prevail. This paper is to study the word family of "Da" which appears in batch and is widely used in the form of "x + Da". Only by starting from the origin and development of new words, and being familiar with the language facts and language environment, can we better analyze the semantic changes and the reasons of their popularity. Therefore, this paper intends to explore the semantic evolution of the morpheme "Da" and the main characteristics of the word family "Da" from the perspective of its formation.The new cluster mark “da” evolved from the onomatopoeia to the special shape of the auxiliary word “de”. Under the guidance of lexicology theory, this paper uses the method of meaning analysis to sort out the process of the semantic of “Da” after being behaviorized by onomatopoeia [+ sound] and specifically refers to [+ kissing sound], and then borrows it as the variant form of auxiliary word “de” and moves towards [+ mood], [+ spoken language], [+ commendatory meaning]. Under the guidance of pragmatic theory, this paper investigates the “Da” word group and summarizes the characteristics of the original part of speech of “XX”, the active language attitude and the colloquial expression.

The Study is Su Shi lived during the Song Dynasty, and this era of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism had an ideological background where Buddhism and Taoism shared their strengths and weaknesses under the traditional Confucian ethics. For this reason, most intellectuals could learn Buddhist and Taoist ideologies as liberal arts or academic studies without restrictions. Su Shi is one of the practical intellectuals who were faithful to Confucian ethics while utilizing Buddhist and Taoist ideologies as a means to train ego and overcome reality. Besides literature, Su Shi encouraged to reckon his mental world and humane dignity at the same time. Su Shi was a representative poet in the history of Chinese literature and one of the eight great writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. He showed diverse strokes throughout all literary genres, including poetry, essay, ode, and prose. He also exhibited creative talents in calligraphy and painting. In terms of ideology, he pioneered a recondite stage of habituating the Laozi philosophy while embracing Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. He wanted to return and become one body with nature. He aloof from the worldly values and enjoyed daily leisure despite the poverty and solitude of the exile places. The purpose of this study was to shed new light on the mental world of Su Shi practicing Taoist ideology in his poems and life in the exile places by examining Taoistic characteristics found in poems written in the exile places. While leaving academic and artistic writings in exile places, Su Shi moved the stage of reasoning to the imaginary world and dreamed of a surreal utopia distant from the human world. Furthermore, he enjoyed unworldly peace by breaking away from the shabby reality by pursuing a fundamental and ultimate world and communicating with the universe. The Taoist ideology, which follows the circulatory nature of the universe, provides a methodological text. He gave way to comfort in everyday life by controlling the anguish of complex reality through philosophical view and inner training.

Since entering the era of big data, many Cities in China have started to build smart cities one after another. However, building smart cities involves various aspects and it is far from enough to rely on the government alone. This article through the analysis of Hangzhou and Shenzhen in wisdom city construction process, the role of the government and enterprises, to wisdom city construction, the role of government and enterprises put forward new requirements and to highlight the importance of the transformation of the government's role and the existing problems, and based on this, advances the countermeasures and Suggestions to promote the China's local governments role transformation and construction of wisdom city government and enterprises should take the cooperation pattern. On analysis method, based on CNKI database in China about the wisdom of city construction and enterprise cooperation of related research literature data samples and for the government to release the report on the basis of the relevant authority, through literature review method, comparison method, interview method, understand and grasp the Chinese wisdom city construction present situation and existing problems of government and enterprise cooperation and cooperation mode. Through the research and analysis of Hangzhou and Shenzhen, this paper finds that the central government, local government and enterprises play different roles in the construction of smart cities. In addition, the advantages of the government-enterprise cooperation model are also obvious. In the process of cooperation, the two can cooperate with each other to realize complementary advantages, so as to promote benign interactive development.

This thesis examines the changing patterns and meanings of Constitution of the Buddhist association of china. To this end, the form, purpose and changing patterns of missions and their meaning were considered. In Chapter 2 looked at the change in the form of The Constitution. It has changed in the direction of normization. The biggest change in format was the 2002 amendment. In Chapter 3, the patterns of change in the purpose of the Constitution were considered. The Constitution has repeatedly changed the focus on the aspect of representing the Buddhist world or the aspect of practicing patriotism. In Chapter 4 considered changes in the mission of the Constitution. If we look at it as a whole In the 1980s, the Constitution was primarily focused on supporting the reconstruction of Buddhist world. In 1993 and 2002, the Constitution mainly focused on tasks related to the development of Buddhism and the protection of faith. In 2010 and 2015, as the character of a patriotic organization was particularly strengthened. Even if the missions seem to be oriented towards the development of Buddhism, but it is confirmed that in the end, compliance with the state policy and system is the priority. It could not consider the revised revision in 2019 together, It has a clear limit in that respect. As we know The characteristics of the Regulations of Religious Affairs was greatly revised in 2018, Therefore it will move within the scope of this document. However, it is only possible to grasp its meaning through direct comparison.

The growth of the cultural industry is also important in terms of economic growth. In terms of local economic growth, the cultural industry is creating an unprecedented new supply-demand relationship. Therefore, industrial value is attracting people's attention. In particular, the Chinese government has made the cultural industry one of the core industries of the country’s development strategy, using its rich cultural heritage advantages to develop into a cultural power. This study was initiated from the necessity of analyzing how the industries related to the culture industry are structured and their effects on the country and national economy in a situation where China's culture-related industries are steadily growing. This paper is to analyze Chinese culture & entertainment industry developed with governmental measures to expand domestic demand has related to national economical ripple effect from macro economy aspect by using an inter industry relation table 2007, 2017. This study uses the 2007 Chinese input-output table released in 2010 and the 2017 Chinese input-output table released in 2020 for empirical analysis. The originality and significance of this research is the lack of research testing on the relationship between an industry and changes in related industries so far. Chinese Input-Output table in 2007 and 2017 are used as a tool of this research and all kinds of ripple effect and relation with other industries is analyze using by ‘Index of the power of dispersion’, ‘Index of the sensitivity of dispersion’, ‘Effect on production inducement’ and ‘Value added analysis’. The originality and significance of this research can be found because of the lack of research to examine the relationship between an industry and changes in related industries. However, it is difficult to fully explain the impact of the rapidly changing Chinese cultural industry on the country and its economy.

Xi Jinping's Thought is ‘Xi Jinping's Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’. Xi Jinping’s Thought focus on the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in a new era. The Chinese government is emphasizing the Xi Jinping's Thought to successfully realize China's dream of the great revival of Chinese nation. The educational content emphasized by the first government of Xi Jinping was education on core socialist values. The educational content emphasized by the second government of Xi Jinping is the New Era patriotic education and China's Education Modernization 2035. The purpose of this study is to examine the educational policy of the Xi Jinping administration, and to examine the political implications of various education practices that are being implemented across schools and society. In particular, it looks at the main contents of the ‘China’s education modernization 2035' announced in 2019. And it is to examine the political implications of this education policy. China aims to achieve a basic modern society in 2035 as the first step toward completing a modernized society. ‘China’s Education Modernization 2035' was announced, and education tailored to the new era is being conducted. The Chinese government believes that Xi Jinping's Thought learning can build socialism unique to China in the new era. In this regard, the educational policies and contents implemented by the Xi Jinping administration tend to emphasize the Chinese Communist Party and Xi Jinping's Thought. Xi Jinping administration aims to provide education centered on the Communist Party of China and cultivate talented people in the new era required by the CCP. And through this, the Chinese government wants to build a modernized society. We can see that the Chinese government intends to complete ‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’ through education.

This paper takes the native speakers of northern Chinese dialects as the research object, and uses the stimulus words which take the presence or absence of long tone, the relative position of long tone and geminate consonant, and the type of tone as variables, to investigate the influence of the presence of long tone and the relative position of long tone and geminate consonant on the perception of promoting sound and its characteristics. The results show that the presence or absence of a long tone has a great influence on the perception of geminate consonant. “With long tone” needs longer construction duration than “without long tone” to be judged as geminate consonant by learners. In other words, the existence of long tone has inhibitory effect on promoting geminate consonant. The inhibitory effect varies with the relative position of the long tone and the geminate consonant and the different tone types. First of all, compared with the syllable after the geminate consonant, the inhibition effect of the long tone in the syllable before the geminate consonant is more obvious. In addition, when the stimulus has no tone nucleus, the inhibitory effect is relatively stable. When there is a tonal nucleus in the syllable where the stimulus is located, the inhibitory effect is stronger or weaker due to the different relative positions of the long tone and the geminate consonant. That is, when the long tone is located in the syllable after the geminate consonant, the inhibition effect is similar to the promotion effect of the tonal nucleus on the perception of geminate consonant. When the long tone is located in the syllable before the geminate consonant, the inhibition effect is not obvious by the influence of the tone nucleus. The results of this study only stay in the primary stage of learners. Whether the effect of long tone on the perception of geminate consonant will change with the improvement of Japanese proficiency, which will be verified as a future topic.

This study is a practical research with a primary focus on the learner’s perception during pair and group work activities through peer response in composition classes during live online lessons. A survey was conducted using various methods centred on questionnaires in order to comprehend how the learners perceived these lessons and what the reasons were for any positive or negative perceptions. The pair and group work activities during the live lessons were carried out using mainly Zoom’s breakout room feature. Further, taking into account the future rise of online learning, not only the student’s perception but also the kind of issues that occurred during peer learning were observed and surveyed during live online lessons. In this paper, we analysed and considered whether collaborative learning is possible when peer response- which is part of peer learning- is performed in a situation where online classes have to be conducted due to the spread of the Coronavirus disease. Regarding the positive aspects of peer response on the one hand, it was found that the learners recognise the significance of communication with other learners. And as for the negative aspects on the other hand, many learners stated their lack of confidence in their abilities, as expected. There were also issues with internet connection due to the nature of online live lessons. Regarding the learners’ positive thoughts concerning online live lessons, the fact that they can communicate with others and exchange opinions is perceived as a plus, with the keywords being ‘communication’ and ‘interaction’. As for the negative thoughts on the online live lessons, feedback stood out that roles are difficult to assign, there is a sense of awkwardness, some learners do not participate, and some learners are timid. In addition, due to the nature of online live lessons, there were significant issues with the computers and the internet connection. As for the form of online learning that learners desire, for language lessons there was a strong preference for online live lessons and there were no learners who hold negative perceptions towards Zoom. Through this practical research, it has been found that it is possible to conduct online lessons even in peer learning and, although the basic elements of collaborative learning can be satisfied, due to the sense of distance that cannot be surpassed it is difficult to conclude from the results of this study that peer learning in live online lessons has more merits. Although it is acceptable as an alternative method in a situation where face-to-face lessons cannot be conducted due to the Coronavirus disease pandemic, further practical research will be necessary in the future to determine whether peer learning will be more effective.

This study was directed to study how the ultra-national and militaristic ideologies demanded of the unusual wartime in Japan were carried out in Japanese government-published reading textbook used for the compulsory education state. To this end, the process of reorganizing the topics used in reading textbooks and introducing new topics was examined, and the guidelines of the teacher's guidebook were analyzed with focus. To bring the banner for Japan-first ideology to realize Five Races under One Union and to guide the Greater East Asia, Japan used materials such as Japanese, Mount Fuji, and Japanese flag and tried to shape people’s perceptions that Greater East Asia was the center of the world and Japan guided Greater East Asia. It also tried to enable children to acquire the spirit of national defense by reflecting the times of the war. For the purpose, imitative plays like military promenades or military games were performed by connecting children’s activity to life, and children were performed the role that the nation needed and guided to take their sacrifices through scientific, industrial, and cultural topics with military and nationalism elements melted naturally. In other words, Japanese reading textbook based on ultranationalism and militarism ideals in wartime slowly infiltrated children by utilizing the topics the needs of the times. It was designed systematically by politicians, military personnel, educators, and children’s writers as emerged in the textbook compilation process. Ultimately, the Japanese reading textbooks in wartime was used as a useful tool to support and to promote the ideological system of the Greater East Asia.

｢Joseon Diary｣ is an appendix of 『Jinchushihen』 written by Kosugi Misei who was a war correspondent and recorded his experience during the Japanese-Russian War. This work is a rare record of firsthand experience of the Japanese-Russian War of Kosugi Misei, a Japanese artist, and is an essential data needed for in-depth understanding of Kosugi Misei’s artistic activities and works in the Japanese-Russian War period. However, a systematic academic review and discussion on Misei’s ｢Joseon Diary｣ has been rarely performed. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and review three themes that could imply the characteristics and content of the Diary. These themes include: first, illustrations and poems of ｢Joseon Diary｣; second, image of Joseon during the Japanese-Russian War period and Misei’s perception of the Joseon in ｢Joseon Diary｣; and third, Misei’s war experience and view of war presented in ｢Joseon Diary｣. The study results are as follows : First, many illustrations included in ｢Joseon Diary｣ added the realism of a foreign country and created an impression of a pictorial record popular at the time. Furthermore, many poems in ｢Joseon Diary｣ diversify the modes of representation of Misei’s experience in the Joseon by creating a poetic mood in a prose-style diary. Images of the Joseon region full of Japanese military troops moving north immediately after the Japanese-Russian War broke out are well reflected in ｢Joseon Diary｣. Misei’s view mostly stayed at soldiers and the field of war, and he had no opportunity to profoundly comprehend Joseon’s political and social situations. His early perception of the Joseon in ｢Joseon Diary｣ has not yet been reached in penetrating hidden intention of Japan through the Japanese-Russian War. After the march up to Pyongyang, as Misei became more well aware of Joseon’s situations, he criticized the intention of Japan's colonization of Joseon through the Japanese-Russian War with a clear tone in ｢Sing affection of remembrance in the former King's castle on behalf of Han’s old subject｣ of 『Jinchushihen』. Finally, Misei’s aspects of war experience and internalization process of sense of anti-war are well expressed in ｢Joseon Diary｣. His war experience is presented by empathizing with hardship of the march, pain of sick or wounded soldiers, fear of death on the battlefield, homesickness and others. Afterwards, he fully recognized that the glory of war was achieved by blood and death of numerous soldiers. He internalized that war was a cold-hearted and brutal act that even did not allow basic human rights and emotions. The feelings of longing for a home and desire for returning home, repeatedly expressed in ｢Joseon Diary｣ are described with poetic language in ｢Kaere ototo｣ of 『Jinchushihen』.

This paper intends to identify the stylistic characteristics of translation in Kim Dongin’s translated novel Last Afternoon. First of all, one feature of his translation is his use of various punctuation marks. The translator made much use of such marks as commas, parentheses, ellipses, equal signs, lines and emphatic dots, which were not found in Mori Ogai’s Japanese version. Second, he expressed foreign words with a variety of ways: Chinese characters as in ‘英國’, English alphabets as in ‘Adonis’, Korean alphabets as in ‘키쓰’ or emphatic dots as in ‘타 • 트 • 라 • ’ . It is somewhat true that some of these ways can be traced back to Japanese influence. Still, it is also true that his use of these methods was very subjective. In his translation, he did not simply put Japanese version into a corresponding Korean version. For example, he combined two sentences into one sentence one some occasions. He also utilized other ways such as inverting a sentence, using an ellipsis, or making a simple sentence a longer one. Also, it can be easily seen that he tried to search for proper words and expressions for his translation. The contrast between ‘uncommon handsome man’ and ‘uncommon ugly man’, and a set of 6 different Korean words for ‘goteishu(御亭主)’ would exemplify his efforts to come up with adequate words in his translation. The novel titled Last Afternoon was adapted to the novel titled Picture and Letter in 1934. It is interesting that the title of the adapted novel was Picture and Letter. In fact, a picture and a letter were used in the novel Last Afternoon as the cricial tools that changed the relationship between the man and the woman. This also had an impact on the novel Woman published in 1930. That is, a letter in the novel Woman played an important role for the hero to break up with Ms. Kim Okyep.

The prolonged COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a direct blow to the tourism industry in Busan. With most air routes being abolished, promotions such as fairs and conferences to attract foreign tourists are virtually impossible. Busan is entering a stage where the tourism industry is being destroyed by the lack of tourists, most notably from Japan and China which account for the majority of foreign tourists. Recognizing the recent seriousness, the Busan Institute released a study that said, “The Busan tourism industry should make public-private cooperative tourism products in the short term.” In Busan, Haeundae Beach has been the stage for numerous novels and movies in addition to literary works mentioned through research and has qualitative and quantitative resources for Busan's tourism content to be comparable to the case of Atami, Japan. Korean Wave video tourism is still being carried out on the back of the Korean Wave craze. However, literary-based tourism has a longer period of influence than visual tourism content found in movies and videos. As seen in Atami, Japan, it has the advantage of not ending up as a temporary phenomenon. In Atami, even if there isn’t an explosive trend like “Winter Sonata,” it has storytelling that can be consistently provided to domestic and foreign consumers. Besides, regional “cultural archetypes” are more diverse than other genres depending on the characteristics of the literary works. It is self-evident that the forms of tourism in the era of individualism, such as the “alone tribe,” “home shopping,” and “Zipcoc,” will change to unpredictable levels of individual tourism due to Corona-19. It is urgent to develop marine tourism content in Busan that can spread to personal and social media like blogs and YouTube.

This thesis aimed to consider the everyday life history that has been omitted from the existing criticism of imperialism, by newly understanding a colonized-marine city Busan and the ‘western Japan’ as the spaces where the human, material, and cultural relations were flexibly and mutually interchanged. Especially, through the analysis on the Joseon <Regional Edition> and the bibliographic information of 『Gwanmun Maeseok Newspaper』 published in the western Japan and then distributed to Busan Gyeongnam region, this thesis examined the Busan cafe culture as modernism of the 1930s. In the results, the 『Gwanmun Maeseok Newspaper』 was distributed to colonized Joseon as an appendix of 『Fukuoka Daily Newspaper』 which was the biggest daily newspaper in Kyushu, as a solution to stop the decrease of subscribers by a large Osaka newspaper’s entry to Kyushu, and it was also interlocked with a large Japanese newspaper’s entry to Joseon. Also, from the late 1920s, Busan started having the cafe culture as newly-rising bars differentiated from the existing Western food restaurants. In many cases, it was introduced as an object of edification in the diagram of civilization and non-civilization such as institutional insufficiency of labor union for waitresses, thoughtless prostitution, and customers’ bad manners. Nevertheless, the waitresses and businessmen in the western Japan actively entered Busan. And through this process, the modernity and pre-modernity were actively colliding and negotiating, which was led to the transformation of cafe culture in Busan as a colonized city.

Most of the undergraduate education was converted to non-face-to-face distance learning in the unprecedented situation of Corona 19, but before that, cyber universities, K-MOOC, and flip-running level distance learning were virtually the only form of distance learning in the country. It was generally provided in the form of teacher's lecture video content. Among Corona 19 undergraduate education institutes that defaulted to these limited experiences resulted in considerable dissatisfaction among students. In fact, with regard to online education, not a few previous studies have been accumulated in the country, but the studies so far have generally been based on meta-research utilizing domestic and foreign research cases or cases of cyber universities. Therefore, empirical research on non-face-to-face distance learning at general universities has recently emerged based on the experience of the first semester of 2020. Before Corona 19, the author had the experience of running a major course centered on student participation by breaking out of the professor's lecture-centered class. And the author had an improvement plan for the same course that will be opened in 2021, based on this course management experience, student satisfaction surveys and questionnaire surveys. However, depending on the situation of Corona 19, the course may be operated in the form of non-face-to-face distance learning in 2021, so it was decided to proceed with this research due to a practical need. The author reviewed previous research on the theoretical foundations of effective online education and research on implementation based on it, and combined his course management improvement plan with it. The core of this paper is how to effectively manage the teaching and learning components that make up it. In many school settings, real-time lessons and non-real-time lessons, zoom lessons and lecture video content-based lessons are often confused by choosing only one of these. As lessons in universities progressed for nearly a year among Corona 19, the so-called "hybrid" distance learning style, which is a mixture of real-time and non-real-time, zoom and video lectures, has already been instinctively adopted by some of advanced teachers. Through this paper, the author designed and presented the grounds for the need for hybrid distance learning and the lesson model of educational content distribution methods such as real-time and non-real-time. As I presented, how effective the lesson model is in actual lesson management, and whether this can be a lesson model that can be continuously managed without the overwork of teachers, will be discussed in the future. It should be verified through practice studies.