Earticle

The purpose of this study is to examine the diversity of perceptions about repatriation from the perspective of a local community by examining the specific situation of the Korean diaspora's repatriation and the impact of their repatriation on Busan during the post-liberation period. During the post-liberation period unique perception on repatriation and repatriates was formed in Busan, a gateway of repatriation. Since August 1945, more than 2 million Korean diaspora had repatriated to Busan from Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan in a short period of time. From the perspective of the local community of Busan, this meant a large influx of population, and various social problems derived from this movement had an effect on the gaze on repatriation and repatriates. Representative social problems arising from the influx of repatriates were housing shortages, unemployment and infectious disease. In local community of Busan, as confronting and responding to these problems, a ambivalent awareness of the repatriated Korean diaspora was created. Regarding the shortage of housing and unemployment, sympathy turned to the repatriates, although repatriation brought social confusion. However, in the face of the spread of the infectious disease, negative perceptions, in particular anxiety and fear, became more intense, and interestingly, it was prominent toward repatriates from a specific region. Like this when analyzed at the local level, the repatriation of the Korean diaspora was not a legitimate issue as a national task, and gazes on it showed complex aspects due to various social factors.

The Pan-eastern sea cultural area can be divided into northern and southern regions along the east coast. The northern region of the Neolithic period includes the Maritime territory and the lower Amur River in Russia, Gangwon-do in the southern region. and the Maritime territory in the northern part of the Bronze Age, and Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do in the southern region. The time when the culture zone was formed in each region is 6500~6000 B.P. in the Neolithic Age and 3400～2900 B.P. in the Bronze Age. The relics on the east coast are different in detail, but they appear not only in relics of almost similar shape, but also in the form of reinforcement. The northern region of the Pan-eastern sea cultural area of the Bronze Age is limited to the Maritime territory, and the earthenware, stoneware, and bronze ware of this culture appear in the Yeongseo area of Gangwon-do and the Nam River of Jinju, the southern part of the Pan-eastern sea cultural area. However, the movement of culture in the East Sea culture area seems to be related to temperature change. During the Holocene, the temperature on the east coast continued to rise and fall, and 6500～6000B.P. is the warmest period on the east coast. At this time, the most relics are found in the north and south of the Pan-east culture area. As well as 3400-2900B.P. This is a period of temperature rise. Therefore, it can be seen that the result of the culture that moved from the northern region to the southern region in the prehistoric era of the Pan-eastern sea cultural area occurred during the temperature rise.

This paper examines the direction of the movement that Chinese youths have chosen at the time, and what it means in 1990, amid the ongoing tensions between “movement” and “settlement” due to the global COVID19 pandemic. The author compared the movie narratives of the 1980s and 2010s. This thesis aims to interpret the historical nature of their affection plot while grasping the time and space of modern China in two films, 『Tian mi mi』, and 『Us and Them』, and their inner ideology, and also examined the substance of the boundary surrounding the young Chinese people who were differently named as “New immigrants” and “Beipiao” (people who wander around Beijing) with 20-years gap is, and the production of modern urban spaces and the relationship between epistemological changes occurring inside them. The previous film, 『Tian mi mi』, was released in the 1990s when the influence of world-historical ideological structures with the collapse of the post-war Cold War system existed. The youth of China moved from the socialist continent to Hong Kong, the capitalist island within socialism, then to the United States, the home of capitalism through the love story of migrating to the continent, the reorganization of the capitalist world order, and the relocation of China's lower class are reproduced. In this era, the new immigrants' movement direction firmly maintained the ideologically expanding toward the outside and globalization. On the other hand, the movie 『Us and Them』 accurately expresses what traces the restrictions before settlement caused by the family registration problem in Chinese society leave behind the young subjects flowing over urban spaces. Those who still do not have the right to settle have not escaped the formal social discrimination structure but are constantly pushing themselves toward new forms of life or breakthroughs, and they are making small achievements. Previously, peasants or Beipiao's concept was perceived as simply discriminatory language or low-level citizens in the city. Also, this thesis attempted to analyze how the two symbolic urban spaces, Hong Kong and Beijing, were perceived and recognized by contemporary Chinese youth through two films and whether they were re-signified or appropriated. Hong Kong was recognized as an intermediary space that transitioned to the space of capital in terms of the world system's spatial distribution at that time. At the same time, Beijing is now a cultural symbol and the meaning of the dominant space in Chinese society, which has already experienced the process of capital maturity to some extent. The meaning of power was added, and it was accepted as an exclusive space by powerful outsiders. This paper analyzes where the breakthroughs are heading for, paying attention to the changes in Chinese youths' meaning and perceptions of urban spaces. It is expected that this expansion of awareness will be an important guideline for the future policy direction of the Chinese government's city and generations.

In 1819, a Japanese government ship drifted to Chungcheong Province, with Yasuda and 24 people on board. After completing his three-year duties, he left Erabujima and was on his way to Satsumaburn, where he drifted and landed in Biinhyeon, Chungcheong-do. Afterwards, the process of returning to Japan via Waegwan was recorded in the form of a diary. Yoon Young-kyu, who was serving as a prefect in Biinhyeon, Chungcheong-do at that time, ran to find out that the drifting people had settled in Anpa Port. Tae-su valued the relationship between Japan and amicable relations. The lives of those who were living in a flooded boat were actually miserable. Tae-su tried to fulfill the principle of the principle by solving the problem as a leader in consideration of where he would not be punished. Looking at Tae-su, Yasuda praised him, saying, “He is always polite, humble, generous, and sincere, and he is solemn, dignified, and I respect him deeply.” In the 19th century, when there was no war in Japan, Confucian learning was more effective than martial arts, which was used as an opportunity to rise in status, and both sides of “scholar and warrior” were important. Yasuda insisted on ‘warrior’, and Taesu said that Yasuda was not like ‘warrior’. This is because at that time, the political differences between Joseon, which raised scholar, and Japan, which raised the number of warrior, were not immediately recognized. The historical records of Buddhist monk Hyun-jung and captain Ahn Eu-ki of Gangwon-do who drifted from Joseon to Daemado are examples of the Japanese treating them generously and leaving words of gratitude. The drifting people of Joseon and Japan left their hearts in writing, and Taesu and Yasuda also wanted to express their most precious feelings in writing.

This paper examines the feature of ｢Minongjeon｣ (Tale of Min Yusin) written by Pak Chiwon, focusing on its acceptance and transformation of 『Shiji Liezhuan(史記列傳)』. Pak Chiwon, the writer of ｢Minongjeon｣ was deeply inspired by Sima Qian’s literary thoughts, and he accepted the thoughts in his creative writings. The beginning and end of the tale are similar to Lie Chuan in expressing writers’ indignation that spurred them to write significant works. In the preface of ｢Banggyeokgak Oejeon (放璚閣外傳)｣, the writer Pak adopted expressions from the (老子韓非列傳) and used humor and satire. In particular, the subjects of humor include social issues and stereotypical ideas of the time. By altering the humorous narrative techniques shown in (蘇秦列傳) and (張儀列傳), the writer focused on the relation between Min Yusin and narrator. In addition, while examining the conflict between Min Yusin’s conflict between ‘ideal and reality,’ the writer Pak expressed his idea on social status system of the time and the need of stereotypical ideas of the time with the satire and humor. For Pak, 『The Records of the Grand Historian(史記)』 was an appropriate example to express the agony of intellectuals who were seeking intellectual change. It is clear that the humor and satire shared by Min Yusin and the narrator did not completely cure the narrator’s depression and also did not completely solve the narrator’s underlying depression. The indignation and sympathy in the tale was close to the theme and representation in Sima Qian's (屈原賈生列傳). Pak Chiwon’s tale was the successful recreation of 『Shiji Liezhuan(史記列傳)』 with its general human ideas and emotions including regret and sorrow, comfort and circulation. The tale has succeeded in delivering the ideas and the emotions to readers.

Hometown is a place to confirm ethnic identity despite changes in the world. It was the source of life and the starting point of their lives for the Korean immigrants in China who left hometown. The KBS Radio Social Education Broadcasting Station began correspondence with ethnic Koreans in China in the mid-1970s as a part of search campaign for dispersed family members. This study analyzed the sender's self-written poems recorded in correspondence using statistical processing techniques such as topic modeling, co-occurence analysis, and word-network analysis. By deriving the common theme of the poetical composition and categorizing them, it intended to objectively extract the characteristics of the Korean migrant group inherent in the poetical composition. As a result of the analysis, the subject of their self-written poems is a sense of nostalgia. Their longing for homeland was classified into the past reminiscence type, the present satisfaction type, and the future-oriented progressive type. The role of the Korean-Chinese as a bridge for reunification between the two Koreas is a remarkable group of poetry. It is a meaningful discovery in that the sense of nostalgia is not buried in the past, but is re-establishing identity by seeking their role in the future to come. Simultaneous word analysis shows the vocabulary group that symbolizes the Korean peninsula such as Samchulli Geumsugangsan is fixed and frequently used. As the hometown in the local sense is expanded to the hometown at the national level, the expansion of the perception that Korea becomes the hometown is reflected. A combination of words such as voice and the Korean people seem to be a group of words that appeared because the family search medium was a radio broadcast. It proves that the use of media can also intervene in the perception of hometown.

Recognizing the need to study the social adaptation of North Korean defectors in depth, this study aims to examine the trends of research on the social adaptation of North Korean defectors and present the direction of the research of a new perspective. The analysis of research trends focused on general trends, concepts of social adaptation, and variables affecting social adaptation of North Korean defectors. The main findings are as follows: First, the social adaptation of North Korean defectors was mainly dealt with in categories of sociocultural, psychological, and economic adaptation, and the study of economic adaptation was relatively rare due to the fact that social and cultural adaptation studies were conducted. Second, both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods were used in terms of research methods, but there were many studies that mainly focused on describing the actual conditions or presenting the current status. Third, there was a lack of research done by subdividing the characteristics of North Korean defectors in terms of research subjects. These factors were not properly considered, although the pattern of social adaptation and related factors of North Korean defectors could vary greatly depending on the period of residence in South Korean society. Based on these findings, this study suggested the need for in-depth research on economic adaptation, which may be a particularly important factor in South Korean social adaptation, and the need to approach the research subjects by subdividing them by period of residence in South Korean society in analyzing factors affecting such economic adaptation.

The Chinese degree adverbs comprise a closed set derived mainly from the content words and enrich the vocabularies. In this paper we specifically aim to investigate the levels of grammaticalization of four new degree adverbs “chāo” “zéi” “mán” “jù” in terms of their frequencies of use as adverbs and their variations in sentence structures. To answer the above questions, we have examined 1000 tokens for each new adverb from three Chinese corpus being commonly used. Considering the low percentage in the frequency of their uses as adverbs and their preferences for simple structures instead of compound ones, it is claimed that the grammaticalization level of the four new degree adverbs is still in the low stage. From the corpus data, it is shown that among the four words, three of them are nearly in the low stages of grammaticalization except for “mán” in the intermediate stage. Their dominant sentence structure is the same basic simple one as conventional degree adverbs instead of more complicated compound structures. Furthermore it is claimed that their preferences for parts of phrases as a kind of function words rather than their uses as a single word also indicate the low stages of grammaticalization for the four adverbs. In addition, their uses as degree adverbs depend on the genres and are more preferable in online language and media platforms. Hence it is concluded that the grammaticalization of all four words is still at a relatively low level and depends on various factors. We hope that this study will make modest contributions for those who want to look into the development and functions of the Chinese degree adverbs.

The purpose of this study is to examine the patterns of war metaphors in Chinese media coverage of COVID-19. To this end, articles with war metaphors were collected, the metaphoric patterns were categorized, and cognitive interpretation was added based on the conceptual metaphor theory of cognitive linguistics. In addition, the characteristics and communication effect of war metaphors in Chinese news media were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: First, many of the articles described COVID-19 situations in structural metaphors such as [treatment and quarantine is the process of war], [coronavirus is an enemy], [healthcare workers are warriors], [the hospital is a battlefield], [working in the medical field is like going to war], [coronavirus infection is like the invasion of an enemy], [the viral attack is an enemy's attack], [cure is a weapon], and [conquest of coronavirus is victory in war]. Second, the war metaphor of COVID-19 reflects the unique Chinese psychological culture of resistance. In particular, the use of war metaphors in media coverage shows the effective way of leading public opinion during the crisis and the positive perception that the disease can be defeated. Third, information on COVID-19 can be effectively and clearly delivered by using war metaphors for the unprecedented concept of “coronavirus.” This study explored the perceptions and values of COVID-19 among Chinese people and revealed that metaphors can be an effective communication method.

Meditation helps maintain both physical and mental health because it can heal the mind. Meditation calms down excessive excitation, and the prefrontal cortex is active. This means that you are not stressed while feeling psychologically stable. Long-term meditation can free us from daily stress by activating parasympathetic nerves. In addition, when meditators reach the state of jeongchung(精充), gijang(气壮), and shinmyeong(神明) through abdominal respiration, they can become the owners of their minds or brains through free control of their three-layered brains. In this paper, the origins of ‘精, 气, 神’, which are meditation-related Chinese letters, were analyzed, and at the same time, the meanings of their related vocabulary and the examples of its use in the BCC Corpus were analyzed. In doing so, the overall development from the origins of letters to the meanings and applications of vocabulary was analyzed and its association with meditation was examined. In addition, the collocations(搭配) of ‘精, 气, 神’ were set as 精n, 气n, and 神n and searched in the BCC Corpus. Based on the results, 10 collocations that had the closest co-occurrence relations were selected and analyzed. In addition, the causes of these relations were analyzed based on data on the annual usage of 精n, 气n, and 神n between 1946 and 2015, and the current usage of the letters ‘精, 气, 神’ in China was explored. A full understanding of the origins, meanings and applications of ‘精, 气, 神’ is likely to help identify the principles of meditation and perform meditation. In the future, it is hoped that lexical semantic analysis and collocation analysis will be expanded to Chinese characters in various fields.

The structure of events expressed by language also has similar structures in both spatio-temporal angles, and can be the most fundamental criterion for humans to differentiate objects. As we sometimes grasp syntax content through translation in foreign language learning, we tend to recognize events and understand content in our native language mindset. In order to understand different cultural reasons, it is important to approach them with more fundamental human reasons and look at events more objectively. Also, for that objective consideration, although it may be accessible through proven philosophical methods, and using formulas such as formalized natural sciences, engineering, and social phenomena may be one way. The text attempts to distinguish the difference in meaning between Chinese syntactic adverbs and bores, which are translated from Korean to adverbs, to be logical, more natural, and complete the syntax in Korean. In the semantic information expressed by the two identical components located before and after the predicate at the angle of time, there is a difference in subjectivity that the speaker's intention reveals, but there is no bore in Korean, so you can see the difference between various adverbs. Although translating Chinese bores into adverbs in Korean becomes a more natural expression, it is another way to choose the appropriate adverbs or compare different ways through syntactic conversion. However, what we need to look at here is that there is another limitation to the characteristics of Korean adverbs in the translation and the meaning of the adverbs or adjectives that are paraphrased. In other words, it is necessary to consider whether the adverb used in Korean does not distinguish between Chinese adverb and Bohr in terms of subjectivity and harmony. This is because there are also various types of Korean adverbs, and the functional and flamboyant differences revealed through word order in Chinese syntax can naturally be selected as suitable adverbs for the content in Korean translation.

Wanjeok and Do Yeon-myeong are both lovers and writers of the Weijin period. Both men liked alcohol, but there is little alcohol in Wanjeok's poems. On the other hand, Do Yeon-myeong's poems feature a lot of alcohol. It is no exaggeration to say that Do Yeon-myeong has a poem with alcohol. The drinking of Wanjeok and Do Yeon-myeong and their political attitudes, life attitudes and aesthetics are all closely related. Wanjeok was at the center of political violence, so he was forced to hide showing his talent, and even if he tried to get drunk, he could not fully drunked. Wanjeok used drinking as a tool to avoid anger. The political relationship of Do Yeon-myeong was relatively loose compared to that of Wan-jeok. However, as ancient writers were deeply involved in politics, he always wanted to express his views on real politics, but he used the power of alcohol to make political remarks and ambiguous expressions. Both Wanjeok and Do Yeon-myeong hover between Confucianism and Taoism, intertwining contradictions, and resolved to some extent by drinking. In terms of aesthetic attitudes, both Wanjeok and Do Yeon-myeong's drinking behavior had a strong aesthetic taste. However, Wanjeok rarely mentioned alcohol in the poem, and Do Yeon-myeong consciously introduced it to the poem, expressing aesthetic tastes in a unique form. The two tried to communicate with the true inner world of unconsciousness without being bound by the regulation by drinking and writing poems. During the Weijin period, they believed that those who worshipped the regulation were only for their own good. Whenever Do Yeon-myeong was disappointed with the reality, he comforted himself with alcohol, took pleasure in growing chrysanthemums, and hid his great wisdom. His pain, loneliness, and silence are not much different compared to Wanjeok. His poem related with drinking not only reveals the pain in his heart, but also contains the philosophy of life.

Vietnam is the most influenced country by Chinese Confucianism in Southeast Asia. This is because Vietnam was influenced by Chinese culture from the 7th century B.C., when it was the early period of national formation, due to its geographical environment attached to China. In particular, it is largely due to the direct control of China for more than 1,000 years as a subordinate state of China since the reign of Emperor Mu of the Han Dynasty in 111 B.C. Moreover, even after Vietnam gained independence from China in 972, various dynasties established a Chinese-style administrative system and established a legal system, using Confucianism as the basis for governing ideology and morality. And by selecting government officials through the Chinese civil service examination, running the state and ruling the people, Confucianism went through a process of localization, which spread from central to local communities and families. As a result, most Vietnamese today practice family rituals based on the Confucian practice of Confucianism and consider filial piety and support for their parents as the basis for their children. In addition, each school's classrooms are equipped with the philosophy of “Learn etiquette first, then study later.” of Confucianism as their educational philosophy. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the entire process from origin to development and decline in Vietnam by using the Chinese civil service examination implemented in Vietnam as a research topic to enhance understanding of Vietnamese Confucianism. This is because the Chinese civil service examination was introduced from China during the feudal dynasty of Vietnam and has long been implemented as a means of selecting Confucian scholar studying Confucianism as officials, which symbolizes Confucianism in Vietnam. In addition, the past system was implemented in various forms from central to local communities, which is believed to have played a major role in spreading Chinese Confucianism to various parts of Vietnam and transplanting it into Vietnamese culture. Therefore, in Chapter 2, the main body first reviews domestic prior studies on Chinese Confucianism and civil service examination in Vietnam. After that, in Chapter 3, examines the history of Chinese civil service examination, including its introduction and dissemination to Vietnam. In Chapter 4, draws up and outlines the impact of the Chinese civil service examination on Vietnamese society today. In the final conclusion, I will summarize what we have looked at in each chapter, while also trying to derive the characteristics of Vietnam's civil service examination and the characteristics of Vietnamese Confucianism today.

In addition to the strand of analysis of the strike of the rapid development of modern civilization and the trend of cultural and tourism integration, it is necessary to pay more attention to local intangible cultural heritage and tourism. BeiLu Opera of ShouNing, belongs to the National intangible heritage list, is at the crossroads of exploring new protection and heritance ways, and combined with tourism is considered a wise idea. To conduct this study, a long fieldwork and extensive literature analysis as used as research methods. During winter holidays between 2018-2019, author sever to investigate tourism industry and Beilu opera of ShouNing county. The paper argues that there is a possibility of symbiosis between Beilu opera and tourism, however, under the impact of series of problems such as insufficient endogenous power of tourism, immature development models of Beilu opera and the intervention of government with too strong power, which need to be further solved through running-in. Therefore, this article divided the symbiosis between Beilu opera and tourism of ShouNing County into three stages, and put forward three corresponding models: intermittent symbiosis mode in the condition of commensalism symbiosis, continuous symbiosis mode in the condition of dissymmetry symbiosis and symbiotic integrated model in the condition of symmetry mutualism symbiosis, so as to further explore the possibility of symbiosis between Beilu opera and tourism.

In the past studies, interfunctional coordination has been regarded as on of the principal drivers of various market performance. However, past studies have not explored how and when interfunctional coordination enhances salesperson capabilities. To address these research gaps, the present study aimed to identity the mediators and moderators of the relationship between deep acting and salesperson creativity. In detail, our research investigates the mediating effect of interfunctional coordination on the relationship between deep acting and salesperson creativity. The another objective of our research is to boundary conditions that strengthen the effects of interfunctional coordination and salesperson creativity. To test the hypotheses, we obtained data from 368 salespersons who were working in a department store in China. Also, to estimate the relationship among the variables, we proposed the research model which was constitute deep acting, interfunctional coordination, and salesperson creativity. The proposed research model was estimated using the PROCESS MACRO(Hayes, 2018). The results showed deep acting has a positive relationship with interfunctional coordination. Second, interfunctional coordimation was positively related to salesperson creativity. Third, deep acting and salesperson creativity was partially mediated by interfunctional coordination. Finally, the positive relationship between interfunctional coordination and salesperson creativity was stronger when self efficacy was high. On the basis of these findings, this research offers rich insights on the interfunctioal coordination and salesperson creativity which has been identified as a major challenge being faced by Chinese salesperson.

The purpose of this study to investigate relationship between organizationl justice (distributive, procedural), positive psychological capital and change commitment of china company‘s employees. In detail, based on justice theory(Colquitt, 2001), perceived distributive, procedural justice directly impact on change commitment and positive psychological capital mediate those of variables. Positive psychological capital consist of sub-dimension such as self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience(Luthans et al., 2007). After literature review, we conceptually build up all theoretical variables relationship and proposed direct and mediating effect hypothesis To test of hypothesis, survey method are performed. Total 287 questionnaires are used for analysis. The results are as follows. First, perceived distributive, procedural justice have positive impacts on change commitment. Second, positive psychological capital have mediating role of relationship between distributive, procedural justice and change commitment. Based on the results, organizational justice, such as distributive, procedural justice are critical determinants of change commitment. Also distributive, procedural justice enhance positive psychological capital and high on positive psychological capital leading to change commitment. It means that china company emphasis on build up justice to enhance change commitment. We provide understanding exactly why distributive, procedural justice are associated with employee’s attitude toward organizational change and it may foster a sense of positive psychological capital that has its own unique meanings.

In the era of COVID-19, universities have postponed opening of classes and decided to provide online classes instead of face-to-face classes to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In order to enhance efficiency in the entire online class going on due to COVID-19, the class was designed in a hybrid type. Online class production through video shooting, class card production for self-directed learning, Kakao Talk's talk board to check review studies, and 1:1 Google Meet have been in place to secure individual question and answer time for learners. For class design to complement the downside of unidirectional online classes, we approached learners as both instructors and managers. The survey results are as follows. First, When looking at the status of Hiragana learning in the class card, it was confirmed that learners with intermediate level of understanding in hiragana improve their basic learning ability by using the class card. Second, It was found that 14(87.5%) out of 16 learners who achieved 100% of the class cards had excellent grades. It was also found that 11(91.7%) out of 12 students with perfect grades achieved 100% of the class card. Third, The results showed the cases of affirming the improvement of skill through the class card among those who had perfect grades in Group B and Group C. Fourth, As a result of conducting an end-of-course questionnaire for learners, it was found that the class card seemed to have had a high effect in ‘learning’, ‘reviewing’, and ‘a sense of achievement.’ This research has significance in that the findings can be used as a basic reference regarding the design and practice of online Japanese classes.

What is the current state of North Korean studies across the Asia-Pacific region? This study surveys the broad landscape and relevant contexts across the region, including the role of North Korean studies within Korean studies. Korean and North Korean studies programs in South Korea, North Korea, and the rest of the Asia-Pacific region (including China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australasia and India) are briefly examined. Second, based on the example of North Korean studies in the Asia Pacific, including local experiences, the project investigates what lessons can be learned about the relationship of the fields of international and area studies. Third, within international studies, the paper considers whether (applied) anthropological perspectives on North Korean studies (an interesting integration of the “global” and the “local”) may help to generate more productive approaches to teaching and learning the field, and to making a real difference in the intense problems that North Korea represents. The study also presents selected responses to North Korean studies across the Asia Pacific, including a case study of a graduate class offered to mostly foreigners in South Korea, to examine whether involving internationals in the field can make much of a difference. Another response studied is typical reactions of Koreans and non-Koreans to North Korean studies. A third type of reaction is responses to questions on educating internationals about North Korea. The study concludes that applied anthropological approaches in North Korean studies can provide more fruitful avenues for integrative reflection about global and local issues in international and area studies and for positive activism for students concerning North Korean studies and problems in the Asia-Pacific region.