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Due to the material features, organic helmets and armors cannot remain the same with the passage of time. In order to examine their origin or genealogy, organic helmets and armors which date from earlier times should be restored first. When the excavated helmets and armors are too rare to study, ethnographical or anthropological data will help find out the unique characteristics and manufacturing technology of organic helmets and armors, which allows to study the technological correlation. Also, comparing with the helmet and armor cultures in nearby areas will help further study the rare remains. That is why we introduced and analyzed the armors of ‘Itelmen’, the Far East original inhabitants, that are currently housed in the Arseniev museum, Primorsky, creating the opportunity to restore the structure and some parts of the organic armors. The Itelmen armors (organic) are different from the plate armors (iron) in material. Yet, the two have the same goal to protect a human body as arms, which implies that the Itelmen armors and plate armors have similar manufacturing processes despite their different processing methods. Therefore, we took advantage of the relationship between the manufacturing process and technology which was applied to the survey of the plate armors so as to find out the manufacturing process and the unit manufacturing technology of the Itelmen armors. After the survey, we found that the Itelmen helmets and armors belonged to the traditional manufacturing technology of wooden armors because the Itelmen relics made of wood plates were used for defense and their plates were covered with leather to connect each piece. In terms of the design principle, the Itelmen remains adopted a vertical principle (the design of rectangular plates arranged in a row) just like the plate armors, which strengthens the correlation between the two. By analyzing the structure of the back part of the neck band platesr and the manner of wearing, we realized that the traditional manufacturing technology of the wooden armors were used to make the plate armors and assumed that there were some changes in manufacturing (about 2 steps) between the two. Aside from it, we suggested that the relationship between the ‘Gobal’-type wooden armors (a log is divided into 2 to 3 parts to be suitable for the upper part of a human body and then is made into an armor) with diverse decorations among the wooden armors found in the Japanese archipelago and ‘Wamoon’ (whirl decorations / a symbol of sun) of the plate armors be examined. However, other manufacturing technologies such as leather and scale armors as well as wooden armors were also found to affect the plate armors, implying that diverse cultures related to helmets and armors should be included in examining the origin and genealogy of the plate armors.

Due to recent increase in excavation investigations in Yeongdong region, Gangwon, materials needed for chronical recording of each era have been secured. Particularly, there is an ongoing work to record chronologically the basics of the Bronze Age and advancement and expansion of Shilla Ancient Tomb during the Age of the Three States. However, in case of the Iron Age, the residences of 10-ho, Byeongsan-dong, Gangneung and of 2-ho Gapyung-ri enable only so much as to retroactively locate the historical age to the third century B.C.; there is still a gap vis-a-vis the clay pottery stage across all era. As an alternative to this gap, there has been a suggested version that assumed a migration of "Tuanjie-krounovka culture" people to the northern east part of the Korean peninsula. However, after studying excavated materials, it was found that there were many problems in assuming the migration of these people. Therefore, in noting the upper bound of the Iron Age, there must be accurate investigations on sand-dune regions and some inland area. For a lower bound as well, it is noted that the time of expansion of Shilla Ancient Tomb during the Age of the Three States is considered to be at least at the end of the fourth century or the beginning of the fifth century; thereby making the gap in fourth century more apparent. The remains that correspond to this gap period have been confirmed recently in Songjeong-dong, Donghae and Geumjin-ri, Gangneung. Looking at recently disclosed data in various brochures, hard and no motif earthenware was present up until the fourth century, and lattice designed Do-Jil earthenware was also said to be present. Therefore, there must be a new explanation for Gangmun-dong remains, Gangneung, Byeongsan-dong remains, Anin-ri remains, Geumjin-ri remains, Songjeong- dong remains, Gangneung, and Jigyeong-ri remains, Yangyang, which have been recorded to be chronologically earlier than they actually are.

On examination of the Shell Mounds of Southern Korea in the Neolithic Age, we've often found out some evidence about the sea level's rising from the past. That is, in the case of the Shell Mounds at the shore, there were not only the union but the layer of abrasion shell between the treasure of the highest and the lowest, also we can discover the layer's disturbance phenomena such as submarine deposits. This is a research that have reviewed some examples on the remains of the sea level's rising focused on the Dongsamdong Site, and then through it I analogize when the sea level's rising happened and how big it progressed. As a result, I can make sure that the sea level's rising was happened by the Bonggyeri type Pottery recorded as the later of the Neolithic Age and Yijung Guyeon Pottery recorded as the last of it chronologically in the southern coast over those two periods. That period came under 4,300 B.P. and 4,000 B.P. according to absolute epoch, the seashore gravel layer was built up to the maximum 8.63m above sea level in the case of the latter. Also it's judged that the maximum sea osmosis gave an effect on the greatest surviving height, 13m above sea level, of the Dongsamdong Site. In view of the results so far achieved, I confirmed that there was the same situation during the similar times after comparing with one of Japan and Balhae's historic sites. It coincided with the cold current from the movement of the Alps glacial period, too. Therefore, it's the greatest sea level's rising followed by global warming since the postglacial period, it's expected not the local happening but the global warming in the southern Korea. At the same time, the Shell Mounds of Nongsori in Kimhae-3,440 B.P.-considered as the last step of pottery with double mouth rim was formed in the sub-zero sea level, reversely as coming to this time, global cooling was coming along and then it made sea level much lower than now. Finally this Environmental change brought about the erosion of Neolithic Age's culture, which was self-supporting economy, as changing into cultivation culture in order to adapt this new environment effectively it moved into the era of patternless earthenware.

The Upper Paleolithic complex of Selemdja clearly shows the developing process how the technical feature of Northeast Asian microblade core was erupted and combined. This study examines the type and the sub-type of this site with a new view based on the manufacturing technique for core stones, and classifies into 6 types and 17 sub-types. On these micro-cores, many researchers in Northeast Asia tried to make the frame of the most universal technology by studying various ways to classify each type. However, the diversity of technical eruption in their studies didn't explain the technical eruption on a single site or was just theoretical. The diversity also failed to show that the technical eruption made a time arrangement in which process. Therefore, this study tries to explain the problems into three parts by re-examining the upper-mentioned each type in technical side. The three parts are (1) the bifacial technique system, (2) system of the use of the flake and (3) system of the use of blank. By this, the study can figure it out that these three systems are related with the culture patterns' changes of the Microblade Culture in Selemdja Upper Paleolithic Site. In other words, explained with a relative chronological frame, it means that firstly it had appeared to the complex technical system corresponded to bifacial system and then the use of the ventral part of flake added to the existed system. The last step of Upper Paleolithic Age seems to have used the manufacturing technique for prismatic core or conical core based on a developing technique to utilize the raw material.

An Hwak's philosophical backgrounds were traditional ideas and Western modern ideas. Even though An Hwak criticized Confucianism which was dominant traditional ideas of the Choseon Period, he tried to inherit tradition in an independent position and reform Choseon modernly. ｢An Outline of Korean Philosophy｣ is the very first writing that used a separated term ‘Korean Philosophy’. In the history of Korean Philosophy, ｢An Outline of Korean Philosophy｣ is the first of all the writings that mentioned ‘Korean Philosophy’ ｢An Outline of Korean Philosophy｣ is the first composition that was written in the identity of the written and spoken language. ｢An Outline of Korean Philosophy｣ is the first writing that regarded thoughts of the general public as an important data of the spirit of the times. ｢An Outline of Korean Philosophy｣ reflects the purpose of finding and establishing Korean Philosophy by Koreans. ｢An Outline of Korean Philosophy｣ made it possible to achieve the Cultural Independence of Korean Philosophy from the subordinate relationship with cultural area of a Chinese character.

Eastern philosophy in Korea, an existing traditional thought, during the rule of japanese imperialism was looking for a way to set up the subject of Chosun that lost its national sovereignty. Research of Eastern philosophy in Korea during the rule of Japanese imperialism was not active as it was overwhelmed by the predominant Western philosophy. Following is the trend of research of Eastern philosophy during the rule of Japanese imperialism examined through magazines. At the early days of the rule of Japanese imperialism, the Western philosophy was accepted as well as the Eastern philosophy in Korea, the existing values, was reflecting on itself. Since then until 1920s, researches about various themes were tried to find the identity and course of Eastern philosophy in Korea. Then the research of Eastern philosophy in Korea began in 1920s and tended to be unified under the category of Chosunhak(朝鮮學) that was prevalent in 1930s. Much of the findings of Eastern philosophy in Korea was released through magazines(or newspapers) at that time when there was no professional journals. Especially much of the findings of Silhak(實學) and Yang Ming Xue(陽明學) was released through magazines, suggesting that magazines at that time played not a little role as a field of communication between philosophy and the mass. To understand more synthetically the trend of Eastern philosophy in Korea during the rule of Japanese imperialism of which the examination is insufficient compared to the contemporary Western philosophy, it might be necessary not only to investigate through magazines, but to excavate the Eastern philosophers in Korea during the rule of Japanese imperialism to arrange their writings, articles and academical annals systematically.

This paper aimed at studying on acceptance situation of European philosophy through a Journal in Japan's colonial rule of Korea. In result of searching articles, the European ancient and medieval philosophers' related articles are very few. Whereas the interest in the modern and contemporary European philosophy appeared considerably high. As it is referred to already sufficiently in existing studies, the European modern philosophers like Hegel, Kant, Spinoza, Rousseau, Pascal are introduced importantly. Among contemporary philosophers, Marx occupied overwhelmingly the high place. Also Heidegger, Nietzsche, Dilthey who lead an Existential philosophy and philosophy of Life are introduced importantly. Korean philosophers, who introduced European philosophy through a Journal in Japan's colonial rule of Korea are Sin Nam-Chul, An Ho-Sang, Lee Gwan-Yong and so on. These philosophers accommodated and accepted Europe(Western) philosophy not merely for the sake of philosophy but also for searching for some practical and alternative ideas to overcome the colonial age and gain the independent attitude.

This essay is to study on acceptance situation of British and America philosophy in korea through journal published under the rule of Japanese imperialism. The journal is closely related with contemporary accounts. Under the rule of Japanese imperialism, many philosopher join in a dispute by journal. I studied journal dividing into four categories. In First chapter, this essay investigated a role of the journal and relationship with the humanities. In second chapter, this essay introduced about a phase of Owen's utopian socialism through journal published under the rule of Japanese imperialism. In third chapter, this essay investigated contents and analysis of the journal dealing with British and America philosophy, Russell's social reformation in particular. In fourth chapter, this essay investigated Dewey's pragmatism. In conclusion, I would like to finish this essay making clear that British and America philosophy introduced by journal. In addition to that British and America philosophy extended and developed by journal.

This paper aim at a preliminary study on Gam San(憨山 德淸. 1546〜1623). His life and his books are known to the general public by his autobiography 『Gamsanjajeon(憨山自傳)』. So, this paper will judge the thoughts that are his three religions-unity theory(三敎合一論)'s background and how many dose it have an effect on Korea Buddhism. The three religions-unity theory have been on the history of Buddhism in China. Especially, it was criticized in the Period of North and South Dynasties. Then Su(隋) brought the China under a single authority, and the three religions(Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism) became the fusion-harmony theory(融合調和論) with a government. There are peoples in the Ming-dynasty(明). But, Gam San asserted the three religions-unity theory that is a standpoint of the Hoetong(會通) of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. And this the three religions-unity theory had an many effect on Korea Buddhism.

This paper is a succession paper of ‘A Study on Bom Bu Kim Jeongseol's Life and Thoughts’, and it's a study about 「Gyerymhagsuk(鷄林學塾) and Bom Bu Kim Jeongseol」. But, it will describe only 'foundation-times of Gyerimhagsuk' because of an enormous amount of information through historical research. The facts of｢Gyerymhagsuk｣ that was build in an old house of Choi(崔氏古宅) and Hyangkyo(鄕校) at Kyungju Kyodong(慶州 校洞) will be reorganized through data that are custody data in the Yeungnamhagwon and testimony of the survivor in here. This paper will be describe that these are the entity of ｢Gyerymhagsuk｣ and the relevance with Bom Bu Kim Jeongseol through <before mentioned ｢Gyerymhagsuk｣> and <｢Gyerymhagsuk and Kim Bom Bu>. In result, we will get at the entity of 「Gyerymhagsuk」and the specific relation between it and Kim Bom Bu. I think that 「Gyerymhagsuk」study is beginning now and the entity of 「Gyerymhagsuk」will describe through testimony of the survivor and field·work than now.

"Tears of Blood", by Lee In-jik in 1906, a novel of the period of enlightenment, with the Sino-Japanese War as the background, expressed the discourse of enlightenment that the public should make themselves strong and wise with new education. It gave readers of those days impression with its narrative plot. The features of plot can be arranged like belows. First of all, the writer did not aim at reporting the details of the Sino-Japanese War but focusing on growing of the public in the novel. So, in the text, the greater part of the novel consisted of sufferings of the public and their awakening. The situation in which people suffered from the Sino-Japanese War and many families being broken up was given a great deal of weight on his writing, and Ok-ryeon and her father Kim Kwan-il, and Ku Wan-seo who went through these sufferings got to awaken went to the U.S to learn new education in the long run. Next, he curtailed the war situation in the novel. That is, he expressed the war situation in short with literary metaphor and brief description of the narrator in the novel : reduction of part of victory of Japanese over the war and despotism. In the ending part of it, Asianism discourse contradictive narrative were inserted. The contradictive plot of it could be interpreted as a kind of warning that Asianism discourse that the writer hoped mutual prosperity of three countries could not be hope nor make a national crisis clear up. The narrative plot, however, was different from political reality of those days, which was the narrative gap between the novel and reality. There was no alternative for it but to be in his novel because the object of it was neither recording the historical war nor letting us know the situation of those age but telling us his enlightenment discourse that new education itself can be the only way to make the public strong and wise. Besides, he intended to evade comment on political state of Korea, and Sino-Japanese War of literary metaphor showed his point of view that the future of Korea was dark. These were his limitations as he believed the theory of social evolution and he was one of the pro-Japanese. But "Tears of Blood" that made people abandon traditional class consciousness and encouraged the public to grow deserved to be estimated high. His novel, that expressed expectation for the power of the public and belief in the style of the unity of speech and writing and got readers to be moved, was some meaning of the history of literature.

This study aims to reconstruct the common "blacksmith culture" of East Asia by focusing on myths of blacksmiths containing historical accounts of the identification of kings or shamans. Myths from four different countries, Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam, have been selected as the object of research because these four countries belong to a common cultural sphere with a common literary language, classical Chinese, and a common religion, Buddhism. This study reveals the base of the blacksmith myth types which, except for the myth of Seok Talhae, have not yet been examined in depth. From this perspective the study expands to include Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese mythology and classifies the different types of East Asian blacksmith myth. The ubiquitous, common feature that appears in the blacksmith myths of all four countries is that the blacksmiths are alchemists of the spirit, that is to say, shamans. This study also reveals that the blacksmith god in all four countries and also in Mongolia has a close affinity with children, who are connected with iron ore, which was represented symbolically as a child. Furthermore, in accordance with the different cultural individuality of each country, the blacksmith appears as a king, an avatar of love, or a sacred goddess, thus reflecting the consciousness of the feminine principle of the people from each of the countries. The most noteworthy achievement of this study is its demonstration of the affinity between the cultures of Korea and Vietnam. There are many common features in Korean masked dance (talchum) and Vietnamese traditional drama, and also in the genre of mythology, Korean 'shaman ancestor' (mujo) myths bear a close resemblance to those of Vietnam in terms of structure. Deeper comparative research into the culture and literature of Korea and Vietnam is urgently required.

This is a comparative study on the moderating effects of the switching barriers on the relationship between customer satisfaction and relation continuance intention through both Chinese and Korean sample analyses. The data for this survey consisted of 342 customers (Korean 195 and Chinese 147) who had experienced the beauty salon for at least 3 months. The results through SAS 9.1 and AMOS 4.0 show as following: First, in the main-effect model, irrespective of country, both customer satisfaction and interpersonal relationship were positively associated with relation continuance intention in two countries. Especially, the switching cost affects the relation continuance intention positively in the Korean Model but does not significantly affect the relation continuance intention in the Chinese Model. Second, in the interaction effect model, both satisfaction and interpersonal relationship are positively and significantly associated with relation continuance intention in the Korean model but not in the Chinese model. Finally, the interaction between satisfaction and switching cost and the interaction between satisfaction and interpersonal relationship are all not associated with relation continuance intention in both models.

가맹본사와 가맹점주 사이의 관계는 여러 국지적인 시장에서 상당히 역동적이며 적극적이다. 선행연구에서 Daft (1982)는 기계적 조직 구조와 유기적 조직 구조가 하나의 조직 속에 상존할 수 없다고 주장하고 있다. 그러나 Sul(2002)과 Sul & Khan(2006)에 의하면, 가맹을 하고 있는 미국의 레스토랑 가맹점주를 대상으로 한 연구에서 프랜차이즈 본사와 점주들 간에 기계적 조직 구조와 유기적 조직구조를 함께 상존시킨다고 가맹점주들이 인식하고 있다고 보고한바 있다. 가맹본사와 가맹점주 간에 상호 의존적 공생관계에 있어 여러 가지 접촉 채널을 통해 서로를 인식하게 되는것이 레스토랑 가맹 조직체계 이다. 창업전략은 가맹사업 분야에서 가장 중요한 전략으로 인식되어 왔다. 미국의 대규모 레스토랑 가맹점주를 대상으로 한 본 연구에서 레스토랑 가맹점주들은 이러한 가맹본사의 창업전략차원을 뚜렷한 창업 전략으로 지각하고 있었다. 이에 근거하여 본 연구는 미국의 대규모 레스토랑 기업을 대상으로 하여 가맹본사가 형성하는 기계적-유기적 조직 구조와 창업 전략에 대한 가맹점주의 인식을 조사한 것이다. 본 연구에서 레스토랑 가맹점 입장에서 본 대규모 가맹본사의 창업전략의 특성인 사전 행동성, 혁신성, 모험성, 경쟁적 공격성, 자치성과 같은 측정 도구를 이용했으며, 기계적 유기적 조직의 특성인 의사결정성향, 환경적응성향, 정식화성향을 측정도구로 사용하였다. 다중회기 분석을 이용하여 레스토랑 가맹점 입장에서 본 대규모 가맹본사의 유기적 조직과 창업전략의 관계를 측정하였다. 분석결과 가맹점의 시각에서 대규모 레스토랑 가맹점 본사의 창업전략은 유기적인 가맹 조직구조와 상관관계가 있음이 확인 되었다. 그러므로 본 연구는 대규모 유명 레스토랑 가맹점들은 가맹본사의 창업전략을 통해 가맹 사업의 유기적 조직과 함께하고 있다는 것을 증명해 보이고 있다. 이는 가맹 본사가 대규모 가맹 사업 점포를 가지기 위해서는 창업 전략과 유기적 가맹 조직 구조를 가져야 한다는 것으로 간단히 설명 할 수 있는 것이다.

This study was designed to investigate the moderating effect of individualism-collectivism in the relationship between parenting attitude and social competence of children. Subjects of this study were 490(Male 257; Female 233) 6th graders from intact families. Participants completed two sub-scales of Parenting Attitude Questionnaire(i.e., affect and control), Social Competence Scale and Individualism and Collectivism Scale for Children. Collected data were analyzed using Product-moment correlation coefficient and t-test. Results of correlation analysis showed that there were significant relations between affectionate attitude and social competence, but there were no significant relations between controlling attitude and social competence. The results of t-test demonstrated that the relations between parenting attitude and social competence may differ according to sex of parents and children. The results of analysis on moderating effects of individualism-collectivism showed that for individualists, level of social competence was different according to parenting attitude; for collectivists, the difference in the level of social competence was found only in boys. For girl, there was no significant difference in the level of social competence regardless of parenting attitude. These findings suggest that individualism-collectivism may moderate the influence of parenting attitude on the development of social competence of children. The implications of these results on theory and practice were discussed. Finally, suggestions for further research were made on the basis of the limitations of this study.

As can be seen from the review done so far, Liuxie's point of view on history of literature cannot be explained by the simple dichotomy between the times and literature. We need to have a clear understanding of literature at that time from a historical perspective. To understand his point, it is necessary to first take a comprehensive look at not only the periodical phenomena but literary trends and views on fundamental problems of literature. Basically, he follows and admires the Confucianism, having critical standpoint on excessive formalism and creative acceptance on the discussion of both theoretical and practical problems at that time. In particular, he considered the current thought of the times as the basis of history of literature and the interaction of modification and foundation of literature as the essence of literature. His viewpoint became a kind of measuring sticks to evaluate history of literature. His viewpoint was not inflexible following of ancient literature but reformative efforts against the excessive formalism and estheticism in the contemporary literature. After all, it is necessary to keep in mind that his viewpoint of history of literature is that literature is closely related to such elements as the political and social situation of the times.

This paper, as a focus on comparative literature, discussed the understanding of Lee Kyubo(李奎报) to the Wei-Jin literati. Lee Kyubo was proficient in Chinese literature, so he devoted himself to lift up traditional ideology in Ko-Ryo(高麗) society, and to rehabilitate the new literature by the liberal thoughts. Therefore he strived to find the clue from Wei-Jin Literati who had a thirst for spiritual liberty. Lee Kyubo's understanding to Ruan-Ji(阮籍) and Ji-Kang(嵇康) basically focused on ZhiQi(志氣) and LiJiao(禮敎). They fought back to fallacious LiJiao, and sought to go back Nature(自然) by alcohol. Therefore Lee Kyubo admired their lives and thoughts that realized a sense of unity with Nature. His understanding to Xie-Lingyun(謝靈運) focused on his creation of Mountain and Stream Poetry(山水詩). He esteemed Xie-Lingyun who was the representative poet of Wei-Jin literary area, and positively supported their literature position. Lee Kyubo esteemed the style of Tao-Yuanming(陶淵明)'s poetry as a 'simple and honest by nature' and 'rural' one. So he wanted to follow Tao's style, simultaneously, he strived for his form of thinking. This Tao's internal thoughts was a spiritual indicator in which he wanted to embody. Even though he admired the thoughts of Wei-Jin literati, his cognition of Nature seemed to take more or less artificial and dual attitude.

The Standard Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese has changed unceasingly throughout the Chinese history. When this standard pronunciation of Chinese became the official language, it is considered that the standard pronunciation had notbeen based on a certain dialect, and rather had some sort of unbroken rules in its changing patterns. The Capitals of each dynasty where the kings lived was the political and cultural centre of China. Those Capitals have changed throughout several thousands of Chinese history, but the standard pronunciation of chinese has not changed, rather developed with some unbroken rules which we can trace back.

이 논문은 인도불교의 緣起개념이 중국에서 감응관을 통해 어떻게 변화하고, 한국에서는 감응관이 어떤 방식으로 전개되는지 알아보는 데 목적이 있다. 위진시대에 고대 중국의 감응 개념은 불교의 성격을 변화시켰다. 인도의 연기 개념과 중국의 감응 개념은 세계의 사물과 사건들의 운동과 변화를 표현하는 핵심 사상으로서 공통점이 있다. 당시 중국인은 감응 개념을 통해 윤회와 연기를 이해할 수 있는 길을 찾았다. 한국에서 감응을 통해 불교를 재해석한 사례는 󰡔三國遺事󰡕에 나온다. 일연은 중국이 아닌 한국적 방식으로, 즉 제국의 질서에 동화하는 것이 아닌, 자신이 서 있는 땅을 진정한 중심으로 자각했다. 그것은 感應을 神異로 이해한 것에서 드러난다. 그는 세계의 비실체적 성격과 운동을 인정하되 그 방식이 동화의 과정이 아니라 신비스럽고 이질적인 기적(神異)을 확산하는 과정이라는 데서 중국불교의 감응관과 결별한다. 일연은 감응과 신이를 통해 초월적 세계와 현실계를 넘나들고, 역사와 허구, 중심과 주변의 경계를 허물었다. 이렇게 중국과 한국에서 전개된 감응관의 역사를 통해 감응관이 어떻게 불교의 모습을 바꾸어 나갔는지 확인할 수 있다.

In July, 2008, there are totally 1,593 listed companies in China. About 70% of these listed companies are the state owned listed companies, and the rest are collective or private owned listed companies. The core element that decides the efficiency and the competitive power of listed company is the corporate governance. This thesis considers the real state and reform direction of the corporate governance centering around the ‘tunneling’ of the heavy stockholders of listed companies. The methods of tunneling is considered around the 1) heavy stockholder's enforced occupying and using funds of the listed company, 2) payment guarantee on loan to the heavy stockholder by the listed company, 3) property transfer through related party transactions between the listed company and the heavy stockholder, and etc. And it also analyzed the background and the reasons why tunneling behavior have become common in China using 1) the listed company's stake structure characteristic of 'heavy stockholder's overwhelming amount of stake possession and 2)the concept of ‘potential rule’ established in the process of listing(IPO) between the existing company(mother company) and the listed company. Lastly, corporate governance reform measures by Chinese government to regulate tunneling and protect small stockholders and further assignments are considered.

According to the Holy Bible, Jesus Christ is tested twice in His life. The first test is the death threat by the King Herod during His childhood , and the second test is his temptations by the devil before Jesus begins life of Messiah. However, in 「Seihonohito」(The Man of the West) by Akutagawa, there is the text about Jesus tempted by Satan. The purpose of this thesis is to observe the meaning, by Akutagawa, of the temptation of Satan focused on chapter 12, <Satan>. First Jesus Christ is tempted with the bread by Satan, and Akutagawa did not deny but admitted the necessity of the bread. This implies that the humans also need to be mentally nourished (the Logos) as other animals can live on just bread. Second, Akutagawa argued that Jesus overcomes the temptation since Jesus is a "fateful child" controlled by the Holy Spirit, and could not live His own life. Third, Akutagawa stated that “keeping himself away all the earthly dreams", because the "Child of the Holy Spirit" is led by the Holy Spirit, He views importance of Heaven. After the three temptations, Satan "left from Jesus Christ for a while." Akutagawa had a special emphasis on "for a while" expression; he tried to imply the Satan's persistence and human's weakness because Jesus was both the "Child of the Holy Spirit" and the Virgin Mary's child, which symbolizes His life on the earth. Eventually, I discovered Akutagawa's 'View toward Jesus Christ' by studying Satan's temptations from chapter 12, <Satan>.

This paper try to find desirable time management strategy through the understanding and comparison of time use study in Busan and Fukuoka. For this, we compared and considered average time spent on activities for all persons, average time spent for pariticipant, participation rate, participation rate by time of day in Busan and Fukuoka. After the comparison, characteristics of Busan time-use tendency came out general tendency that due to the spread of 5day work week system, decrease of labor time and increase of free-time, but Fukuoka revealed unexpected result that is increase of labor time and decrease of lesuire time, inversely. And we found out that Busan not only the standardization of meal time and concentration of labor time are more behind but also moving time that including commuting to and from school or work are too much higher than Fukuoka, So we must search for new time management strategy to enhance the citizen's quality of life in Busan.

This papers is for our Understanding of the artistic role of the picture in the ages of humanism. The Ages of humanism in Europe began with the movement of the Renaissance in th 14～16 Centuries. In the case of East Asia it arrived roughly in the Yuan dynasty(1279～1368) the process changed in the pictures in the East and The West began with the descriptions of the transcendental beings, such as God, angels, heroes and heroines, and their world or the mythical and historical events, developed to the representation of the citizens'world and life by way of historical figures'portraits, their realities of life, and their world. The periodical characteristic of the humanism dayes in the description of man's life and his world was based on the artist's introduction of the perspective which appeared on the process of Renaissance movement. The Perspective appeared in the Italian region in the 15～18 Centuries, and spreaded out to the Europe and the East Asia. The direction of the artistic's description in the humanism dayes was concretized into the surrealism by way of realism based in material world. The material world is the place where human beings exist as a creature, so that the material world in the humanism days can not but be the biggest object of attention to human beings. The picture is the artistic genre to express the colors and shapes of beings which make up the material world human beings can be the creature imprisoned by the colors of shapes of beings. In that meaning, human beings can not but pay attention to those of beings which are the objects for artist to be expressed. The human being's aesthetic expression can be his action of expressing those of the objects which he recognize in order to solve his desire suppressed indirectly. The artistic function of the picture can be arranged as the following. It is first of all to have man establish the idealistic relationship between him and his world by translating God's perspective into man's. In that sence the picture can be the artistic genre to perform its role to have man enjoy the meaning of his existence by expressing his visual objects which make up the basis of his being in the terms of solving his want supressed.

According to 『Kojiki (古事記』)와 『Nihon Shoki (日本書紀)』, rulers had been sent to the ground twice from Gocheonwon(高天原.) One was Susanoo's myth and the other was Ninigi's myth. It is not too much to say that these two forces play a pivotal role in the Japanese mythology. Generally, the former is also called Izumo (出雲) myth, and the latter Hyuga (日向) myth. Korea has been deeply involved in both cases. Izumo (出雲) cycle was the one who crossed the sea from Shilla and settled down in the Izumo province. They worshiped mythical figures, Susanoo and Onamuji, as their ancestors. Whereas Hyuga (日向) cycle was the one who crossed the sea from Kaya and settled down in the Kyushu province. They worshiped mythical figures, Amaterasu and Ninigi, as their ancestors. Both forces ruled over different regions and established their own powers, so that there had been no conflict at the beginning. However, two forces went into a war and the Izumo cycle was defeated. As a result, Hyuga cycle exercised dominion over Izumo cycle who just had to withdrawn from the power force. It is believed that their power struggle didn't reached an amicable settlement, and that the remnants of the Izumo cycle had put up a stiff resistance. The two forces had been completely united under the rule of Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan, when Jimmu and Iskeyori got married. Jimmu, descendent form Hyuga (日向) cycle, got married to Iskeyori, daughter of Ohomononushi who was the leader of Izumo cycle. As a result, next emperor of Japan might be the descendant of both Hyuga and Izumo cycles. Against this backdrop, the previous translation by the Japanese that their marriage could mean the establishment of royal authority between the conqueror and the original settlers might not be true. Rather, it could mean that Susanoo cycle (Izumo) and Amaterasu cycle (Hyuga), who had been hostile to each other under the Japanese mythology system, combined and formed a new power. At the same time, it could mean that the Kaya force had absorbed the Shilla force and created the Imperial Family of Japan.

Oosugi sakae is anarchist (anarchisms) with comes to call socialistic athlete, the thinker and the liberal arts critic, essayist etc. In child present oosugi azuma. Where they are aichiken natives eldest son the sikoku kagawaken marugame from was born in 1885 January 17th work. Oosugi sakae military personnel native is strict and will grow with the family educational lower part model boy of the parents who is reliable was a child. When but being young from, with the director who is frequent is a change of schools blame, is not adapted to a new life. As for the child ordinary will consider the conduct which cannot and others will decrease from the process and with character which has and the character which is unique does not know makes change. The character which such him is unique to after with the teacher of Japan anarchist not only the Japanese society East Asia ideologies makes be born again with the person which affects even in the field. Like this oosugi sakae is not common the character which is unique with his life the method which according to chronicle describes an activity leads in the center and under investigating boil the motive and the background of his antisocial activity. Especially, influenced oosugi is many specially even in the Pak- ryoul, Yl-dong hwi, Kim-yak soo, Son-myoung pyoh and the Korea anarchists acts as the anarchist who was evaluated. To simultaneous time at the time of about Korean mass communication oosugi researches to that extent do not display the light are the actual condition from current Korea which is a person which pays attention. Oosugi grows how from the present paper consequently, is made to develop the conduct which is antinational and his social movement and anarchism motion leads and participated in Japanese modern time the anarchist oosugi sakae ideologies which his activity and illuminates investigates

Kamakura Shogunate which consisted of local knight as a public a group unit(Gokeninsei) was a government of knights, and their support and participation must have been essential method to accession to power and construction of system. But the one thing that we must notice is that unofficial personal relations like Gokeninsei, close men government had a great effect on the maintenance and administration of the system. There were various kinds of classes in the Kamakura Shogunate, and as it became stabilized, men of ability for administration were taken into positions of responsibilities. Minamoto Yoritomo appointed Gokenin from Kantou to positions of trust and intended to stabilize the system. He made much of Josiki with knowledge and forces but out of the system. Like these, the essence of the Minamoto Yoritomo administration was not the system but the very personal relations. We could see so many personal relations in the establishment and development of Shogunate. Men from various classes around political power who were appointed to positions of responsibilities devoted themselves to the maintenance of the system. Justice, utility or legitimacy didn't absolutely work at that time. The purpose of this study of Kamakura and Close Men Government is the importance of the informal political activities which had existed before the Shogunate governments were established with systems in the establishment and development of Kamakura Shogunate, and investigation into the essence of the personal relations made by the Close men.

This paper examines the current studies of Hwandonghae (The Rim of East Sea) in Japan in order to suggest how important and necessary such studies can be in Korea in the near future. A large proportion of Japanese scholarship on Hwandonghae focuses primarily on the aspects of 'cycle', 'symbiosis' and 'Donghae' (East Sea) in their studies. They point out that Hwandonghae exists in the cyclical natural environment in which the symbiotic relationships between humans and nature, and the potential harmony between countries in the zone can be realized. In doing so, they highlight Donghae itself and its role and importance. In line with the studies of Hwandonghae in Japan, I underscore the necessity and significance of the studies in Korea. As a country that shares Donghae with Japan, Russia and China, Korea should set up and develop its own studies of Hwandonghae. In exploring the following facts, I would reassert the significance of the studies in Korea. Firstly, Donghae with its geographical location functions as a belt that ties up Korea and her neighboring countries such as the Japanese Islands and Yeonhaeju (China and Russia). This is one reason why the studies of Hwandonghae should not be carried out by Japan only. Korean scholarship should join the studies systematically. Secondly, various voices and interests exist among the coastal countries, regions, and communities in relation to the use of Hwandonghae. It is necessary for Korean scholarship to explore an enabling model with which to challenge hegemonic socio-political structures. If not so, Korea might not have a say in international community concerning Hwandonghae. Thirdly, natural resources abound in Hwandonghae and its coastal regions. But the geographical distribution of them is various. For example, forest resources are still rich in the coastal regions of Russia, but they are relatively poor in the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands. And lastly, Hwandonghae has the potential to inspire various discourses in the areas such as culture, history, people, natural environment, archaeology, etc. Considering the geopolitical circumstances of Korea, Korean scholars could include 'Seohae' and 'Namhae' in their studies of Hwandonghae and explore living foundation, communication and exchange, and the future of mankind in an integrated way.

This paper reveals the origins of so-called Haikō no Kemyō in Tarō, Jirō, Saburō, Shirō, Gorō etc. found in literature like Ise-monogatari since Heian Period. It also discusses the usage of naka, which is used to implies the second offspring, in the canonical Ancient literature such as Kojiki and Nihon-shoki and the correlation between naka and the origin of Haikō no Kemyō.

In Korea, cultural phenomena are often linked to Confucian teaching. And in the case of organ transplants, the tradition of Confucianism appears at odds with modern medical practices. In this paper, the author sheds light on Confucianism as an explanatory system within the context of organ transplants, with examples of this practice expressed in Confucian terms, while depicting the broader perspective of Confucianism as employed by the Korean people. The narratives that invoke Confucianism in the context of organ transplants are full of contradiction. Both those who argue that the progress of organ transplants in Korea is lagging and those who feel more optimistically about this progress use Confucianism to justify their logic. As Confucian teaching is not restricted to a single, correct interpretation and is expressed in different ways by different people, analyzing Confucianism as a monolithic philosophy is problematic.

This study is to explore the changes and continuities of regional political elites in Russia by categorizing them into four groups on the basis of the length of their incumbency. The study also leads us to a couple of findings. First, drastic changes could be identified in both initial period of Eltsin's and Putin's rule. Second, such technocrats as economic elites those based on banks and industrial sectors, those from judicial sectors and intelligency branches emerged as a ruling class, while the first generation of regional elites became regional heads. This could be one of most conspicuous changes that were introduced under Putin. Third, new faces emerged in the process of institutional changes that had been caused by negotiations between Moscow and federal subjects.