Earticle

Multicultural discourses and multicultural spaces have recently attracted increasing attention in Korea. This article analyzes the urban redevelopment projects in WonKokdong in Ansan and Karibongdong in Seoul, the two neighborhoods where Korean Chinese are concentrated. Although multicultural discourses prevailed in these redevelopment processes, Korean Chinese who did bring multicultural characteristics to these urban spaces did not play the leading role. By examining the exclusion and selective incorporation of Korean Chinese into these urban redevelopment projects, this article analyzes how the putative opposition between nationalist and multicultural discourses engendered the exclusion of Korean Chinese from the contemporary multicultural discourses in Korea.

Korean Chinese refer to those who moved from the Korean peninsula to the northeast area of China from late 19 century to early 20 century, and the people who have gathered in group as minority ethnics and their descendents in China during the establishment of northeast Asia as modern nation. Originally, Korean Chinese has maintained ethnic community with strong homogeneity while 90% or more of the population resided together in the northeast area of China. However, through political and economical modification of northeast Asia in the 1990s, mass immigration occurred to their homeland Korea and seaport city in China under development, so they are rapidly changing from ‘Local agricultural group’ anchoring in the place to an ‘Transnational civil group’ exceeding boundaries. Such existence of moving Korean Chinese became social issue in Korean and China, and is bringing up many debates related to their legal position such as ‘brother’ and ‘foreigner’, ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’, ‘recovery of nationality’ and ‘dual nationality’. The paper will review the movement of Korean Chinese and the change of their legal status in a contemporary view, and holds its purpose to consider how individuals interpret・utilize nationality through the case of families. Today, mutual reaction between the intangible ‘Transnational social space’, which forms・ maintains through movement over the boundaries of nations, and the tangible ‘nation-state space’, which restricts movement within the territory, is becoming gradually complex. The nationality which this paper focuses on as ‘legal bond linking the nation and the people’ will be the keyword for showing such relation. In addition, individual interpretation and utilization regarding nationality will become an example which provides multi-meaning of nationality in the age of total globalization, that is, ‘nomadic vision’ which differs from ‘settler essentialism’.

The object of this study is to help children from multicultural households adjust to school life and improve self-esteem. Fifteen students from multicultural households who attend the elementary school from 4th grade to 6th grade in Sa-sang gu were organized for this study. The measurements in this study are self-esteem and adaptability of school life. Research design for this study is pretest-postest control group design. The main results of this study are as follows; First, the experiment group from multicultural households who experienced Character Development Program showed a meaningful difference statistically in terms of self-esteem improvement compared with the control group. Second, the experiment group who participated in Character Development Program had higher score, than the control group in the subordinate factors of school life adaptation such as teachers, friends, class attitude and school regulations. As a result, Character Development Program enables children from multicultural households to improve their school life adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean language teachers' and Chinese speaking students' perception about the necessity, frequency, timing, type, delivering agent, and method of error treatment through questionnaires, and based on the findings, to suggest some potential suggestions to treat spoken errors in Korean language oral communication classes. A total of 151 students from two universities in Busan and 67 teachers from 7 universities in Busan and Seoul completed 24-item survey. The results revealed that there is the mismatch between teachers and students perception about the effectiveness of error spoken error treatment in Korean language classroom; (1) students preferred their spoken errors to be treated strongly, (2) preferred to receive error treatment more frequently than their teachers expected, and (3) the best time to treat spoken errors is after they speaks. In addition, (4) students expected to be treated their all kinds of errors, especially frequent errors. But (5) in terms of the delivering agent of error treatment, teachers and students both regarded teachers as the appropriate people to treat errors. And finally (6) students expected to treat their errors via explicit feedback and recast, but teachers expected to treat students' errors via implicit feedback, elicitation and repetition. The overall findings indicate that Chinese speaking students have more positive and strong perception to error treatment than their teachers'.

This article studies the Formation of East-Asia culture and Transition of the Chosun-Ming diplomatic links in the late Koryo and early Chosun dynasty - Understand of the bacground and character of the 甲子上疏(Gabja Sang So) of 崔萬理(Chie man lie) - . Take care of this study, First of all, <The Formation of East-Asia Culture and 事大 (Submission), 事大主義論(Flunkeyism; worship of the powerful)>. This was official a foreign policy and rational wisdom with living in those days'. It gets for develop of 朝貢(tribute) and 冊封(Installation), are capable diplomatic trade official and a kind promise as a pledge for coexist in the rulers. And Chinese character in the East-Asia culture․civilization can be found key. Second of all, <Confucian ideal nation in the transition of Chosun-Ming diplomatic links>, writer can be found change of the 元․明 and Chosun-Ming diplomatic links in the 14, 5 century. That ached all over the Chosun-Ming diplomatic links and Investiture(表箋; a memorial to the throne) in the late Koryo dynasty and early Chosun dynasty. Investiture(表 箋) is end-all anther demands of 事大(Submission) in those days'. and end-all, find out install of Jiphyunjun(集賢殿). And true meaning of so-called 甲子上疏(Gab ja Sang So) of 崔 萬理(Chi, man-lie) is a realistic plan and reasonable proposal. This is character of the interchange of civilization Sino-Korean, figure of the 中華意識(Sino-centralism) in the medieval culture.

The Chronicle of Korea Fishery(韓國水産誌, 4 volumes) were compiled from 1908 to 1911. These books are the main materials for the study of pre-mordern and modern fishery of Korea. In spite of the importance, the background of compilation and the character as the text were not examined minutely. This paper is going to deal with the researchers and compilers of The Chronicle of Korea Fishery. Upon investigation, it was found out that the majority of researchers and compilers are the graduate of Fishery School(水産傳習所) in Japan. This school, established by Japan Fisheries Association in 1888, was the first fishery education school in the world. For that reason, it was very difficult to settle the curriculum and the training term of the school. As the result, education term was extended to 3 years and the curriculum was changed for raising man power to teach fishery sciences in the provinces. Zoology, botany, physics, organic and inorganic chemistry, marine physiography, meteorology were taught and they became the theoretical background for fishery science(水 産學). Tsukamoto Toen, who teached fishery science, compiled Fishery Science, based on the modern scientific knowledges in 1904. The contents of The Chronicle of Korea Fishery are useful for the fishermen of Japan who came to do the fishery to Korean coasts. The kinds of maritime products, the periods of fishery of specific fishes, the proper fishery tools were described in the books. Besides, the informations for the safe sailing of fishermen like sunken locks, depths of water, the location of lighthouses were provided in the books.

This paper analyzed firstly the aspects and characteristics of the traditional Korean fishery and Japaneses' fishery as described in The Chronicle of Korean Fisheries published by the Korean Empire in 1908. The 'capitalistic development of fishery' of the traditional Korean fishery in the late Korean Empire, which had been going internally since the latter part of the Chosun Dynasty, was threatened by both Japanese fishermen's entry into the Korean peninsula coastal waters and the creation of markets for Japaneses, but on the other hand various possibilities were also coexisting with them, like the one of the provision of a new chance. Meanwhile the Japaneses' fishery at that time was also trying to pioneer and expand a market for Koreans. That was a violation of the traditional fishery area of Koreans, inevitably leading to a dispute with Korean fishermen. This dispute between the traditional fishery and Japaneses' fishery came to take a different appearance, that of a direct attack by loyal troops after 1907. The publication of The Chronicle of Korean Fisheries in 1908 is related to the 'Fishery Law' proclaimed in the following year, 1909. The appearance of the change of the traditional fishery and Japaneses' fishery in the Korean peninsula coastal waters called for the abolition of the existing system of Korea-Japan fisheries agreement and the establishment of a new system which ensures the fishery rights of Japanese fishermen. The publication of The Chronicle of Korean Fisheries in 1908 can be said to be significant, therefore, in making a preliminary investigation and accumulating the data on the fishing practices in those days for the proclamation of the ‘Fishery Law’ of 1909.

officially, The National Sacrifice of great Han Empire was revised by emperor sun-jong(純 宗) in 1908. but The National Sacrifice of great Han Empire was being revised from 1905 by japanese imperialism. japanese imperialism. snatched the diplomatic rights from great Han Empire in 1905. after that, japanese imperialism tried to weaken the power of emperor ko-jong(高宗). in order to weaken the power of emperor ko-jong(高宗), japanese imperialism snatched the economic power of emperor ko-jong(高宗) also the ideological power of emperor ko-jong(高宗). in the name of Revision, japanese imperialism divided royal finance into national finance and imperial finance. and national finance which was divided from royal finance was snatched from emperor ko-jong(高宗) into the hand of japanese imperialism. in the same way, japanese imperialism divided National Sacrifice into state sacrifice(國社) and imperial sacrifice(帝室社). of course, japanese imperialism snatched state sacrifice(國社) from emperor ko-jong(高宗). after all, the emperor of great Han Empire was deprived the National Sacrifice Right. the emperor of great Han Empire was no more powerful emperor in economic and ideological matters.

이 논문은 서울에 위치한 서대문 형무소 역사관에 교육적　목적에 의해 방문한 어린이들에 의해 쓰인 그래피티(graffiti)의 의미와 기능을 분석하기 위한 목적이다. 이 장소는 전 서대문 형무소로서 일제 식민지 지배기 당시 일본에 대항한 한국인들을 투옥시킨 장소이다. 박물관의 고문장면 전시의 관람을 통해 방문자들은 일본인이 과거에 민족적 자존심에 상처를 입힌 억압적 행동들에 대한 벅차오르는 듯한 느낌을 가진다. 이러한 경험은 애국적인 선조들의 선행을 영웅과 열사로 표현하며 선행의 덕을 현대에 그래피티(graffiti)를 하는 행동으로 표현되기도 한다. 그로써 선조들은 힘없는 희생자가 아니며 고문당한 몸은 그 자신들의 존엄과 번영을 회복하기 위한 투쟁의 상징인 것이다. 그래피티(graffiti)는 그러한 사회적 과정의 민감한 지표이다. 그러므로 수감된 애국 열사들이 한국의 민족적 자존심을 표현하는 아이콘이라는 것이다. 하지만 동시에, 방문객은 박물관 전시가 그들로 하여금 그들의 민족적 감정을 표현하도록 암묵적으로 이끄는 방식으로 통제되어 지기도 한다.

This article focuses on religious belief and the present condition of the Chinese in Korea. The Jushantang(居善堂) is a representative shrine, where overseas Chinese in Seoul, lead their religious lives. The current address is 89, Myeong-dong(明洞) 2-ga, Jung-gu(中區), Seoul. This area is where overseas Chinese have lived, since the end of Qing(淸) dynasty, and Hancheng overseas Chinese primary school(漢城華僑小學) and the Chinese embassy are located here today. When it was built isn't clear, but as matters stand, it is assumed that it was built in the 19th century, before 1907(33rd year of King Guangxu) at the latest. Jushantang is closely related with Qingbang(靑幫). Qingbang is called as group of Dharma(達 摩) buddhism. Personnel of Qingbang provided Jushantang as Jieyanjiu gongsuo(place where one should avoid smoking and drinking; 戒煙酒公所). In the 1970s, after building for dharma buddhism was torn down, the shirine was moved into Jushantang. In the 1982, they torn down the old shrine building and built a new one. On the 4th floor, there are office of Jushantang, and temples of Qingbang. On the 5th floor, there are temples of Jushantang. Overseas Chinese in Seoul, worship various spirits. The number of spirits is eighteen -- Dharma, Zisun niangniang(子孫娘娘), Husan taiye(胡三太爺), Guanyu laiye(關老爺), Mazu niangniang(海神娘娘), Buddhist Goddess of Mercy(觀世音菩薩), etc. The important festival is birthday of Zisun niangniang on the Lunar March 20th, bitrhday of Husan taiye on the Lunar October 11th, birthday of Dharma on the Lunar June 6th, and the Lunar New Year's Day.

The tendency of globalization of tradition cultures has been essentially increasing its focus on the logic of the practical economics rather than the understanding of them. This article focused on the creativity of the local communities to be formed by their cultural practices. Two communities in Korea and Japan as the cases has pursued the cross-border cultural solidarity in the basis of their respective ‘tradition' cultures. Even if this movement is related profoundly to a series of flows that the cultural identity and the cultural rights has been put forward to the spread of neoliberal economic globalization. it seems to need to precede the understanding of their local cultures in a social context. Specifically, the tradition cultures of Korean and Japanese fishery villages are the old rituals and customs in each region. Jeju island women divers(Jamsu or Haenyeo) in Korea has been performing Kut for their ancestor annually. This rituals is played upon the relation between ancestor and descendants. This ritual process symbolize that women diver have a fishing right. Their right is justified by practical actions, such as planting performance. In addition, the divers' fishery become a kind of resources distribution system in the village despite of very low productivity. Thus that divers' fishery forms a symbiotic relationship between the human and maritime resources. Neyako is a extended family system and custom of Toushi village in Japan. It's a economic impetus of village for the inhalation of young workforce and the succession by a generation. Old and young generations are bounded by Neyako and they are organized the several fishing groups. Therefore they have the multifold relation with each others. Also they are playing lion-dance for a large catch in the traditional rituals(Hatsuman-matsuri) annually. The maritime cultures of two regions has been practicing on the foundation of the cultural logics of their communities. So we can find a social value toward the symbiotic relationship. Importantly, even though the tradition cultures is reconsidered by globalization flow, the local communities have created a sustainable way of life by their cultural logics.

Motivated by input, interaction, and output hypotheses, it was assumed that ‘teaching English through English’ (TETE) could be one way of ameliorating current teaching and learning practices. However, most perception and attitude oriented studies from diverse teaching contexts report mixed results lacking actual linguistic development of language learners. In addition, little attention is paid to how pre and in-service teachers perceive and acquire the language from TETE. To fill the gap between the previous studies and the reality, this study was conducted to better understand pre and in-service teachers’ language acquisition processes and products. To reach a valid conclusion, multiple sources of data, interviews, diaries, classroom observations, a survey, and other relevant documents were used. In spite of the participants' unanimous agreement on the need to implement TETE, they did not show any linguistic development in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. It was concluded that selected learners’ locally shared values, age, and social status hampered both the processes and products of language learning. It is argued that before implementing a specific method, factors affecting learning from localized contexts should be a primary concern because they tend to have been taken for granted.

Studies agree on the importance and positive effects of early identification and intervention of gifted young children. However, this is not an easy step because the field has lacked technically sound screening instruments to complement the intelligence test in providing a more comprehensive picture of a young student's potential or actual performance. Recent studies have tried to use an alternative assessment by observing children’s performance in a real setting, but the Korean public education has neither shown any effort in identification and education for gifted young children nor researched further on this issue. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to examine the possibilities of identifying gifted young children. To do this, we examine the definitions of giftedness, identify gifted children, review examples of gifted programs as well as the rationale of identifying gifted children. We provide several concerns, such as lack of accurate instrument, parental pressure, and the stability of a child’s intelligence over development towards the end of the research. Practical suggestions are also provided for educators.

The purpose of this research is developing the ‘Parent-Teacher Learning Community of Practice’ program through the international comparison. For this purpose, We studied parent participation in school education and the international comparison of the theoretical study. And we derived the current issue of parental school education and the vision, direction, etc. of this research through the result of theoretical study and international comparison. Next, we have built a concrete strategy of CoP activities based on the result of needs analysis. PT-Action Learning CoP activities, based on the result of research, was composed of core activities process, times, performance goals, core performance activities, learner support element, core promotion activities, facilitator support elements and blended learning environments. Accordingly, we made the CoP. And we applied to the teacher and parent in N elementary school in B metropolitan city. As, the result, It was highlighted effectiveness - interest in improving of CoP activities, requires continuous CoP activities, needs of teacher relief work, the enhancement of mutual understanding, a deeper understanding of child.

The purpose of this study is to find out the limit of self defense and the solution of competition. It is impossible for us to admit self defense without limit in actuality of criminal law if we take adequate notice of the benefit and protection of the law, the principle of propriety, and the principle of present. Taking this opportunity of this problems, went deep into the study of competition of justifications and security of effectiveness about self help in the criminal law of Korea. The results show that as follow: Firstly, the question of whether or not to admit self defense, is determined by the special feature by means of advance emergency act. It is impossible to shirk one's criminal responsibility about a revenge act. Secondly, we must not only know the difference between self defense and self help in the criminal justifications, but also judge by the standard under a special feature of the mutual supplementation which overcome weakness. This study shows how we will decide a standard of justifications between self defense and self help. Thirdly, we have to make full use of the self help by justification in a judicial precedent, because the self help is a fort which protect a claim, especially property right, from violation.

The purpose of this study is to help make an efficient operational assessment of the Pusan International Film Festival through an objective assessment of measurement items for the evaluation of international film festivals. It conducted an operational assessment of measurement items by major participant groups of the Pusan International Film Festival, using International Film Festival Assessment Index. Overall operational assessments of Korea's international film festivals, have been made since 2005, using assessment indicators under the approval of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. However, they are to survey the satisfaction degree of all international festivals that are held in Korea at the same time, not used for the efficient use of objective operational assessment of each film festival. This study, centering on the indicators of the Ministry of culture and Tourism, used the attributes of satisfaction assessment of operational quality in viewers out of the assessment items of international film festivals (2005 to 2007) to apply to Pusan International Film Festival. The result of analysis, in Pusan International Film Festival, found the significant application of the International Film Festival Assessment Index on the Pusan International Film Festival evaluation.

Busan has been now developed by the intended pursuit of its congestion through rapid growth, whereupon installing a minimum infrastructure and securing dwelling spaces became the core of its development. It has accordingly became a heartless city where there natural living spaces are rarely seen with the overcrowding, the traffic jams, the stuffy air, and the concentrated high-rise apartment buildings. The concept 'creative city' was raised by the increased interest in the quality of life and chosen as an alternative of the reflection on the existing city development. In this study I explained its concept through the theoretical considering of it and examined the creative city policies of Yokohama of Japan that is as big as Busan. This helped me to seek what suggestions it has as a policy for the development of Busan. Many examples proved that Yokohama city was improving its competence creatively by increasing the cultural facilities and organizations the citizens could use and making them voluntarily take part in culture, industry, welfare, environment, and so on. They also revealed that the Japanese city was planning to develop itself by connecting citizens, local companies, and local governments to one another over the network. It is resulted from the examination of the examples that Busan will have to plan its development based in the cultural centered, creative city by cultivating its unique culture and emphasizing more sustainable growth. I think that 'creative city' has to be understood not as a fixed goal but as a concept of process and policies about creative space, creative culture, and creative industry that creative citizens can sail into and live in have to be sought.

Although consumers recognize the social, economic and cultural damage caused by their knock-off purchasing, this unethical buying behavior has been constantly increasing. As the reproducing techniques are advancing rapidly, the low prices of knock-offs and their diversity in design are soliciting consumers. Based on the assumption that knock-off purchasing is greatly influenced by individuals' subject evaluation on knock-offs, we attempt to find out how consumers' buying manner and intention is influenced by their subjective evaluation on knock-offs. In so doing, we conducted a survey for Korean and Chinese college students residing in Busan, and analyzed their behavior characteristics. The findings from the survey analysis include: (1) most of the respondents have purchased fashion brand knock-offs, and Chinese students purchase more knock-offs than Korean students; (2) Five factors of subjective evaluation on fashion brand knock-offs (dissatisfaction, satisfaction, diversity in design, recognition by others, and price) were derived, and six factors of knock-off purchasing manner (approval of knock-off purchasing, uniqueness, credibility, vogue, face-saving and subjectiveness) were derived; (3) In the subjective evaluation on international knock-offs, the factors of ‘satisfaction’, ‘recognition by others’ and ‘price’ were more influential whereas in the purchasing manner, the factors of ‘knock-off purchasing’, ‘uniqueness’, ‘credibility’, and ‘face-saving’ were more influential.

We study the behavior of stock prices of listed non-financial Korean companies during a period of days surrounding a sample of announcements of asset revaluation after voluntary adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Korea. We primarily use event study methodology and simple regression model. Using the KIS-VALUE III database of Korea Information Service Inc., we collect a total of 69 companies that had asset revaluation in the period of 1 January-30 June 2010. The results show positive cumulative abnormal returns before the announcement date, with the reduced positive level maintained in the post-announcement period. These results indicate that the information of asset revaluations to the capital market is so useful that it conveys a corporate signal about favorable financial performance to stockholders.

本文以硏究近代漢語音韻學硏究方法爲主,考察傳統的音韻學及近代漢語音韻學的硏究方法。傳統的 音韻學硏究方法有結構分析法、絲貫繩牽法、反切系聯法、歷史比較法, 近代漢語音韻學的硏究方法有 歸納法、比勘互證法、內部分析法、透視分離法、結合內部分析和外部比較的方法〭 羅常培、陸志韋、寧繼福三人用歸納法、比勘互證法、內部分析法來硏究『中原音韻』音系, 我們考 察他們的硏究方法及內容。 “透視分離法”是由楊亦鳴在硏究『李氏音鑑』的音系時發明的一種音韻學硏究方法。“透視分離法”經 過兩個過程就是“透視”、“分離”。通過韻書著者生平、交遊、韻書體例、性質的硏究, 透視到韻書所反 映的音系, 再從“複合性”音系分離“言語雜質”,可以得到純正的單一音系。 對淸代羅馬字著作的硏究,用結合內部分析法和外部比較法的硏究方法進行分析考察。內部分析法是指 結合一部著作自身全部材料來分析它的音系。但單凭一部羅馬字材料是很難定其官話的性質, 這就必須 采用外部比較的方法。

This paper is focused on the alternation phenomenon of case markers and tried to clarify the causes which the directional case markers and the instrumental case markers institute the object case markers between the alternation phenomenon of the adverbial case markers and the object case markers in Yanbian region language. This paper is focused on the practical forms of the case markers in daily life than theoretical possibilities of alternation of the case markers. This paper adopts the view that the alternation phenomenon of the adverbial case markers and the object case markers is associated with the structure of article and tries to research the causes of the substitute of case markers based on the principles of hierarchical connection after analyzing the surface structure and deep structure. This paper is expected to contribute to understanding the case markers in Yanbian region language.

Since late 1990s of the 20th century, the network of nationalism (web nationalism or enationalism) has been rising rapidly in China, bringing a huge impact to its neighbors and the world. In defining the national interests and national dignity, network nationalism is also fission of the international community’s stereotype about China and its people. Network nationalism in China has a profound basis of national identity. Its functions, features, and orientitions, along with its special relationship with the political reality in China, have determined some far‐reaching implications in its diplomatic relations with the world. How network nationalism in China will develop in the future is a serious issue of great concern.

As a province with the most residential, particular, cross border and autonomous ethnic groups, the largest number of autonomous minority nationality areas, as well as the second largest ethnic group population in China, ethnic work in Yunnan has typicality and representativeness. Under guidance of ethnic theories and policies with Chinese characteristics, ethnic work in Yunnan has explored a success mode fitting its own national and regional practicality. In substance, ethnic work in Yunnan realizes “good governance” in autonomous minority nationality area. In current situation, to summary ethnic work mode in Yunnan Province, it is surely of positive meaning for effective governance in other autonomous minority nationality areas in China. Based on such awareness, from view of political governance theories, on basis of Marxism national theories and policies, taking ethnic work practicei n Yunnan Province as specific cases, this paper aims to a trial explanation for the “good” ethnic work mode in autonomous minority nationality areas.

Maxirap is mainly practiced in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Maxirap, which in modem Uygur language means “get-together” or “venue,” is the developed version of the Uygur sacrificial offerings, blessings and ceremonial events of antiquity. Maxirap contains a rich collection of traditions. A complete Maxirap event inc1udes performances like the Uygur muqam, folk songs and dances, story-singing and drama, as well as other activities such as oralliterature, toumaments and games, which people enjoy and actively take part in. Maxirap is not only an important “stage” for folk artists to display their brilliant skills, but also a “court” where the host mediates conflicts and ensure the preservation of moral standards. Moreover, it is a “c1assroom” where people leam about their traditional customs, nature, and different experience of economic production. It is a “playground” where to entertain body and soul. Maxirap is the most important cultural venue carrier of Uygur traditions.

The Bronze Drum of Southeast Asia which is traditional musical instrument was made from BC 5c to AD 20c. The earlyest Bronze Drum of Southeast Asia was discovered on Dong Son Province in the Northern area of Vietnam and its Form and Design is similar to those of the Northern Area of China such as Yunnan Province. So We know that the Origin of the Bronze Drum of Southeast Asia is started in the Northern Area of China. The Bronze Drum of Heger I Type was made in the BC 5c and was excavated in the all area of the Southeast Asia except the Philippines. and The Bronze Drum of Heger II Type was discovered in the middle Area of Vietnam, in the North Area and in the eastern Area of Thailand. The tympanum of the Bronze Drum of Heger II Type was decorated with Frog. The Karen Bronze Drums of Burma were manufactured from 11c to 20c. they belong to the type of Heger III. The Form of the Karen Bronze Drums is silmer than the drum of Heger I and II. Their Design have traditional elements such as flying Bird and Human Beings having a wings of Bird and New elements such as Decoration of elephant and Lothus on tympanum of Drum. and New elements are related to Buddhism of Southeast Asia. In result, the Drums of the Southeast Asia have a important meanings to study on the Origin of Metal Culture of Southeast Asia and the reception and variation of Chinese Culture and Civilization in Korea.

XBRL(the eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is based on the XML has made the standardization of the Internet Financial Reports available. The applications of XBRL focuses on the development of XBRL taxonomies and specific applications. In this contex, the purpose of this paper is to research on XBRL taxonomy and application in China, which make it possible for enterprises to disclose their financial information timely in the network environment. But international XBRL taxonomy is not suitable for Chinese business reporting because international XBRL taxonomy is not based on the actual China's condition. therefore it is necessary to consider as follows in Chinese enterprises for construction of XBRL taxonomy for disclosure financial information timely in the network. Firth, It is necessary to analyze the costs in the preparation, analysis and communication of business information and its' benefits. Second, It is necessary to analyze the precondition to improve the effectiveness of financial reporting for the construction of high-quality XBRL taxonomy system which make it possible for enterprises to disclose their financial information timely in the network environment. Third, It is necessary to study on convergence with the international XBRL taxonomy and the international financial reporting standards, and to look for manner to track the development of international XBRL taxonomy.

Collective property has been the backbone of community in rural China. Lineage organizations in traditional China, the people’s commune in socialist China, and the village committee of today are all founded upon the basis of collective properties. It is the governance structure of the property as well as the ownership that determines the social relationship in the community. This paper examines how the collective property governance has been transformed in rural China through the case of Huaxi village. For the last 50 years, the collective property governance in Huaxi has experienced three distinguished periods: the people's commune period, the village enterprise periods, and the today's Huaxi Group Inc. period. In terms of governance structure, the first two periods are very similar. One of the biggest changes in the last periods is the separation between village and enterprises. During the first two periods, it was the village that directly controlled the collective property including village enterprises. However, being alienated from the enterprise management. ordinary Huaxi villagers now hardly control their collective properties. Rather, ordinary villagers have become dependent on the corporation which are controlled by the board of directors and managers, all of whom are party cadres. Benefited from bonus system, top managers informally privatize collective properties. Thus, this research shows that it is not ownership itself but the governance structure of property that determines the actual social relationship in rural China.

This study attempted to examine and investigate the process, background, and factors behind the establishment of standard Japanese. The details of consideration are divided into domestic factors and foreign factors focusing on the ideas of “Ueda”, including [The character improvement theory]. To sum up, the results are as follows. 1. The factors based on domestic background ① [Character improvement theory] of “U-e-da, Kazutoshi” ② The role of [National language] for [The unification of citizens] ③ The role of [National language] as a method to assimilate foreigners living in Japan. 2. The factors based on foreign background ①Advancing [National language] into overseas as a common language of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ②The recognition of [National language] as a method to assimilate the other races. Although this study focused on the idea of U-e-da, I will put this problem off for the later research because the matter of establishing a standard language is deeply related to [The unification of the written and spoken language].

The Japanese -sita has tense, aspect and modality functions, interacting each other. The tense function consists of the usages of recording and past. The usage of recording cannot be represented by -sita, while that of past can be represented by it when the realization of the event is perceived or when the process of the event is apprehended. The aspect meaning of so-called “the period in which the event is realized” proposed by Inoue seems to be accepted. It is argued here, however, that the aspect meaning of -sita is broader than Inoue's since it occurs with adverbs other than mou. It is also revealed that -sita has an aspect meaning even when it occurs with adverbs that do not show the period of time. -sita has a modality function when it means “discovery, retrospection, momentary awareness of the event, conviction of expectation, urgent repetitive demand, momentary decision”. It implies a change of the speaker's awareness of the event that he or she do not expect at the time of speech. It is argued here that -sita has tense, aspect and modality function, but its time span differs depending upon its function. When it has a tense meaning, the time span is not fixed since it describes the past event at the time of speech. When it has an aspect meaning, it is narrowed down to a certain degree at the time of speech. When it has a modality function, it means that the event simultaneously occurs at the time of speech. The closer it comes to modality function, the narrower scope it has.

This study will serve as a previous step taken for offering “Syllabus for building Sociolinguistic competence”, in which the conversation extracts from Japanese textbooks being used in University were reflected and analyzed. The important implications are as follows. (1) 60.2% of cases are impossible to discern what the characters' relationship is, while 39.7% are discernable through the context. (2) Places of conversations taking place are not detailed as 71.1% of the total. (3) In the case of conversational patterns and topics appearing in textbook, the conversation form, conversational partners taking their turns, takes up 83.3%, whereas one-side Q & A form, one side asking question to the other and yet not vise versa, is shown only 16.7%. And more than 60% of topics are adopted from places and everyday staff regardless of the conversation patterns of textbooks. (4) As for the formality level of conversations in textbooks, Des․Mas forms are found the most as 82.5%, followed by non-Des․Mas form employed partly as 11.0%, and then non-Des form and non-Mas form are seen, accounting for 4.5%. Finally level shift as in Des․Mas form into non-Des․non-Mas (that is, from more formal form to less formal form and vise versa) comes out as merely 2.0%. Inflecting the status quo the above, it brings us to a point at which we need to consider the further issues as follows. (1) It is necessary that the relationships between the characters in conversation involve the degree of acquaintance, closeness, hierarchy as well as their genders in more detailed fashion. Especially, just not simply revealing surname and given name for suggesting genders, more male and female languages should be imbedded in conversation in an appropriate manner, leading to more learning experiences. Furthermore, when it comes to degree of closeness, there should be a list defining clear and accurate descriptions such as “very close or not that close” And, last but not least, there is the need that we consider and create a balance in terms of social or age-related hierarchical relationship. (2) There is the need to increase opportunities to practice the gaps of Japanese expressions depending on where conversations take place in the public place or private place, not to mention the specific place name. (3) It is assumed that the adjustment in using Des․Mas form or non-Des․Mas form is significantly critical in accordance with conversational partners so that their usages may be appropriate.