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The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of professors about what is needed for psychosocial and social support of Chinese students in Korea. In order to complete the purpose, the FGI was conducted on four native chinese professors who have been in charge of counseling, career support, and academic support for Chinese students. working at a local priviate university. A week before the main interview, a pre-written questionnaire was sent to the participants by e-mail to give them time to prepare their opinions. Specifically, detailed questions related to the characteristics of university life adaptation of Chinese students, career and psychological counseling of international students, and improvement plans of student support organizations were prepared as semi-structured interview sheets. The main interview was conducted for two hours from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. on January 13, 2021. As a result, with the collected data, 5 categories and 27 subcategories were derived according to the practical eclectic analysis method.. As for the difficulties of Chinese students, there were categories of ‘difficulties in adapting to culture’, ‘difficulties in adapting to university life’, and ‘psychological and emotional difficulties’, as for support, there were categories of ‘difficulties in adapting to university life’ and ‘psychological and emotional well-being’. The results of this study will be the basis for establishing policies to improve the image and satisfaction of international students and to strengthen the international competitiveness of universities in preparation for the age of 200,000 international students. Based on the above results, the direction of improvement of psychosocial support for Chinese students was discussed and suggestions for follow-up research were made.

This research presents a brief study and an exploratory retrospective of the current researcher’s work and research in South Korea and Northeast Asia, including the challenges of integrating anthropology within the broader interdisciplinary field of international studies. The chief research questions are, what important lessons emerge from examining the research, teaching and career experiences of an expatriate professor serving in Northeast Asia, and regarding the role(s) of applying anthropology within international studies in the same region? The paper examines applied anthropological research the present researcher has done in South Korea as an expatriate professor and the primary contexts influencing his training and on-going work, including the broad state (institutional contexts) of the fields of international studies, anthropology and applied anthropology in South Korea and Northeast Asia. Next, the paper explores the author’s research involving countries and cultures in the region, both published and unpublished research. The paper also discusses anthropological pedagogy: how the researcher has used applied anthropology to teach about international affairs, international development, business, and logistics, some of the primary domains of anthropological application connected with international studies in Korea. This research also considers important ethical and research issues and challenges that expatriate anthropological researchers and graduate students can face in South Korea, including teaching and handling applied social science research ethics. The study concludes with key lessons derived from these examples of studying diverse aspects of cultures in Northeast Asia from an applied social science perspective. Chiefly, while anthropology and applied anthropology offer highly valuable, practical perspectives on academic and practitioner issues in international studies, Northeast Asia and South Korea need to develop and expand anthropology as an academic discipline, including actual training programs in applied and public anthropology. If not, the capacity of anthropology and applied anthropology to contribute to international studies and other domains in the region will be hindered.

Number of early children who spend time in childcare center today has been increasing. Most young children don't have difficult time adjusting themselves to childcare center. But some young children have hard time in separating from their mothers and experience separation anxiety. Many factors have influenced separation anxiety. Attachment to mother has been identified as one of the most influential factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between preschooler's separation anxiety, attachment security, and mother's positive parenting attitude. And it was to verify the mediating effect of the mother's positive parenting attitude in the relationship between the preschooler's separation anxiety and attachment stability. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 323 mothers of 3 to 5 year old children attending a daycare center and kindergarten of the Busan metropolitan city. The collected data were statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation), Pearson correlation, and Mediation analysis. The results were as follows: First, preschooler's separation anxiety has a negative relationship in positive parenting attitude and attachment stability, and positive parenting attitude has a positive relationship in attachment stability. Second, there was a mediating effect of positive parenting attitude in the relationship between preschooler's separation anxiety and attachment stability. In other words, the preschooler's separation anxiety affected attachment stability by mediating positive parenting attitude. These results showed the importance of positive parenting by parents, suggesting that attachment stability is needed to prevent preschooler's separation anxiety, which is possible by mediating positive parenting attitudes of parents.

This study, first, analyzed the current status and characteristics of US aid to the Korean fisheries industry, and second, how the economic growth and change of the Korean fisheries industry progressed due to this aid, centered on the 1950s and 1960s, before and after the Korean War armistice. Analyzed. The first US aid to Korea after liberation was GARIOA for the purpose of relief, and the fisheries sector accounted for less than 0.1% of the total aid. The government introduced ECA aid in January 1949 to revitalize the industry for the purpose of economic self-sufficiency in Korea. However, with the outbreak of the Korean War, ECA aid was focused on war relief rather than industrial revitalization, and then it was discontinued and converted to SEC aid. In the SEC and ICA, aid to the Korean fisheries industry was evident, and in particular, UNKRA's total aid to the fisheries industry was 3,657,000 dollars, which accounted for a significant portion. Although the fisheries industry was in a state of stagnation due to the Korean War, the government sought a series of fisheries development policies, including efforts to restore fisheries with the help of US aid and foreign aid organizations. Meanwhile, after the armistice in the Korean War, the restoration of the fishery industry began in earnest. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has embarked on several revitalization plans to build a balanced industrial structure that can guarantee minimum economic self-sufficiency in the future, including the establishment of a five-year industrial revival plan. In particular, it was possible to learn about the economic growth and change of the Korean fishery industry according to the five plans related to the fishery industry.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the location and space of Donamseowon Confucian Academy, which was listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, in recognition of its outstanding universal value, and to suggest ways to further strengthen its authenticity. To this end, various data were first organized, and yong-se(龍勢), sa-gyeok(砂格), su-se (水勢), jungsim-gonggan, jwa-hyang(坐向) were analyzed for the location and space of Donamseowon Confucian Academy, which is the subject of the study, based on yong(龍), sa (砂), su(水), hyeol(穴), and hyang(向). Through this analysis, it was found that Donamseowon Confucian Academy was located in a very good place in terms of feng shui, and Donamseowon Confucian Academy was used as it is without significantly changing the natural topography. On the other hand, through the confirmation of various data, it was found that there was a difference in the spatial arrangement of Donamseowon Confucian Academy before and after the location was moved. Therefore, it was thought that measures would be needed to strengthen the authenticity of Donamseowon Confucian Academy. Therefore, this study proposed a ways to strengthen the authenticity of Donamseowon Confucian Academy, where buildings were arranged in disorder due to various causes. Through this study, it was possible to confirm the reason why Donamseowon Confucian Academy survived to this day and was listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, if the method proposed in this study is used, authenticity will be further strengthened, and the spirit and culture of Donamseowon Confucian Academy will be transmitted for a longer time in the future.

The research purpose of this paper is to examine the survival rate of the ‘-zhu(族)’ type by analyzing the current status and frequency of use of new words by year. The contents of the study included statistical analysis of syllables and coinage forms in terms of morphology, including the current status and frequency of use of new words of ‘-zhu(族)’ by year in terms of quantitative linguistics. Therefore, this study paid attention to the initial generation, growth, and survival of new words. The newly coined word of the ‘-zhu(族)’ emerged from the 1980s and peaked in the 2013 period, and became the most frequently used newly coined word. For the research data, 163 ‘-zhu(族)’ data collected in the ‘newspaper’ area of BCC were used. Among the various areas of BCC, research data were collected by limiting it to human beings. The results of the study could be summarized the generation cycle of ‘-zhu (族)’ new words as the emergence period from 1980 to 1999, the growth period from 2000 to 2013, and the stabilization period after 2013. The one-year survival rate was 78.88% of the 161 new words to be analyzed, while the five-year survival rate was 54.48% of the new words survived, and the 10-year survival rate was 45.90% of the new words. According to the analysis of the area of use of new words of the ‘-zhu(族)’, like the recent trend of new words of the [+ren(人)], it was dominant in the order of ‘leisure>social problems> work>economy>communication>other>marriage’. In terms of the number of syllables, 82.3% of new words were formed by three syllables. After that, it is in the order of frequency of 5 syllables > 2 syllables > 4 syllables > 6 syllables. As for the coinage form, the type of ‘Chinese + ethnic group’ accounts for the largest proportion of 79.0%. Next, it appeared in the order of ‘Olaean + Tribal’ type> ‘Olaean translation + Tribal’ type> ‘Olaean abbreviation + Tribal’ type, ‘Mixed word + Tribal’ type, and ‘Chinese abbreviation + Tribal’.

In order to examine the cultural meaning of tigers in Chinese proverbs, this study discusses the semantic qualities of ‘虎’ [tiger] in Chinese proverbs and related cultural symbols and emotional meanings. It also examines Chinese people’s shared notion of tigers in Chinese folk culture. In Chinese folk culture, tigers have a positive image as auspicious animals and patron saints that protect themselves and pray for health and peace. For example, there is a custom among Chinese people to present tiger-shaped dolls, hats, shoes, and pillows to young children. This custom means wishing for children to grow up healthy and vigorous. In ancient times, soldiers carried clothes, hats, and weapons that symbolize tigers to protect themselves from danger. And in ancient times, the Chinese painted tigers on doors to prevent bad luck. However, in other proverbs, tigers a positive as well as negative image. For example, in Chinese proverbs, the strong and fierce nature of the tiger is associated with a positive evaluation of a person, connoting the semantic features [+courageous], [+majestic], [+talented], and [+exceptional] but is also associated with the negative evaluation of a person or situation, connoting [+wicked] and [+perilous]. Additionally, having a [+strong (vitality)], the tiger is likened to a certain energy or a great degree of power; here, once again the tiger is associated with a positive evaluation, connoting [+vigor], among other features. In proverbs that reflect superstitious ideas, tigers connote [−luck] as a negative force that brings disaster. From this perspective, tigers in Chinese proverbs and folk culture present different meanings.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the semantic bleaching of the Chinese prefix “老” and the semantic attributes of “老+X,” which represents a person by combining 老 with a root (title, occupation, number, etc.), from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The main results of this study are summarized as follows: First, various combinations with “老” were suggested by analyzing dictionaries and corpora. Specifically, X was found to be a person, elderly, family, relative, friend, colleague, occupation, identity, job, class, generation name, body, animal, object, action, space, nature, state, and gender. Second, it was found that “老,” which is considered a complete affix, also contains a semantic element. In other words, although there are differences in the degree of semantic bleaching, it is semantically similar to the main meaning and appears in various ways due to the implied semantic qualities. Such aspect is derived from one of the semantic qualities of “老,” aging, and expressed as the semantic qualities of a long time, an honorific address, closeness, and skillfulness. This is because the meaning of “老” has been expanded through the metaphorical system based on the similarity in the process of semantic bleaching. Such meaning expansion process involves expanding the meaning of existing words by human similarity and ability to recognize closeness and creates rich and varied meanings of the concept. Ultimately, this study found that language reflects our experiences of the world and is rooted in our cognitive abilities.

Chinese society, which has adopted the pursuit-type industrialization model, has been pursuing the “localization” of academic studies and discourse after the 2008 US financial crisis and the hosting of the Beijing Olympics. This study examines how the discussion of masculinity in Chinese society develops under such a background of the times. In China in 2010, the decline in academic ability and physical strength of male students was combined with “gender” and discussed as a “social problem,” gender conflicts in China have been intensifying in educational sites, sports, and state-run discourse. Furthermore, this has developed into a discourse on the national crisis that “when men become feminine, the state becomes feminine,” and disparaging of “femininity” is becoming explicit. However, in daily life, the new generation born in the 1980s and 90s tends to neutralize, with little resistance to “feminine” temperament and no clear boundaries of gender roles in home care. This study understands that this misogyny and Chinese society’s desire for strong masculinity is due to the external conflict that China experienced in the 21st century, that is, the sense of crisis caused by the Sino-US conflict, and considered the education community criticizing “niangpao 娘炮 (feminine man),” the national crisis discourse, and the “straight man” debate showing off masculinity. However, this discourse reveals a considerable gap with the gender perception of the new generation. Therefore, unlike the nationalist discourse that pursues strong masculinity, in reality, it can be said that the dominant and hegemonic masculinity as a governing tool is marginalizing or disappearing day by day.

With the continuous development of urban tourism, the tourism function of museums has become increasingly prominent, becoming an important part of cultural resources, and also an important way to show the charm of urban history and culture and improve the attraction of urban tourism. At present, the research on the spatial distribution of urban museums in China is still at a relatively primary stage. Therefore, how to explore the distribution characteristics of urban museum types and space from a global perspective has become the key to optimize the structure and spatial distribution of urban museum types and promote the sustainable development of urban cultural tourism activities. In this paper, literature analysis, qualitative analysis and ArcGIS spatial analysis software were used to quantitatively sort out the development stage and type evolution of museums in Fujian Province, and the following distribution characteristics of museums in Fujian Province were found :(1) The spatial distribution type of museums in Fujian Province is aggregative; (2) The only aggregation site was located in Fuzhou City, and the density of distribution in other areas was low. (3) The distribution equilibrium tends to be centralized, but to a lesser extent. This paper discusses and summarizes the four factors that influence the spatial distribution of museums in Fujian Province, namely resource base, social economy, policy orientation and historical characteristics, points out the existing problems in the spatial distribution of museums in Fujian Province, and puts forward relevant development countermeasures and suggestions on the premise of drawing on the spatial layout of foreign developed museum cities.

Since the Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Off-campus Training for Students in Compulsory Education (abbreviated as the “Double reduction policy” Opinions) issued at the end of July 2021, as the “No. 1 Project” in the field of education, the double reduction policy has triggered discussion and reflection in the academic community and society from the original intention of the policy to its implementation. The “double reduction policy” includes 30 key points in eight major aspects. The main measures include: comprehensively reducing the total amount and time of homework, improving after-school service level, comprehensively standardizing after-school training behaviors, improving the quality of education and teaching, and strengthening supporting governance, which reflects the first principle of “student-oriented”. In this context, whether and how the “double reduction” policy can solve these problems and achieve a benign education ecology has become a hot issue concerned by all circles. Since the Ministry of Education first proposed the “Burden reduction” policy in 1955, China has issued more than 50 relevant policies to address the practical problem of students' excessive academic burden. Although these “Burden reduction” policies are large in number and density, but they fluctuate greatly and have short cycles, have no end, and have no details. The lack of supervision has put the government in the awkward position of “reducing the burden of students more and more”. How to realize the implementation of “burden reduction” policy and realize the virtuous circle of education ecology has gradually become a public education issue from personal problems, and become a focus issue in the field of education policy and people's livelihood. This paper reviews the course of “burden reduction”policy with this kind of problem awareness, and analyzes the background, connotation and concept of “double reduction policy”, and explore how to realize the virtuous circle of education ecology. This paper recognizes that the “double reduction policy” is an important measure to solve the problem of educational ecological imbalance from its connotation to its concept, and the implementation of the “double reduction policy” is a powerful means to achieve equitable and balanced development of education in China. However, in the context of the rigid demand for students to make up their lessons, a one-size-fits-all approach to the teaching and training industry may lead to another kind of “unfair education”. Based on the complexity of the implementation of the “double reduction policy”, it is necessary to consider the problem from a comprehensive and dynamic perspective. It is necessary to seek effective implementation paths from the perspectives of evaluation criteria, value orientation and participants, so as to create a good education ecology.

This paper analyzes from three dimensions: the influencing factors of TV content production, the social status quo and dilemma under the new media environment, and the social transformation trend of TV content production. With the gradual evolution of China's media ecology, the influencing factors of TV content production are increasingly diversified. The more significant feature is that the pure subject thinking of one-way linear communication content is transferred to the user thinking of two-way interactive communication content. The iteration of communication technology and the infiltration of media ecology, the expectation of TV audiences and the replacement of users' thinking, the innovation of content production and the balance of value guidance all affect the value orientation of TV content producers to a certain extent. Socialization used to be one of the most important characteristics that distinguish new media from traditional media. The features of social function, such as strong interaction, timely feedback, strong cohesion, and easy dependence, help new media grow and split rapidly. However, at the moment when the new media ecology has been formed and is constantly evolving, TV workers should speed up the reconstruction of content production ideas, quickly grasp the new trend of socialization in TV content production, so as to realize the functional shift from “information content production” to “weaving social relations”, and use the “new” TV media thinking to create TV content more in line with the law of communication.In the Internet era, the boundaries of social space have become very blurred, and technological progress has also made social networking more convenient. The social turn of TV content production is just the instinctive appeal of citizens in the Internet era who are eager to be seen and heard.

In order to examine the usage of the postpositions, ｢ni taishite｣ and ‘e daehayeo’, the case markers, ｢ni｣ and ‘e, ege, ul’, which are similar respectively, have been compared and analysed. The results are as followed. Firstly, ｢ni taishite｣ has ‘comparison’ usage as mentioned in the preceding study. In Korean, ‘e daehayeo’ does not have ‘comparison’ usage and was usually being used as the postposition, ‘e bihae’. Secondly, ｢ni taishite｣ was used easily when verbs indicating pure language and thinking activities or evaluation on a following component displayed a leading component as content. In other words, in case of ｢ni taishite｣ appearing, ｢ni taishite｣ was used easily. Thirdly, ‘e daehayeo’ was used with ease when verbs showing psychological attitudes on a following component represented a leading component as content. ‘e daehayeo’ was the same as ｢ni taishite｣ in that verbs indicating pure language and thinking activities or evaluation on a follow component displayed leading component as content. However, ‘e daehayeo’ was only used when expressions like ‘cool-headedly’ or ‘any sort of’ in the verbal part are presented. Fourthly, ｢ni｣ is used when stickiness of following and leading components feels strongly and leading ones are the causes or reasons of the following ones. In this case, ｢ni｣ and ‘e’are only possible. Fifthly, when leading components became ‘the object of mental attitude’ of following ones, ｢ni taishite｣ and ｢ni｣ were both easily presented. In korean, the same applied to ‘e daehayeo’ and ‘e’. However, depending on the features of following verbs, there were some differences between Korean and Japanese. Verbs like ｢反対する(oppose)｣ ｢賛成する(agree)｣ ｢感謝する(thank)｣ ｢注目する (watch)｣ only had ｢ni｣, wher eas Korean ones had both ‘e’ and ‘eul’. Lastly, as mentioned in the preceding study, the ｢okurisaki(where to forward)｣ has the usage in which ｢ni taishite｣ is possible but ‘e daehayeo’ is impossible. ｢ni taishite｣ and ｢ni｣ were both possible in Japanese, whereas ‘ege’ was olny possible in Korean. In other words, in Korean when leading components are human nouns and become ‘opponent’ and ‘the object of the behavior’, ‘e daehayeo’ and ‘e’ are impossible and ‘ege’ is only possible.

A ｢Toki｣ clause has various meanings and usages according to tense and aspect between the subordinate clause and the main clause compared to other temporal subordinate clauses in Japanese. This is because the verb forms appearing in the ｢Toki｣ clause are diverse, such as “Suru(スル)․Sita(シタ)․Siteiru(シテイル)․Siteita(シテイタ)”, and their temporal meaning is also expressed in various ways such as ｢simultaneity｣ and ｢sequence｣. For example, ｢Toki｣ clauses and main clause are both <Sita-Sita> syntactic forms that take the past tense, but the temporal meaning may be different. Also, the semantic causal relations between the subordinate clause and the main clause are observed in both of the non-past tense <Suru-Suru> and the past tense <Sita-Sita> of the ｢Toki｣ clauses. In this paper, therefore, the semantic correlations between ｢Toki｣ clauses and main clauses according to the syntactic pattern and the various usages in sentences are analyzed. To this end, approximately 400 sentences with ｢Toki｣ clauses were randomly selected and examined from the scripts of Japanese novels and TV dramas. In consequence, the temporal meaning of the ｢Toki｣ clause is largely classified into ｢simultaneity｣, ｢sequence｣ and ｢reverse sequence｣. Also, ｢simultaneity｣ can be sub-classified into three subcategories. As a result, the ｢Toki｣ clause has the aspect of <process stage> and <result stage> depending on the presence or absence of the <attainment of limits> of the verb in the ｢Toki｣ clause, as well as the relative tense of ｢before｣, ｢simultaneous｣ and ｢ after｣ on the basis of the main clause event. In this way, the temporal order of complex sentences (taxis), verb forms, and lexical characteristics of verbs interacted with each other to generate differences in the meaning of tense and aspect for each syntax type. In addition, it was confirmed that the sentence with ｢Toki｣ clauses has not only a temporal meaning, but also a logical meaning such as ｢causality｣, ｢condition｣ and ｢rule｣ in a specific sentence.

This paper focuses on the readings of numerals in the appendices of the 1998 and 2016 editions of the NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary. This paper compares the two dictionaries and examines what changes can be seen in the 18 years between the revisions. First, he aspect of change can be divided into two main patterns: morphological change and word-class alternation.With regard to morphological change, alternations between the prompulsive and non-prompulsive forms are observed in 1, 6, 8, and 10. These numerals are considered to be natural changes since they are prone to prompting due to environmental factors. However, there are a few instances of non-prompted forms not prompting even in environments where they are prone to prompting. One possible reason for this is that the trend toward “simplification”, which is cited as a trend in the reading of numerals in the 2016 edition, is also evident in morphology. As for word alternations, a trend toward “simplification” is also evident, with a shift from Japanese to Chinese readings. This is particularly evident in the numerals 3 and following. However, when the readings of numerals 1 and 2 are checked, it is difficult to say that the Japanese readings are in decline. As for the characteristics of the particles of numerals 1 and 2 that take the Japanese reading, the morphological characteristic of being isomorphic to a noun and the semantic characteristic of having “cohesiveness” could be identified. This suggests that when we simply count individual things or use units of measurement, we count 1 and 2 with the Chinese reading “ichi, ni,” but when we consider a thing as a group or an individual with a sense of cohesion in the background, we tend to read them as “hito, futa.”

This paper will examine young characters in the works of Gakiya Miu and Murata Sayaka, for the better understanding of the young generation in modern Japanese society. Investigating how the youth is portrayed in the novels of the two authors will give an understanding of how the youth is represented and the structure of modern Japanese society. Also, we’ll be able to identify discrimination and gaps inherent in Japanese society and we’ll see how the young generation accepts these difficulties in their lives. The younger generation in Japan live with excessive competition, job failure, temporary positions, and also suffer from anxiety about the future. Gakiya Miu and Murata Sayaka deal with both universal and personal problems facing the younger generation, such as marriage, work-related issues, and human relationships in their novels. Therefore, these two authors raise questions about the problems facing today’s Japanese society such as an aging population, youth unemployment, and an increase in single person households. This paper will analyze the Japanese youth through the characters who live in a ‘gap society’ - unlike the previous generation. Additionally, we’ll also examine the pattern of how these young characters turn into ‘mutant creatures who do not rage’ as they adapt to the ‘gap society’. The works of Gakiya Miu and Murata Sayaka realistically portray the lives of a young generation who suffer a harsh reality. We’ll be able to understand how the young Japanese feel about their lives by looking at the expression of their agonies and perceptions. The problem of understanding the young generation will serve as an opportunity to demonstrate how conditions of life are changing to ensure survival in a multi-layered life.

This paper takes Kenzaburō Ōe’s early short story “Dove(HaTo)” as the object of consideration. Breaking free from the conventional interpretative framework of depicting the existentialist inner world of human beings, the paper analyzes the allegorical nature implied by the boy group focusing on the daily lives of the boys confined in a reformatory. The interior of the juvenile reformatory is structured in a constant rotation between inside and outside, which makes the boys the subject of their own observation rather than the object of surveillance and supervision. The boy group has no sense of guilt despite being classified as violent offenders. The boy group share their sins and form a tight solidarity to make their shared sins into material for pleasure. The sharing of sin is the forgetting of sin. The collectivist characteristics of the boys, who have a collective identity but no sense of guilt, overlap with postwar Japan, which has forgotten its war crimes. Another characteristic is that a hierarchical system has been established within the group, and boys naturally accept male homosexuality. The lack of sexual subjectivity of boys who do not refuse to become same-sex sexual objects means the lack of political subjectivity in postwar Japan. What is projected through the daily lives of the boys trapped in the wall is the national collective of Japan. The narrator, who becomes conscious of his own guilt in the ‘Dove Incident’, acts out of anger and despair toward the outside world, and his self-punishment is also a result of his anger and despair toward the outside world. What is conveyed through the boy gorup in “Dove(Hato)” is the negative aspects of Japan's period of rapid economic growth, the forgetting of guilt through shared guilt, and the lack of political subjectivity that has not overcome the emperor's fascism during the war. Rather than being a work that focuses on the existential awareness of the individual within a boy group confined by concrete walls, “Dove(Hato)” is a work that depicts the reality of Japanese society in the late 1950s.

Akutagawa Ryunosuke published ‘kamigami no bisho’ (1922) in January volume of ‘New Novel.’ It is a novel with the subject of conflict on the acceptance of foreign culture in Japan, appearing Organtino who is a catholic missionary as a god in a myth. The plot contains to recreate independent Japanized culture newly based on the culture passed down from foreign countries. The keyword of this story is ‘a power to revitalize’ Japanese culture. Influxes of foreign cultures in the story are described with contacts of ‘southern barbarians’ via ‘East Asian sea.’ ‘Southern barbarians,’ Portuguese and Spanish in 16th century, had pioneered colonies in India and part of Southeast Asia, and expanded their trading area into Japan. At the initial period of ‘trading with southern barbarians,’ most of tradings were marine trade. As the volume of tradings was increase, the trading place was moved from on the seas to the sea area. With drastic increase of movement from India to Macao, population in Macao was increased from about 800 to more than 5,000. Portuguese Catholic Jesuit was deeply involved for ‘trading with southern barbarians’ and a Portuguese who dispatched from Portuguese territory, India, became a minister in Macao. In Nagasaki of Kyushu where ‘ships of southern barbarians’ entered, many merchants gathered. Introduction of Christianity flown with ‘trading with southern barbarians’ disappeared ‘in the old folding screen 3 centuries ago’ with Organtino, which means in 1600s when was 300 years ago from 1922 in the background of the story. After that, warning to break Organtino’s dream does not mean to settle all the traces of Christianity culture introduction. Rather, it implicates the recreation by ‘a power to revitalize’ which is a keyword of the story. In this story, he claimed Japan was never conquered by foreign cultures, suggesting several cases such as Christianity, Buddhism, Chinese character, style of handwriting, etc. in the course of cultural introduction in East Asian sea.

In this study, theses for master's degree majoring in Japanese education at the graduate school of education in Korea were analyzed from 2012 to 2021. The major findings are as follows : (1) The total number of master's degree theses during the 10 years was 390 and it decreased steadily from 2012 to 2021. The distribution of theses in terms of field of study were Japanese Education 225 (57.7%), Japanese Linguistics 68 (17.4%), Japanese Literature 67 (17.4%), and Japanology 30 (7.7%). (2) Among the theses on Japanese Education, analysis of the textbook were 106 (47.1%) and others were 119 (52.9%). The former mainly covered language and culture where as the latter mainly covered teaching and learning (in particular language teaching, teaching materials/teaching tools). (3) Theses on Japanese Linguistics mainly covered grammar 21(30.9%) and vocabulary 15 (22.1%). The former mainly covered adverb and voice where as the latter covered noun and Chinese-character words. (4) Theses on Japanese Literature can be divided into modern Japanese literature 52 (77.6%) and Ancient Japanese Literature 10 (14.9%). The former mainly covers the works of Akudagawa Ryunosuke, Murakami Haruki, Mori Ougai, and Kawabata Yasunari, whereas the latter covers the works of Japanese Literature in Heian Period. (5) Thesis on Japanology mainly covers society, culture, and education. The above findings allows us to conclude that theses of Japanese education major at the graduate school of education cover more Japanese Education than topics related to Japanese Education.

Hiratsuka Raicho, the well-known new woman in modern Japan who constructed maternalism through ‘the debate on maternity protection’ in Daisho period. This article is to research Hiratsuka's maternalism composed in ‘the debate on maternity protection’ from the Asian women's perspective. As a result of research, Hiratsuka's maternalism combined all the three major conceps of ‘the debate on maternity protection’. Namely, her maternalism combined with Ellen Key‘s theory of motherhood, motherhood of ethnic/nation state and protection of maternity. Generally speaking, Ellen Key‘s theory of motherhood must have based on eugenics and social-darwinism that was abused by imperialism and fascism. And the idea of motherhood of ethnic/nation state was converted into the state's ideology of genetic superiority, in which the children should be considered as social or national resources rather than as personal belongings and that the number and quality of children gave a strong influence to the development and destiny of the nation. As a result of motherhood of ethnic/nation state could not transcend the rule of the emperor system of Japan. Also Hiratsuka who emphasized the state's guarantee of maternity proposed many plans for the maternity protection toward the state. Among them, there were plans of the maternity protection that had dangerous influence on Asian women. For example, Hiratsuka highlighted the tragic calamity that a series of wars and venereal diseases inflicted upon maternity, family, children and ethic Japanese people. This also led Hiratsuka to demand the programs of venereal disease prevention for Japanese mothers. Her claims also had influence to make ‘comfort women’ mobilization policy from the Japanese occupied colonies and other Asian countries during the Asia Pacific War. In this way, Hiratsuka's maternalism composed through ‘the debate on maternity protection’ had dangerous ripple effects on Asian women.