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Chinese Communist Party declared the slogan “The way to development of Chinese socialism culture”. They want to be a powerful culture country on culture-general plan, culture-goal and culture-policy aspects. So we should understand the Xi Jin ping(chinese head of state)'s concept what is based on the Humanism and review that China can be a cultural country, indeed.

Animation industry is one of several sections of cultural industry, the major growth industry in china. This study is to analyze the characteristics of development of Chinese animation industry in two categories of governmental policy and economy. First, development of animation industry is characterized by the governmental policy. Chinese animation industry is currently experiencing a rapid developmentbased on the various policies and support. On the statement of ‘Plans for Promotion of Chinese Film & Animation Industry’ by State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT) in 2004, governmental support on the section has begun. Starting in 2006, China’s 11th five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (FYP) has enhanced the development of the animation industry. With governmental support, Chinese animation industry has been broadening its boundaries through development of new cultural contents. Second, in economic aspect, derivative products have been developed by the progress ofthe animation industry. Governmental support has brought an industrial conversion focused on Research & Development and Creation, and income increase has resulted in an increased spending on culture. Those changes have led to the development of derivative industries such as animated film, accessory, animated publication industries. Success of the animations has promoted development of the derivative products and enlarged the market size. As a higher value-added business with these huge economic impacts, Chinese animation industry will continue its growth.

This study aims to emphasize growing importance of the walking trail as a new creative tourism resource and to identify conceptual dimensions of the trail based on the tourism storytelling. For this purpose, this study investigates not only meaningful dimensions of tourism storytelling for Galmaetgill of Busan from the survey, but also the differences in these conceptual dimensions among the visitor type, gender, and interpreter involvement. The results of the study suggest that tourism storytelling is classified into three conceptual dimensions, including communicativeness, sensitivity, and locality. The t-tests show significant differences in communicativeness according to type of visitors and interpreter involvement while there is no significant difference in gender. Future study should develop extended conceptual dimensions by applying to other trails such as Dulregil of Mt. Jiri and Ollehgil of Jeju.

This study researched the implications of ‘Housing Project’ in Gamcheon Cultural town and the Seto Inland Sea through the Fusion of Environment Renewal and Art Culture. As a result, I found common characteristics on the environment renewal of vacant house from the ‘Housing Project’ in Gamcheon Cultural town and the Seto Inland Sea, and derived the following differences from that place. First, they have a similar meaning with their themes as ‘Housing Project’, but a difference in the scale of the work. Second, they have difference in geographical and environmental factors. Although Gamcheon cultural town have good geographical environments, but located on the slopes, have difficulties needed to be willing to take harsh environments. The ‘Housing Project’ of Seto Inland Sea makes it possible to experience the arts, through the architect’s eco-friendly remodeling. Third, we need to observe the sustainability of environment renewal. In the ‘Housing Project’ of Seto Inland Sea, administrators are doing the sustainable management and maintenance, but it’s doubtful that Gamcheon cultural town will be continually invested. Fourth, residence of local people and the interest of art and culture should be considered. Finally, I suggest that it’s very necessary to spread the Fusion of Environment Renewal and Art Culture in ‘ Housing Project’.

The main purpose of this study is to lay a foundation for streetscape improvement along the Taejungdae line of Busan City Tour Bus. The Taejongdae Line is divided into thirty segments in consideration of the locations of tour bus stops and major intersections. Average travelling steed of the tour bus is measured for each segment. Nine types of streetscape and three driving speed categories are employed to form the foundation matrix. Streetscape improvement strategies are, then, proposed for each cell of the matrix. The matrix and the strategies are developed based on human visual perception and streetscape categories in the literature review, being expected to act as the catalyst for improving streetscape along the Taejongdae line and also the impression of the city of Busan. Further research is, however, needed to address pedestrian or passenger visual perception rather than driver.

In identifying contributing variables to a language learning success or failure, too much attention has been paid to the cognitive aspects of language learning, while sociocultural factors are considered as peripheral or latent. Even to the socioculturalists, a predominantly language-oriented approach may have neglected the importance of human and social relationships among interlocutors in terms of how it ultimately triggers or hinders interactional processes in classroom participation. As an initial stage of investigation, this pilot study was conducted to extend and reconceptualize the roles of sociocultural variables in order to better understand how these affect current language learning contexts. 112 university students participated in this study taking three different types of language classes, that is, grammar, listening comprehension, and writing. The results of this study indicate that some variability exists in participants’ responses according to the types of language classes taken. Participants from grammar and writing-oriented classes nominated university and home factors, respectively, as highly influential variables, whereas participants from a listening comprehension-oriented class viewed individual, home, and university factors as being equally important. When the types of language classes are not considered, participants ranked university factors as the most contributing variables, followed by home and individual factors. The implications for language classroom and the directions for the future research in this realm are discussed and suggested.

Both Kim Suyoung and Beidao worked actively as the poets of the people and also modernism during the 1960’s to 80’s. And they had some things in common as both of them were born before or after the national independence, belonged to the class of intellects, and were representative poets of the people and modernism symbolizing the 1960’s to 1970’s. Not abandoning their aspects as modernists, they properly utilized metaphor, symbol, the alteration of view, or montage technique and destroyed the order of time and space to realize poems of participation in their own ways differentiated from those used by other poets to write their poems of the people. Moreover, their poems are not confined in the trend of ‘modernism’, but still show the aspects connected with reality by accepting conventional modernism creatively as well as critically. These poets who were the subjects of resistance during the 1960 to 80’s in Korea and China separately had to adopt some other way differentiated from the former. For instance, Korean poets of the people including Kim Suyoung changed from individual-oriented discourse to people-oriented discourse while Chinese resistant poets like Beidao converted from ‘the people’-oriented socialistic community discourse to individual-oriented discourse against the former. Both of them did open the first door to resistance by forming the subject in a different way from what their own national system adopted.

This treatise aims at exploring the process of formation of modern folklore and criticizing its features, especially at the aspect of criticism for colonialism. As known well, the open-port city of Korea had been opened by the result of enforcement by the Japanese Empire with its military and economic power. After opening port cities, Japanese bring their westernized modern folklore into the cities where transmitted folklore were succeed, and tried to settle between the colonized people, Koreans. Being of transmitted folklore, the imported folklore was seemed fascinating because it was regarded in the same light as the military and economic power itself of Japanese Empire. Therefore Koreans, the colonized people could not help excluding it especially in daily lives, so they received and adopted it as new life style. In addition to that, with the effect of the imported modern folklore, the form and process of transmitted folklore was changed partly or mostly. Beyond such cases, wholly new modern folklore was created which was mixed with imported modern folklore and transmitted one. Through such process, Korean modern folklore had been formed by receiving the imported modern folklore, changed pre-existed folklore as mixed one and created new one which did not exist before. At the result of such reception, change and creation, modern folklore had been formed at open port cities as Busan after modern times and transmitted to nowadays. With this explore and research, it became to be possible to use the method of criticism to colonialism on adapting to another cultural phenomena in modern society. Because many phenomena have been formed through similar process like Korean modern folklore in the relation of colonialism.

This study focused on the recognition of demarcation between Korea and Japan by analyzing of Busanpo's Case in 1859. Busanpo is a borden town of Korea. Joseon Dynasty had been installed Oeguan which interchanged between Korea and Japan in Busanpo from 1407 to 1875. Oeguan was under the jurisdiction of Dongnaebu which was a local government of Joseon Dynasty in Gyeongsang province. Many Japanese had been lived in Oeguan which was changed several stages. Especially many ancient documents was remained in Choryang-Oeguan which had been existed for some 200 years. They are very important records and diaries of Choryang-Oeguan Leader which ruled for a few years in Busanpo. There have been many dramatic scandals such as a drifter and a smuggler and trespassing and sex crimes in Busanpo. Dongnaebu made forth efforts to solve the international diplomatic affairs. The process of settlement about many scandals express each nation's identity. Therefore, this study explores the past exoticism for analyzing many scandals in Busanpo, and examined closely pre-modern nationalism between Korea and Japan. Especially many cases of 1859 would be examinate and proved the exoticism of Joseon Dynasty in Busanpo.

The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character), the Jieyin(借音:borrowing sound of Chinese character) and theirs chinese characters' the examples have the different contents in The sound and meaning of XuanYing(玄應音義), The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character) is Tongjiazi(通假字) that have itself position in Chinese characters. A theory based on verdict of XuShen(許慎) says that Jiajie(假借) have no chinese character from the first. We can divide The Jieyin into two classes, one classes is the Tongjiazi(通假字) -original chinese characters-, the other is the Jiajie(假借) that have no chinese characters from the first. This paper makes the The Jiezi and the Jieyin change to the Yinjinjieyongzi(音近借用字:near sounds borrowing chinese characters), Yintongjieyongzi(音同借用字:same ounds borrowing chinese characters), Yitizi(異體字:variant chinese characters) etc under the recent terminology. We can know several facts to compare The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character), the Jieyin(借 音:borrowing sound of Chinese character), Jiajie(假借) in the sound and meaning the XuanYing(玄應音義) and the defintion of the The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character), the Jieyin(借音:borrowing sound of Chinese character), Jiajie(假借) in usual theory. The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character) in The sound and meaning of XuanYing(玄應音義) is the Tongjiazi(通假字), that fits within the generic definition. The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character)of XuShen(許慎) is the chinese characters that has no chinese characters from the first. The Jiajie(假借)in The sound and meaning of XuanYing(玄應音義)is the Tongjiazi(通假字) , the Jieyin(借 音:borrowing sound of Chinese character) inculude the Tongjiazi(通假字) and the chinese character it has no chinese character from the first. The Jiajie(假借)'s definition of XuShen(許慎) is obscure, The sound and meaning of XuanYing(玄應音義) was influenced by XuShen(許慎), that create chaos of using in The Jiezi(借字:borrowing Chinese character) and the Jiajie(假借).

“Dao” being used after a verb, and thereafter is a Locative or Locative Phrase, the “Dao” have the Locative meaning. The whole sentence represents people or things get somewhere with the action. We denote this type of sentences by “V Dao X”. “Dao” in this type of sentence roughly has six semantic features. From the diachronic development point of view, the timing is different for above mentioned six V entering into “V Dao X” format: V1 verbs first entered the format, later V2 verbs also entered this format. Early on, these two types can be directly after the verb object with premises and thus with the “Dao” constitute a hyperactivity of accusative type. V4 verbs entered into the formats earlier than V3 verbs. Early entering into this format, two verbs are intended to indicate the manner in which agent to reach somewhere. As V4 verbs implied “resulting displacement patient grammatical meaning, after V and “Dao” syncretized, the difference between two types of verbs gradually became apparent. Although early V4 focuses on that Angle arrived somewhere, but also implies causing Patient to move, thus pushing the other righteous verbs to enter which only represents “cause someone or something to move”. Among them, the Patient is "person" preceding verb. This article referred to as V5; Patient is “material” preceding verbs, this is denoted V6.

This article covers a contrastive analysis on Korean and Chinese linguistic structures with aspect marker ‘ zhe着’. The results of this study are as follows: ‘zhe’ Related Syntactic StructuresexamplesSemantic category of ChineseChinese MarkersSemantic category of KoreanKorean MarkersX+着+{Y}我们正在看着电视节目呢。他正开着门呢。她正在穿着一条红色 裙子呢。Aspect_Continuous{dynamic}X+着+Y。Modality_[cloven expression]-고 있{*었/*을}-门开着呢。 门口围着一群人。墻上挂着一幅画。Aspect_Continuous{stative}X+着。Modality_[cloven expression]-아 있{*었/*을}-她在穿着一条红色裙子。Aspect_Continuous{stative}X+着。Modality_[cloven expression]-고 있{*었/*을}-Xi+着+Xj她说着看了我一眼。Aspect_Continuous{dynamic}Xi+着+Xj…。Modality_[connective ending]-면서…她一直在坐着说话呢。Aspect_Continuous{stative}Xi+着+Xj…。Modality_[connective ending]-아서…

In the beginning of the 21th century, there were a lot of changes in the mainstream films and dramas in China, which were set in the anti-Japanese wars, compared to those in the late 20th century. The results of the analysis of “City of Life and Death” and “the Flowers of War” show that these changes were the sign of post-totalitarian culture, i.e. the mix of discourse premises and entertainment premises of mainstream types. For this reason, narratives in the films and dramas expressed under such discourse system could not overcome the control of the national consciousness. And also it could not allow the description of treason and other types of narration. This also meant the final mix of the three types of the mainstream films, experimental films, and entertainment films, which have co-existed since the late 1980s in China, and at the same time, the disappearance of establishment of new types of narration and many possibilities which had already existed.

This study examined the phenomenon that the main policy maker of tourism in China has shifted from the central government to local governments after the reform and opening. China's tourism policy before the reform and opening had focused on formal guests such as political figures, and the central government was the main actor implementing tourism policy. However, China's tourism policy maker has changed due to decentralization after the reform and opening. Each local government started to establish its own tourism policy in order to increase their tourism revenue. The competition among local governments became fierce, which made them an political actor against the central government in terms of tourism policy. As a result, Chinese tourism market expanded rapidly.

Qingdao is the “special district of Korea in China”. This study took a field survey between 2003 and 2013 and examined the process of downtown Korean enclaves being formed, growing, and becoming extinct. The study looked into the commercial spaces of the Korean enclaves in the southern districts dense with the city hall, financial institutions, and upscale apartment buildings among the representative Korean enclaves in Qingdao; first, the study divided approximately 120 establishments run by South Koreans and ethnic Korean residents in China into the category of food service, non-food service, technological service, and professional service. The ethnic Korean residents in China engaged in accommodation and brokerage like real estate, whereas South Koreans distinguished themselves in the areas of relatively high value added such as fashion and beauty. Second, the establishments were mostly in a bad management state due to the rapid rise of rents, unsystematic store contracting system, and smaller customer groups than expected. The duration of business was short within six months, and 30% went bankrupt within a year. However, there was an ongoing inflow of new self-employers until 2008. Finally, the increasingly massive size of the service category and the external growth of the Korean enclaves were directly connected to South Korea and northeastern areas where they came from. In addition, the self-employers there attracted manpower, capital and resources from their native towns, thus maintaining the management of their establishments. Large-scale service providers backed up by multinational capital entered the city in full scale due to the urban development projects between the local government and market in the second half of the 2000s, which resulted in the higher prices of land and commodities in the downtown. The cases show that the living spaces of migrants during the age of globalization cannot settle down at one place and float around the places formed by power and market.

By analyzing the historical records of <燕行錄>, this research tries to rebuild the Post Road settlements landscape in Liaoning and East Hebei areas during Qing Dynasty. Because of the diversity of natural environment, agricultural and economic levels, the distributions, scopes and shapes of these settlements presented different landscape.

This study is obtained by analyzing types of particles that unspecified agent and agent of passives take, and the characteristics of semantic. After summarizing types of particles that agent takes and their characteristics of sematic, these are followed:First, if ｢に｣ takes only a case-particle in agent, it means the impact on the Y which is the subject of a passive sentence with an operating entity X, and as the behavior subject and the subject are closely related to each other, it is when the Y in the passive sentence acts as a ｢受け手｣. And, for verbs of thinking and feelings and emotions, they fulfill their role as the principal action X is realizing the situation still an active sentence, therefore particle ｢に｣ is used in the operation subject X. This moves from the operation subject X to Y, and then ｢から｣ particle can be used to reach Y. Second, from the standpoint of being a source of coming from action or operation of the X, characteristic of semantic of particle ｢から｣ is that it mainly takes behavior particle ｢から｣and because it also acts as the operation subject, it is also possible to use particle of ｢に｣. Third, characteristics of semantic particle of ｢によって｣ is related to a case of creational consequences where as a result of the intentional behavior subject as a verb of type ｢創る｣, an incident that has not occurred yet may happen. Rearranging the characteristics semantics and types of particle that unspecified entity take, cases are in the following. I found that when X is used as the unspecified subject in the passive sentence, inanimated noun come to X and Y mainly, there is no action or intention to X in the realization of the situation, and it did not have any effect on the target. Therefore, for the particle that is used to the unspecified subject like this, I could see that there are many variations depending on the characteristics of X and Y and the that of semantic of verbs in the statement, and also the characteristics of semantic has been changed.

The literary style revolution was occurred under the facts being stimulated there were no differences between written and spoken language in the western country in accordance with an inflow of occidental civilization during the Meiji era. The history of the revolution extend over sixty years from 1866 to 1930. Among the rest, Yamada Bimyous, unusual as a man of letters, not only published study books of linguistics, dictionary, etc., but also strongly concerned about the unification of written and spoken language in particular. This article make clear Bimyou's thought about the unification of written and spoken language in priority of ｢Genbunittigairyaku｣, and also survey and consider a definite aspect of the written and spoken language unification in priority of his practise works named 『Musasino』. ① iisasi sentence; It is able to express as the mode of ending with noun, adverb and auxiliary. In case of ending with a noun, It seems to be omitted a specified word, and any other modes are invert sentences. ② iiowari sentence; It is able to classify as the mode ending with verb, auxiliary verb, adjective and instruct word. The highest frequency is the verb presented 75%, in particular, can't find an archaic word being the same as ｢～zu｣ ｢～nu｣ in the negative sentences. And also It can be confirmed his attempt for faithful using of colloquial style. The specific words are showd up using of various mode being the same as ｢～ da｣ ｢～denai｣ ｢～deatta｣ ｢～demonai｣ ｢～dewanai｣, etc. even though being in the rare frequency.

This study is to examine the role of the teacher in peer learning. As the role of the teacher, many roles have been presented in previous studies, except that it is common to center “development of learning environment,” “support and promote” and “evaluation” basically a lot. However, the role of teachers as seen from the perspective of the learner to the point had gone missing in the previous studies.　Therefore, we study consciousness to think from the perspective of the learner the role of the teacher. Study is a questionnaire, I heard the required role to teacher learners think, Tuition form you desire.　As a result, teaching ability of teachers most in the survey of the necessary role of teacher learners think, it was a natural Japanese, interest attitude of teachers, supporters, to students, and the correct Japanese followed. Previous Studies and similar “teaching ability” As for “supporters”, it was found to be as high awareness of learners. It answers to the “interest of students” there were many a “posture of the teacher” was a major feature in the survey. It is believed that “interest to students” are things like no other findings, to be in that learners of Korean native speakers is for a strong awareness. A classroom is the least with respect to form class, classroom C there were many overwhelmingly.　Then, to analyze the role of the teacher through awareness survey of learners and previous studies, we have proposed a role for a new teacher in peer‐reading. 1. Building a learning system, 2. Support for learning content understanding, 3. Support to individuals, 4. Dealing with Problems, 5. The evaluation.

In this paper, the ｢father｣ and ｢cherry｣ was investigated in the Father, and the 1947 work ｢cherry｣ is a 1948 work of this study to compare the two works by Osamu Dazai looked at what that says. The hero of two works, ｢father｣ is a novelist. Novels do not care much at all unsold household work and care for children, do not care to be only only only interested in drinking and women. Their interest in such places to go “reason” and “the other person's stomach will align” their utmost “service” to think is called also the “mother” role as a mother trying as much as possible, but “tears”, but not happy to be living faded does, however, seeing this Dazai, who wrote before he died. “Longer Human” and about the same time, rather than written history as the “new” thing was not whether to pursue that thought is the work. “waiting” for the work in 1942 works published in the paper, and hope to the end of the war as ｢father｣ and ｢cherry｣, as the authors compared the results of the study think that the work green's life was as an artist beyond the agony and anguish sometimes “stubborn” also Beak. then become an artist, hoping to think of this paper was to wait.

This paper described the eroticism of the old man who adheres to the sex and a “leg” of the old man who has appeared in the Huten old-man diary. Although it suffers from the hero Utsugi tokusukeは illness of a Huten old-man diary, and it is escorted by the nurse and is resting in the house, the transformation sexual desire which indulges the flesh of Satsuko is enjoyed. Besides, in addition, Satsuko guesses an old man's transformation element and stimulates an old man specially. The old man thinks that it is a sexual desire inherent in its inside that he can live, and it is an erotic leg of Satsuko. As for the flesh of Satsuko, I hear that liking to observe here has been symbolized by the leg. The old man is unifying a sex and death and thinks to death for indulgence of the leg of Satsuko. Since the footprint of Satsuko is made into French 足石 for a self old gravestone, relation by Satsuko, i.e., a mother, is maintained even in the world of a postmortem, and the thing which will use the leg of Satsuko as an eternal woman object and to do is imagined. An old ideal is converted into raw which had death purified, and forms the paradox of making it eternal. That is, I hear that an old man takes the footprint of Satsuko, and he can say that he would like to have a relation erotic to a postmortem with her. That is because the leg of Satsuko is sexual magnetism and is a means of the masochistic pleasure that she with the leg steps on and you may die, for an old man.

The Westerner and The Sequel of The Westerner(｢改造｣ 1927.8～9) are Akutagawa Ryunosuke’s suicide notes, in which his life is metaphorically compared to Jesus’ life. He thought that many misunderstandings about his works were derived from lack of understanding on naturalism at that time, so he devoted himself to eradication of the ignorance by every means, as Voltaire did against the corruption of Middle Age Christianity. As the Bible and his works are composed of poetic language, such as symbol and allegory, paradox and metaphor, it is impossible to explain them with logical or scientific methods of naturalism. Their hard and long struggle for poetic justice(truth), so-called the liberation war for art by Georg Lukacs in the study of esthetics, is caused by both sided effect on the paradox of allegory. Therefore, the final purpose of these works is not to write the life of Jesus and human destiny, but to show Akutagawa’s life and literature struggled for clarification of truth, just like Jesus crucified in an inversion of the truth.

Contempt and that has Horror modern Japanese literature, self-Meiji Restoration (1868), and one, an annexation (1910) through to 36 years under Japanese colonial rule of Korea prayer that is taken. Japanese nationalism and imperialism is a product of modern Western modernity have treaded the path of modernization based on the literature of the modern Japanese nationalism and imperialism also deployed in the inheritance structure of the Japanese Meiji era came the era of nationalism and the West about the advanced civilization of the Orient accept the first intellectuals in Japan seosedongjeom under the international situation of the country's independence, while promoting the establishment of the modern nation-states have recognized the historical vocation. White colonial rulers of the West of the East Desire to dominate prey in front of friends, along with civil scared but the Japanese imperialist colonial rulers Japanese Korean acquaintances as for Mean prey is very Similar. Ambivalence the same target on the opposite relative emotional at the same time, toward a state of mind to say every human being easy for anyone to feel emotions and fear such as yourself and from others to see the various duality means that Japan, Korea, in modern literature at the time as self-sufficiently in the work to find one could watch. Modern Japanese literature, what and how self-reported in South Korea and South Korea for what I think is to investigate Symbol is the purpose of this study. First, one day after the Meiji Restoration and after annexation of Japan's modern literary characters to explore. More times since the Meiji Restoration in 1945 until after the release in Japan on Korea's literary novel syntactic research methods to target the majority of the results has taken the ambivalent attitude of modern Japanese literature is not known to be taken. Mobilized by the imperialist war in modern Japanese literature, the Sino (1937-1945) and the Pacific War (1941 to 1945) with periods of Japanese imperialism, the imperialist war of aggression in modern literaturewho were mobilized ambivalent attitude unless we take the time to survive the threat of feel can not fail to consider the historical circumstances.

Japan Bakuhan system is a kind of effective prevent the Warring States era can on the social system, realized the Japanese over 260 years of peace.Sankin kotai system powerful safeguard for the effective implementation of the Bakuhan system, fundamentally weakened the name especially tozama daimyo economic and political power, strengthen the shogunate's dictatorship, the Shogun “strengthen the fundamental and weaken the trivial” political purpose, the general and the famous Lord master from the “Royal favor” relationship can be established, is a very effective method to manage and control the general name. However, Sankin kotai system in late Bakukan system happened many serious problems. On one hand, it brought the prosperity of urban economy; on the other hand, it increased the burden of the local governments, especially, in the years with frequent disasters. Such Sankin kotai system accounted the entire system of economic stagnation and deepened the conflicts of the Bakukan system and local governments.

The article analyzes the characteristics of learning Russian as a Foreign Language in natural language conditions and outside of lingual environment. In condition of lingual environment where the language as a subject acts as a natural repeater of foreign cultural reality, the learning process gets to focus on familiarizing a foreigner to the conceptual system of Russian language society and is realized in three ways: 1) updating and correction of existing ethnic and cultural knowledge of the Russian language person (mentality, stereotypes, values of orientation​​); 2) communication of a previously unknown culturural ang pragmatic knowledge of Russian lingual community (mode of behavior and ways of expressing it, the formula of speech etiquette); 3) a conscious comparison of similarities and differences in Russian and native culture in intercultural context. Regardless of the language environment, learning strategy in Russian as a foreign language is modified, where methodological principles of minimization and careful selection of language and speech material, use of broad visibility in the learning process, consideration of difficulties in learning of the national audience, native language and culture of the students become basic. In this case, the teaching of Russian language should be constructed in such a way that it would embody the basic thesis of the traditional Russian method along with taking into account national and cultural characteristics of students without radically changing the current educational system.

This article aims for the analysis of some characters of Russian language instruction in Philippines, in other words, their education systems for Russian language, their emphases upon the instruction methodology of Russian language as a foreign language and its evaluation specifics together with types and tendency of students mistakes in the Russian language compositions based on the composition results of the Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines. Russian language composition results of the students of Ateneo de Manila University are analysed on the three categories and principles, (1)listening & comprehension (2) crucial lexicon-grammar (3) composition training, that were established by Philippines's Russian educators for over 15 years. Among the compositions of Philippine students who study Russian language there were observed several phenomena of language interference from English and Philippines's nation-cultural aspects which are needed to be more deeply analysed, for example, from the view of social-cultural linguistics in future.

The Nivkh tribe worships the nature based on the animistic world view since all resources they get from nature are the root of their existence. Therefore, they worship mountains/ forests, rivers/the sea, and the sky. The world view in the Nivkhs' mythology is generally divided into a dualistic world view, a trichotomous world view, and a pluralistic world view. In this case, the dualistic world view is comprised of the principle of <exchange>, the trichotomous world view is comprised of the principle of <balance>, and the pluralistic world view is comprised of the principle of <order>. Thinking system of the Nivkhs' mythology basically forms on the codes of <abundance> and <harmony>. The Nivkhs try to establish amicable relations with the spirits of mountains/forests and the spirits of water/sea, and they hold a ceremony to offer sacrifices to the spirits. The code of <abundance> related to success in hunting is reflected in this. And the Nivkhs' mythology shows that the world is in a state of chaos and disorder and later this chaos and disorder turn to stability and order. The code of <harmony> regarding construction of the world is reflected in it.

Postage stamps are not only signs of payment method for sending mail, produced by the postal authorities, but also called “The smallest graphic design”, “Small poster”, “A little jewel” and “A small and a large window that keeps the world”. Postage stamp is an unique expressive language that shows a small image, containing figures and texts. Stamps reflect the very political, propagative and agitational images in that they want to show the political leaders of the government. In 2013 will be the 60th anniversary of the death of Joseph Stalin. And in the same year will mark the 155th anniversary of the creation of the first Russian postage stamps. It is therefore interesting to explore the relationship between the stamps and the power of Stalin. Stalin specifically used postage stamps to show his economic strategies and the positive results of Soviet five-year plan and uncaged workers and successful exploitation of the Great October Revolution and the victory of the Second World War. At the first time portraits of Stalin were with a portrait of Vladimir Lenin, or next to Lenin, for showing that Stalin himself is a direct heir of Lenin and Leninism. Stalin wanted to make Homosovieticus through propaganda and agitation, which depicted his power. But after N.Khrushchev, his portraits had disappeared forever on the postage stamps of the USSR. Even in 2013, which will be the 60th anniversary of Stalin's death, stamps with his image will not be issued. We wonder whether the postage stamps of the Stalinist theme ‘ever sleep in albums’ or ‘will be issued ever again’. And someday if stamps of Stalin will be re-published in Russia, it will mean that the political and cultural situation will be different compared to the present time.

Soviet cinema in Stalin's era actively carried out political-aesthetic project, corresponding most fully with the very nature of Stalinist arts. In the 1930s Stalin turned cinema into the most effective medium of ideological and historical representation. Moreover, from the late 1930s Stalin himself personally corrected and censored each screenplay and film, wielding control over both reality and its representation. Fridrikh Ermler's film The Great Citizen (1937, 1939) could be regarded as first film of ‘National order’, which concretely reflected Stalin's intention and consequentially justified Stalin's Great Purges and mass terror. Great Purges, the most terrible and traumatic incident in the whole modern history of Russia, was triggered by assassination of Sergei Kirov, to whom dedicated The Great Citizen. Film depicts not only how real soviet hero Shakhov/Kirov struggled to build socialism in a single country but obvious figures of rebellious hidden enemy inside the party whose imagery directly connected with Trotsky and Bukharin. Playing a considerable role in the intensification of public need to root out ideological enemy, The Great Citizen is abundant in speech and dialogues main aim of which are to define Trotskyte-Zinovievite camp as a enemy of Bolshevic party. The Great citizen is characterized as a 'conversational cinema' by Ermler, however, film vividly describes negative portrait of the enemies not only through linguistic narrative but through the cinematic images-objet and aesthetical forms such as deep focus, mise-en-scène, long take, plan-sequence, angle and lighting. All of these cinematic instruments and image-signs solidify the signification that connotes real hero of Soviet society, Stalin, who ousted ideological enemies and the saboteurs inside the party and who played a leading role in implementation of Soviet cinema politica.

The purpose of this study was to identify changing attitudes towards comprehensive disabilities using knowledge and attitude scales on disabilities and elderly people for 201 architectural students in 5-year program, and to determine the correlation between self-respect and the ability to perform design assignments. As a result of this study, whether or not they live with their grandparents and whether or not they have experienced volunteer activities revealed a statistical significance in terms of their attitudes towards comprehensive disabilities according to the subjects' characteristics. Namely, the case in which they have not lived with their grandparents revealed a statistical significance in that they had a low level of stereotype of the handicapped, and high level of knowledge and positive images of elderly people. Through the Scheffe post-hoc comparison results showed no difference was shown in changing attitudes towards disabilities, self-respect or the ability to perform design assignments among the above-mentioned three groups. Along with a sympathetic understanding after their participation in similar experiential programs, their will to design UD had changed into a stronger one through the change in average values in architectural behaviors. The will to reflect UD realities was more negative than what had been expected, and from the statistical point of view, the difference in the average values was significant. The will of the students of architectural design to design UD had become stronger, and it is presumed that this is derived from their thinking more deeply about specifically how they should reflect the considerations of UD in the architectural design and planning stage, and as a result, they became more cautious about their answers.