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The purposes of this presentation are to analyze the subscription trends ubiquitous in the Journal of North-East Asian cultures published from the Association of North-East Asian Cultures and seek for the future directions of the journal. The Associations of North-East Asian Cultures were established in July, 1998 and has published articles on quarter’s basis (May, June, September, and November). Focusing on Korea, China, Japan, and Russian cultures, the journal aims at establishing East Asian Cultural Community rooted from the chapters from diverse academic disciplines’ discussions and explorations. Throughout the analysis of the articles published with the journal for the sake of proposing the future directions, it is no wonder to say that the analysis should entail the types of the journal published and multiple perspectives voiced from one nation to the other. Journal of North-East Asian cultures deals with complex learning fields, and thorough the active access toward the interdisciplinary fields, the journal tries to shatter commonly held academic biases in the hoping that this will eventually extend the journal’s academic specialties. The Association of North-East Asian Cultures explores issues relevant to Humanities and Social Sciences in the East Asian region, and the categories of the thesis consist of six domains. The presenter analyzed the articles published from volume 1 of 2004 to volume 19 of 2016 on the basis of the author’s distribution in terms of nationality and will report the present condition of international conferences held abroad up to now. The presenter will critically address the relationships between the dominant themes omnipresent from the previous studies and propose an optimal, future directions of the Journal of North-East Asian cultures.

There are a few thesis about the aspect of recognition of space in Yoon's poem. Nevertheless, there has been no thesis about space of his birth in China, and his study in Korea, and study in Japan in series and continuity. There are different levels in those spaces while there were colonized by Japan. So the thesis is focused on the recognition of space in three spaces as a same place. These is poem Street, which is based on China, Korea, and Japan. There are also peom On street based in China , Street with board in Korea (1941), and Flowing street in Japan (1942, 5, 12) Reflected upon three peoms, Street is centered on the writer of itself, while other two is rather developed focusing history and relationship with others. It aslo related with personal development and experience as an adult. In other points, the poet's view is developed from personal viewpoint to reality of the period. Time difference of three poems are quite huge but interestingly the time period is happened at night commonly. It seems quite personal interest of poet himself only focused on the night time for the poem background.Yoon dongju’s poem is based on the darkness in world view. Even he recognized that the opposite side is the light, the darkness is awakened before the light. The view is developed toward lightness through darkness. His recognition of world view focused on the darkness is related with his view in poem. It is also related with his religious view point with his world view and poem. The character of religious people is that they recognize the world as chaos rather than cosmos. Therefore the chaos of time and place is tended to replace with holy one instead. That is, the world is recognized from the chaos. The chaos is revealed as the darkness and this can be used as the background of his poem as night.

The study identified the factors influencing Korean and Chinese consumer’s purchase intention to buy fake products in two aspects: social factors and personal factors. Social factors include conformity group, others-conscious inhibited consumption, and social norms. Personal factors are perceived risk, price sensitivity, and conspicuous consumption. This study surveyed 279 Koreans and 297 Chinese who have experienced of buying counterfeits. The statistical analysis conducted frequency analysis, reliability and validity analysis to identify statistical characteristics of respondents using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. After checking the suitability of the measuring instruments and models, the hypothesis was verified. The results are as follow. First of all, others-conscious inhibited consumption has positive impact on both Korean and Chinese consumers. Secondly, Korean social norms are not significant factors whereas Chinese social norms have negative impact on consumer conformity. While legal importance of the social norms is growing due to the economic and ethical concerns, Korean consumers still appear to fail to recognize restrictions on norms or usage. Chinese consumers recognize that buying counterfeits does not conform to the social norms and the normative pressure constrains an individual's from purchasing. Third, Korean perceived risk has negative impact on consumer conformity while Chinese perceived risk is not significant factor. When Korean consumers decide to buy a counterfeit, being aware of various dangers can have negative effect on purchase intention. If they already consider risks associated with buying counterfeits and uncertain quality of that product, purchase intention becomes smaller. On the other hand, Chinese consumers do not recognize the potential risks of fake goods. Fourth, after verifying the relationship between price sensitivity and consumer conformity, price sensitivity is not significant factor for both Korean and Chinese consumers. Fifth, in relation to conspicuous consumption and consumer conformity, conspicuous consumption has positive impact on consumer conformity in both countries. Lastly, between consumer conformity and purchase intention, consumer conformity as parameter positively influences on purchase intention in both countries. A further research should be an empirical study which reflects various aspects like feature of company, characteristics of produced luxury goods, and quality of counterfeits. Moreover, it needs to examine whether there is a discrepancy in purchase intention according to the area or define specific comparisons between the two countries. It is necessary to expand the research to account for various counterfeits, but it needs to clarify the exact classification for counterfeits.

The existence of the navy in the international order in the 19th Century was symbolic of enhancing the international prestige of a nation and it was also an effective means for the nation to achieve its goal of foreign policies. Looking at the process of birth of the modern navy in Chinese society, we can learn of how Chinese perception on the ocean changed. This treatise, focused on the content of diaries of Chinese Ministers to Britain Guo Songtao and his entourage as well as Zeng Jize, sought to examine the process whereby the Chinese observed navy weapons and purchased the warships. A diverse range of contents of Chinese diplomats were shown at their diaries and travel writings: issue of warship purchase, memory of newest-type armored battleships, participation in launching ceremony of new warships, their surprise at torpedo and torpedo ships, manufacture of warship guns and their strength, history and evolving process of the Western navies, visit to navy parades and naval schools, weapon-loading process of warships at shipyards, faults of gunboats, visit to naval ports and shore batteries. Through these records, the treatise learned of how Chinese diplomats observed warships and artilleries as well as how strongly they insisted on and stuck to the building of the navy. So-called China's warship purchasing policy' in the late 19th Century triggered competition in the navies with Japan and left not small impacts on the Sino-Japanese War, political situation in East Asia and further, development history of the world's navies.

At present, geographic information technology is constantly applied to the field of cultural industry, especially in the fields of intelligent culture, intelligent tourism, map convenience, heritage protection and other fields. How to make clear the components of the international competitiveness of the geographic information culture industry, and how to promote the development of industry quickly is an important goal of this paper. In Asian countries, because of the geographical proximity and cultural affinity China-Korea-Japan learn from each other created the brilliant cultural achievements. The geographic information and culture industry of these three countries also developed successively, and its industrial development structure has similarities, therefore, this paper chooses these three countries which are more prominent among Asian countries as a comparison object. Firstly, the paper investigates the current situation and characteristics of the geographic information culture industry in the China, Japan and South Korea, and constructs the theoretical model of international competitiveness evaluation of geographic information culture industry. Secondly, through on the basis of the generalized double diamond model and entropy value method, to build China, Japan and South Korea measure index system of international competitiveness of geographic information cultural industry, and then computing the evaluation result of international competitiveness. Finally, according to the evaluation results of international competitiveness, we will make a beneficial exploration of the three countries' international competitiveness, and then provide constructive suggestions for the development of China's geographic information and cultural industry. The article gives the following suggestions, through accurate positioning, personalized recommendation of geographic information products, to give full play to the map as a cultural carrier and expression form, thus to improve the cultural taste of geographic information services. As soon as possible supporting and cultivating a number of leading enterprises, and foster a group of small and medium-sized enterprises, so as to maintain high growth in industrial production value. Enhance the innovation ability of scientific and technological personnel.

The Hata clan(秦氏) crossed the sea and came to Japan from Shilla in the Tumulus period.　HATA-no-Kawakatsu(秦河勝) was an important member of the Hata clan. He played an active part in the time of Prince Shotoku(聖徳太子),as an aide of Prince Shotoku. The medieval entertainment people ─Noh(能)players and court musicians(伶人)─ believed that HATA-no-Kawakatsu had created entertainment for the first time, and he was their ancestor. They worshiped him as a god of entertainment─Osake-Daimyogin. KONPARU Zenchiku(金春禅竹)was an excellent Noh player, an excellent author of Noh and an outstanding Noh Theorist In the 15 century. He wrote ““Meisyukushu”(明宿集). He insisted that Okina(翁─old man in Nho = Star gods─especially god of Polaris = the god of Sumiyoshi(住吉神) ＝ Virgin Bodhisattva ＝ Osake-Daimyogin. He said that Virgin Bodhisattva is a Bodhisattva on the 13th. On 13th January 1377, people in Yano-manor(矢野荘)gathered on the association held on the 13th of every month(十三日講)on the Osake shrine(大避神社)in shimodoi(下土井), wakasano(若狭野), Aioi city(相生市), Hyogo Prefecture. They ran away from the maner the next dai. This is a famous incident, but the association remains unclear. The Osake shrine in sakoshi(坂越), Akoi city(赤穂市), Hyogo Prefecture is the main shrine of all Osake shrines in west Harima(西播磨), Hyogo Prefecture. It is a shrine that worships Osake-Daimyogin. Myokenji-temple(妙見寺)is in the backyard of the shrine. The temple had been the Bettoji(別当寺)which ruled the shrine until the Edo period. They have the same faith structure. The temple worships Virgin Bodhisattva that is also a bodhisattva of Venus and Myoken Bodhisattva(妙見菩薩)that is a bodhisattva of Polaris. I find the substitution structure Osake-Daimyogin = Myoken Bodhisattva = Virgin Bodhisattva.　And the association held on the 13th of every month worshiped Virgin Bodhisattva that is a Bodhisattva on the 13th = Myoken Bodhisattva = Osake-Daimyogin.

This article is devoted to problems of programme approach in the management of the cultural sector and the experience of Russia and of Moscow and problems of local self-government in Russia and bodies of municipal management culture in Russia, their structure and practices, which from the beginning of the 21st century ad and still in modern Russia shows itself deeply and spread to today's Russia. At the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation implemented regional branch of the state program. In Moscow it is a State program of Moscow “Development of recreation and tourism in 2012-2018” and the State program of Moscow city “the Moscow Culture 2012-2018”. For this purpose in modern Russia have already established and developed a new system of self-government in the field of culture in the Federation and subjects, including their legal basis, strategy, and cultural tasks and activities, about which more above. Especially important is the second level of public administration culture in Russia –regional for the democratization of society. For example, the main priorities of the Moscow cultural policy: the development of the territories;- support for cultural production;- development of cultural infrastructure and communications. The Department includes the Control, largely, the respective structural units of the Ministry of culture:- Museum and exhibition work;- Control on development of cultural centers;- education;- Management of theatres and concert organizations;- Manage the coordination of city-wide programmes; support and technical management.

Dasan(茶山) Jung Yak-yong(丁若鏞, 1762∼1836) published a unique theoretical book『Akseo -gojon』(樂書孤存), which is the only historical book representing research on music during the late Choseon dynasty. Furthermore, there is another importance on the title of the book Akseo-gojon(樂書孤存), which means ‘Music book(樂書) is lonely but should exit in itself’ by Dasan himself impressing the value of the existence. He analyzed various problems of traditional music book which had accepted Chinese music theory after Bun-seo Geng-yu(焚書坑儒 historical disaster firing books and bury scholars during Chinese Emperor Chin Si-Hwang in BC 213) without any edition for country revision. He analyzed and revealed the distorted contents of the traditional music books in his research. The major content list of the book Akseo-gojon consists of Non(Discussion)[論]․Byeon(Argue)[辨]․Bak: (Debate)[駁]․Sa(Examination)[査]․Jeong(Correction)[訂] type item structure with additional discussion on the subject ｢Mu-eui｣(舞義-rightness of dance)․｢Napeon -eui｣(納言義-Rightness of concerning). I focused on the additional discussion on ｢Mu-eui｣ which described the origination of ancient Ilmu(佾舞-line dance), the performance style, and an opinion on new pattern of the dance by Dasan, which showed a new vision concerning Jongmyo-Jaerae(宗廟祭禮) ritual performance until present. Especially, Dasan emphasized the importance of the inherent story and the symbolic motion of the dance in Ilmu of Jongmyo-Jaerae in the discussion of the book ｢Mueui｣ pointing out the teaching as assignment to his students. This study examined the original meaning of traditional Ilmu dance music in Dasan Jung Yak-yong’s aspect for ancient Chinese concept in ‘Ak’(樂-music) and ‘Mu’(舞-dance), and reviewed Dasan’s opinion and suggestions on Ilmu of Jongmyo-Jaerae music. He pointed out the distorted meaning of descended Ilmu dance in Jongmyo-Jaerae of Korea that we need to refer the logical or reasonable understanding on Dasan’s suggestion over simple change of the music theory. I hope this study may present a meaningful motivation to the next researchers and examine the general contents of Dasan’s suggestion in Ilimu to find reasonable elements as a persuasive logical theory for Korean Jongmyo-Jaerae music to be descended and developed in the future.

This paper aims to look into the origin and meaning of embroidered letters(Bulja, 黻字) in the Joseon's Royal protocols and their cultural implications. It attempted to inquire into the special meaning of ancient embroidered letters in the Joseon's Royal protocols in terms of characters and culture. First, Examined basic data, dictionary meaning and definition to consider the substantial truth of ancient embroidered letters and their implications. It was found that Daehanwhasajeon (大漢和辭典) defines the letter Bul(黻) as “fortune of happiness and wealth(茀祿福也).” Second, Carefully looked into the historical origin and cultural evidence of embroidered letters through the data presented. It confirmed the fact that the origin of ancient embroidered letters also supports this through Gongjagaeo(孔子家語). Through literature, it was revealed that the Yellow Emperor(黃帝) first made clothes embroidered with letters and institutionalized them. Thus, these embroidered letters began from about five-thousand years, and the origin is very old and left as a legend and myth, which were a historical truth. It was noted that during the Joseon Dynasty, embroidered letters were used only in royal costume, and they appeared in King’s, Queen’s and Crown Prince’s costumes. Third, Looked into Joseon Royal Book Gyujanggak Uigwe how embroidered letters appeared and were used in the state funeral during the Joseon Dynasty. The roof of the large bier and good for funeral ceremonies, Bulsap(黻翣) around the large bier and the shield Bangsangsi(方相氏) is holding, which are the biggest and representative goods for funeral ceremonies in Joseon’s state funeral protocols had embroidered letters. By looking into the cultural evidence and records about embroidered letters in the state funeral protocols, their full account could be understood. This shows that the transmission system of embroidered letters continued working in the Korean royal culture, and the execution system of embroidered letters was clearly working from the royal costume of the Joseon Dynasty to the large bier, Bulsap and Bangsangsi in the state funeral. To sum up the above discussions, embroidered letters are a historic construct holding Korean history and culture simultaneously, implying very special cultural implications. Since the ancient emperor prepared an ideological system with profound implications for the first time, they have been with Koreans for five thousand years, which means that embroidered letters have had great symbolisms and implications. Thus, embroidered letters are empirical evidence that clearly contains Korean values ​​and goals of life. It seems that there are no other symbols implying complex history, culture, ideas and knowledge systems yet in Korean history. Therefore, embroidered letters are the symbol of the first ever penetrating the essence of Korean spiritual culture and can be evaluated as a representative example showing powerful cultural transmission of ancient Korean culture.

The field of film studies needs to refer the results of the study on the locality of Busan and to open a new domain of film studies by relocating the focus of the film studies to the locality of Busan. This paper is a small attempt for the new film studies, and examines the ways of representation of the locality of Busan and their social meanings in Im Kwon-taek's four films: Snow Falls on the Bloody Street (1971), The General’ Son (1990), The General’ Son 2 (1991), and Raging Years (2004). What I notice in this paper is that they seem to deal with one single subject. The ways in which the films represent Busan ​​include in a meaningful way Im's consistent insight and question of what kind of city Busan is. Moreover, the films capture the core of the locality of Busan in a completely different way, reflecting the span of decades. Even though it was made in the early 1970s when Busan enjoyed its heyday, Snow Falls on the Bloody Street deals with who live in the realm of darkness. By doing so, the film asks who is the genuine maker of Busan's heyday and what their lives are like. The son of General (1990), The General’ Son 2 (1991) and Raging Years (2004), which were made 20 years later, co-opt the historical spaces representing Busan's specific locality. Some of them are places where Busan’s lower-class workers used to live and enjoy culture. The others are historical buildings whose functions change as they pass through the modern epoch of Korea. Interestingly, Im borrowed the space of Busan's lower-class workers in the most dangerous period of Busan's economy, and made movies in which a tramp in the beggar village becomes a hero and a trivial poor person lives a hard enduring life in the rough world. Those films seem to remind the viewers of who created the brilliant days of Busan and indicate where the power of Busan to break through the crisis is. Im pulls Busan's space into his films in his own way, and captures the locality of Busan which has not been recognized or overlooked even by the city or citizens of Busan.

The location of the village of Yongdeok in Gyeongbuk area is analyzed by applying the Feng Shui indicator. Jongtaek village and forms the town even now iphyangjo caught the emitter area, says the settlement space and the existing jongtaek. Target areas of study were enrolled in the three villages yeongdeok county jongtaek (goesiri, wonguri, inryangri). For the study method, 6 items(ganlyong/jise/hyeoljang/suse/jwahyang/bibo) of Feng Shui Indices of location space were applied as the formative logic of experiential science. The numerical values were sanse(10), jise(40), hyeoljang(20), suse(10), jwahyang(10), bibo(10). According to the results of the analysis Feng Shui index, jisewa, hyeoljang and bibo when choosing the location of the village in Yongdeok area. In particular, the village of Yongtaek was able to exist for about 400 ～ 500 years, and it was analyzed as the location of the myeongdang-Score (52 ～ 71). This study derived the quantification that can be used to judge how FengShuzi, the locality of the first generation. And it can be quantified more experience than scientific objective criteria, we believe there to contribute. However, I think that the research subject is limited locally and there are limitations to quantification with few cases. Therefore, it is found out that the study of comparative analysis of the location of Baekdudaegan village and the location of Nakdong vein village is more academic value than that of continuous study.

Nowadays, the characteristics of university students make a relationship only with their friends as a small group. Teamwork is one of important features in content creation field. The purpose of this study is to analysis of friend relationship and to establish a teaching strategy for improvement of relationship with students who do not like to make a relationship. We investigate the shape and effect of peer relationship structure on learning and interactive team work based on social network analysis method. The subjects of this study are twenty-one students who participated in the game project I and II of Y university. They write three friend names as their best friends and we analysis the collected data to network structure using the UCINET 6.0 tool, one of the social network analysis tools. Friend relationships affect academic achievement and learning performance. In the comparison of the strong and weak networks, the strong network shows the influence of the information in the case of the academic achievement factors, but the weak network shows the low effect in the diversity of the information acquisition required for the academic achievement. Students with weak connectivity have a place to make fellowship through individual counseling and SNS and have played a role as a teacher to avoid alienation from team work. Further research requires in-depth studies on the analysis of characteristics and learning styles of university students, the development of strategic learning support programs, and the improvement of learning consulting including life guidance, team-based project instruction, and so on.

The text, study on that directional word indicated of the directional relationship distortion in syntax in the Chinese language, look through the cognitive schema that indicated distortion in syntax direction point and focal point of relationship. The directional word shown by the directional is objective enough to be revealed by the mathematical formula, Sometimes there is a case where the directional relationship between the coordinates and the focus expressed in a syntax is distorted or inversely expressed. In fact, this distortion in the dialogue process seems to be a kind of device for the speaker to inform the listener more effectively about the location of the object. I have examined from two angles why the ‘fly on the bottom of the ceiling’, which was mentioned in the text, should be expressed as ‘fly on the ceiling’ by using ‘up(on)’ instead of ‘down’. First, there is a case where the directional information expressed by the directional word is distorted and provided through the relative high and low relationship viewed from the speaker's gaze; The second is the case where the up and down schemata are established with the coordinates as ‘bottom’ through the absolute high and low relationship between top and bottom. Therefore, the text is largely examined by the horizontal scheme in front, back, left and right except for ‘east, west, north and south’, and looked at situations that could be distinguished from each other according to the relationship between coordinates and focus. In addition, we examined the ‘top’ directional distortion in the top and bottom schema that cognitive objects through vertical relationships. The main contents of the text are firstly divided into a fixed positional scheme and a movement scheme in the horizontal scheme, can see that ‘classroom’ can be divided into indoor and outdoor coordinate schemes. In the top and bottom schematics, looked at whether the ‘fly sitting on the ceiling’ was on the ceiling or under the ceiling, also looked at how to look at the lamps hanging on the ceiling and the lamps hanging on the supports with the floor coordinates.

When Chinese President Xi Jinping visited countries in Central Asia and Southeast Asia in September and October of 2013，he proposed the initiative of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road，which have attracted close attention from all over the world. This initiative，in line with fundamental interests of the international community，reflects the common ideals and pursuits of human societies. In addition，it is a positive endeavor to seek new models of international cooperation and global governance，and will inject new positive energy into world peace and development. As China's strategic partner，South Korea established diplomatic relations with China in 1992. In spite of relatively wide differences in political views， there has been much progress in economic and trade cooperation. In the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative，the economic and trade cooperation is set to have prospects of broader cooperation and contribute to the cooperation between the two countries and the countries in Central Asia. The Belt and Road Initiative provides a new framework and new channels for the corporation and exchanges between China and South Korea. The two countries should jointly build the Belt and Road that is green，harmonious，prosperous and win-win through connectivity. They are also expected to strengthen cooperation between governments，promote political mutual trust and reach a new consensus on cooperation. The article wishes to make a contribution to China-South Korea Economic and Trade Cooperation through studying on the following subjects: the background，major proposals and current developments of the Belt and Road Initiative; the foundation，necessity and the most crucial difficulties and solutions for China-South Korea Economic and Trade Cooperation.

Jia Zhangke’s film is mainly made up of the “cold image” of long shot. On the contrary to this, he introduces a very ‘warm’ strategy in sound which is another element of the film. Jia Zhangke's soundtrack matches the mainstream dramaturgy and gives a very sentimental feeling that resonates with the person's feelings. However, most audiences around the world, except Chinese, cannot feel that inspiration. For this reason, Jia Zhangke has been evaluated to take a cold-hearted view of the problems of Chinese society. The dramaturgy of Jia Zhangke is not limited to <Still Life> analyzed in my article. From his debut film <Xiao Wu> to his latest film <Mountains May Depart>, even <Dong> or <Useless>, which is classified as a documentary, the strategy of synchronizing with characters through music is revealed. Of course, the way Jia Zhangke uses sound is not always melodramatic. If the music is not the mainstream popular song, it is neutral and maintains a proper distance from the character. In bridge shots that connect scenes and sequences that make up the narrative units, he does not match the emotions of the characters but uses disharmony or asynchronous music (sound) without exception. Jia Zhangke is aiming at both the immersion and the alienation effect on the drama by crossing the cold and warm strategy in images and sounds. Therefore, the production of proper ‘aesthetic distance’ is the role of sound in the film of Jia Zhangke. In diegesis, he pursues music that resonates with the characters and the story, and at some point he maintains a cool distance in non-diegesis. The moment when the artist's self-consciousness that maintaining aesthetic distance is the obligation of the person who holds the camera dominates him, the unfamiliar and bizarre sound gets in his film. The cool image that keeps the distance and the warm sound that surrounds the audience at close range, their dialectical confrontation will cause the ‘cold melodrama’ to be felt in <still life>.

The purpose of this study is to examine ‘capitalist violence,’ which is revived in a movie, through figuring out the life in people of lower classes, and the process that they are adapted to and resist the world in Jia Zhangke's movie titled ≪A Touch of Sin≫. And through this exploratory process, the aim is to inquire into with which trajectory the director Jia Zhangke has implemented continuity and expandability reaching up ≪A touch of sin≫ in a theme dubbed a relationship between capitalism and human life, which had been expressed in his movies such as the existing ≪Xiao Wu≫ and ≪Still Life≫. Considering in conclusion, this study can be said to be a research on how it has been evolved the capitalist violence, which is reproduced in Jia Zhangke's movie ≪A Touch of Sin≫, and Jia Zhangke's view of capitalism, which had been revived in Jia Zhangke's series of the works. Firstly, this paper asks “where does the violence come from?” This paper is explored on the premise that the source of violence rises from the framework of capitalism and human life in the capitalist society. This paper is studied that the shock of the violence is powerful to the lower class because the violence is invisible and symbolic. This paper shows the naked face of modern China by looking at how the capitalism exercised the violence on the people. Secondly, the question is “what kind of device reproduced the violence?” This thesis analyzed the films of Jia Zhangke based on various cinematic devices and cinematic styles occurred in the movies. With the theme of 'violence and evolution of capitalism', this paper tried to present the relationship between the people in modern China and capitalism in Jia Zhangke film in tridimensional way. Regarding the process to illuminate the viewpoints about the capitalism in modern China while looking at the contact points with <Still Life>, this paper tried to study how ‘the evolution of capitalism’ occurred in Jia Zhangke’s films have been changed, which is the perception of Jia Zhangke about the capitalism.

Horse Legs of Akutagawa Ryunosuke is a short story in the background of the imperial Japanese invasion of China. Along with this backdrop, it needs to understand the overall configuration and contents, especially the meaning of ‘Horse legs’ and the particular cynicism in the end. The word ‘Horse legs’, having an insight of a long history of war of aggression, denote the ambition of Japanese imperialism to invade the continent. Due to the media control on the war footing, calling it ‘fairy tale for adults’, Akutagawa criticized Japanese war of aggression and controlled media with symbolic techniques. In the work, representative organizations such as a major company Mitsubishi(三菱), The Suncheon Daily News(順天時報) -chinese newspaper that Japan published, Doujin hospital(同仁病院) established in Beijing, and Hongwanji(本願寺派) working as propagators, and names of characters were set as symbolic proper nouns that imply the circumstances at that time. Among others, the editorial on Suncheon Daily News shows the reality of chinese newspaper(Japan published) that conceal and fabricate the truth. So, Main character Hanzaburou(忍野半三郎), a newly-knowledged recruit after graduating from college worked in a Mitsubishi company in China, he was transmuted to a <horse's leg> regardless of his intention. In other words, he is forcefully used for invading continents on the front line. Therefore, this work is relevant to neither a matter of imitation and influence of classics nor privacy of the author, but a strong criticism of controlled media which led the war of aggression.

｢The Grave of Fellow Soldier｣ is a poem on war by Kosugi Misei. It is a unique memorial poem with high artistic value. This paper is a full-fledged academic study on this poem which has been little known so far to look at its characteristics and significance as a war poem. Moreover, the study examined the background and process of the creation of this poem from the perspective of interrelation and continuity with relevant poem and the perspective of relation with his war experience as a poet and war correspondent painter. The study findings are as follows; First, ｢The Grave of Fellow Soldier｣ completes the series of Misei's poem expressing the feelings inside a soldier in a battle field. It described in depth the landscape on the soldier’s inner side, who takes care of the grave of deceased fellow soldier, fully expressing the sorrow, anxiety and terror of war. Second, ｢The Grave of Fellow Soldier｣ utilized metaphorical expressions based on natural objects such as wild herbs, wild flowers and snow, successfully shaping the inner flow of the poetic narrator, that is, the soldier in the battle field, with delicate and highly artistic poetic expressions. Third, ｢The Grave of Fellow Soldier｣ is a memorial poem full of mournful affection of remembrance where the poetic narrator, the soldier in the battle field made a grave sign, and offered flowers every day to console his friend's soul. This poem shows a very unique aspect rarely found in other anti-war poems during the Russo-Japanese War. Forth, ｢The Grave of Fellow Soldier｣ employed mournful poetic words of cherished memories to enlighten the miserableness and irrationality of war in its unique poetic plot while presenting highly artistic poetic expressions. For these reasons, the poem is viewed as a work completing distinctive poetic achievement.

It is well known that Akutagawa has read Ogai's historical novels ‘many times and repeatedly for fun’ before entering the literary world. I tried to solve the clue mainly about the Ogai literary works to see why Akutaga was interested in Ogai's novel. There was a literary departure from the two writers who shared the childhood sentiment with the Sumida River as the ‘home of the heart’. The scenes of the Sumida River depicted in Ogai's literature are shown throughout the literature, including the early works of Akutagawa. The literary sentiment projected on the Sumida River was more conscious of Akutagawa than Ogai. Akutagawa expresses intentionally as ‘Sumida River’ and ‘Okawa’, expressing ‘resistance to vague life’ and ‘death’. For Akutagawa, the Sumida River was not merely a sanction, but rather a literary element that reflected the artist's emotions. Thus, Akutagawa's literary sentiment was depicted darker than Ogai. The Sumida River of Ogai Literature was the place where the background and events of the characters were developed and called Akagawa's “Okawa”, expressing the artist's dark heart, and Akutagawa's literary sentiment was darker than Ogai. The Sumida River area was a place where Ogai and Akutagawa spent their childhood as a starting point for writers, not simply materials in literature. Akutagawa, who shared Ogai's literary sentiment, appeared in novels, plays, essays, and so on. The environmental element of childhood served as the emotion of the artist, which is a literary context that identifies the author's genealogy of Ogai and Akutagawa. It is not surprising that the artist's childhood environment influenced emotions and this appeared in literature, but it became an important keyword in understanding both writers' literature.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of causative in Korean and Japanese by analyzing Korean and Japanese causative both in Korean-Japanese and Japanese-Korean translation data. Especially, focusing on the syntactic causative ‘-key hada’ in korean. For analysis, first the syntactic causative in korean and the Japanese corresponding to Korean syntactic causative was selected. And a causative proper use was divided into manipulation, compulsion, permission, and direction. In addition, ‘-key hada’ verb was classified into the main verb, the helping verb, and the pro-verb. The results are presented as follows: the Japanese corresponding to Korean syntactic causative includes transitive verb use, causative passive, and other constructs similar to causative, i.e., ようにする(youni suru), and ように命じる(youi meiziru). In the case of manipulation, there existed inanimate subject which was personified. There existed two types of adjectival causative, i.e., causation and non-causation in Korean. Accordingly, the corresponding difference was shown in the Japanese translation. In the case of ‘-key hay cuda’ which was a combined form of syntactic causative and dative verbs, there existed a use without causative meaning. This use was translated into ‘てくれる’(te kureru) and the use with causative meaning was represented by ‘てあげる’(te ageru) in Japanese. There existed a difference between compulsion and directions. Directions in the syntactic causative in korean represented a state change of causee, whereas the compulsion did not. Regarding non-causative sentences which were combined to the verbs of reference meaning, i. e., ‘ように 命じる’, extended use of the verbs was observed with appearance of the verb ‘言う’. Furthermore, imperative forms were revealed to be considered as peripheral causative.

As the number of Japanese learners in Indonesia is the second largest in the world, contact situations between Japanese and Indonesian are expected to increase more. With this in mind, I carried out a comparative study on Indonesian learners of Japanese and Japanese native speakers to examine the functions of back-channels within and between utterances. The key findings are as follows. First, with the back channels within utterances used Japanese native speakers, most (69.4%) were for the function of ‘attentive listening’, but with back channels between utterances, there was no difference in the frequency of ‘attentive listening’, ‘understanding’ and ‘agreement’ functions. On the other hand, with the back channels within utterances used by Indonesian learners, the functions of ‘understanding’, ‘agreement’ and ‘attentive listening’ all accounted for about one third each, while with back channels between utterances the function of ‘agreement’ was the greatest (42.9%), with ‘attentive listening’ and ‘understanding’ less frequent in usage. Though low in frequency, this study also paid attention to the functions of ‘opposition’ and ‘emotional expression’. Within utterances, Japanese native speakers never use back channels for ‘opposition’ and merely 6.9% for ‘emotional expression’. Between utterances, they use the function of ‘emotional expression’ 13.6% of the time, in other words twice as much as within utterances. Within utterances, Indonesians use back channels for ‘opposition’ 1.5% and ‘emotional expression’ 2.9%, while between utterances they use ‘opposition’ 9.1%. For Japanese native speakers, it is likely that the functions of back-channels of ‘opposition’ can be a barrier to first face-to-face conversation, and disrupt conversation. ‘Attentive listening’ within utterances and ‘emotion’ between utterances are common among Japanese native speakers, but are less common in Indonesian learners. Even with Japanese native speakers, ‘attentive listening’ is more common within utterances than between utterances. Therefore, ‘attentive listening’ back channels within utterances and ‘emotion’ back channels between utterances can make Indonesian learners sound uninterested and can be a barrier to smooth conversation. However, because the function of ‘emotional expression’ shows active participation in conversation more than any other functions of back-channels, it needs to be introduced in Japanese language learning.

This study was reviewed mainly on the destruction of Baekje kingdom and the revival movement of Baekje kingdom. Baekje kingdom was destroyed by Silla kingdom joined hands with the Tang(唐) Dynasty in 660 A.D.. The ancient Japan states dispatched troops to aid the revival of the Baekje Kingdom. However, the ancient Japanese and the Baekje revival army were defeated by Silla kingdom and Tang dynasty allies. As a result, Baekje people became a Baekje refugees. They did the asylum to Japan with the help of ancient Japan state in 663. First, they crossed from the south coast of South Korea to Tussima island(対馬島). From there, they go over to Iki island(壱岐島). Again they crossed from Iki island to north Kyushu. Later, they arrived at Osaka area through the Setonai seas(瀬戸内海). The ancient Japan states has provided a lot of financial support to settle down the Baekje refugees in Japan. I think that this behavior of the ancient Japan state is related to the political meaning that it was ally with the Baekje kingdom. However, I think that ancient Japanese society would have needed more progressive culture and technology of Baekje refugees. Baekje refugees built defense facilities such as building a Beacon Fire Station and a castle facility in each region of Western Japan. And they have made a great contribution to the development of management appointment and education system, medicine, and academic field. Because of this achievement, the Baekje refugees received official rankings from the Emperor Tianji(天智) in 671. The award of this official rank has the following meanings. As a result of this move, the Baekje refugees gained the status Baekje people-Japanese(百濟系日本人). Since then, they have contributed greatly to the formation of the Ritsuryo(律令) State as a Baekje people-Japanese living in Japan.

This paper studies how the names, job titles, district titles, and rank titles of the Mimana people were arranged and used in certain situations in Nihonshoki to investigate the characteristics of the names and job titles of the subjects of Mimana. The Mimana people's names and job titles can be seen in Volume 5, 6, 9, 15, 17, 19, and 22 of Nihonshoki, which consists of 30 volumes in total.　The folklores recorded in Volume 5 and 6 show names of the Mimana people which are interpreted from Japanese to Korean; and in Volume 9-19, there are several Japanese style names and also some people recorded as Omi (“臣”), Shisha (“使者”), or Kanko (“韓子”) of the Mimana Nihonfu replacing their names. Furthermore, the documents exhibit “知”, “智”, “遅”, “至”, “支”, and “岐”, those mainly used as 尊称末尾字 (an affix used in names to show respect) of the Silla people's names, and also “奚” and “甲背”, which was used as 末尾 (a suffix) in the names of the Baekje people. It can be deduced, therefore, that the people's names of Mimana had similarity to that of Silla and Baekje. “王”, “王子”, “王児”, “王妹”, and “日本府臣” seem to be used in very limited cases for the job titles of the Mimana community. Additionally, its district titles can be seen in Volume 22: “㖨部” and “習部”—both borrowed from Silla's district titles. As for the rank titles, the following words are used: “干岐” and “旱岐” in Volume 6-17; “旱岐”, “次旱岐”, “下旱岐”, “上首位”, and “二首位” in Volume 19; “大舍” and "達率" in Volume 22. Mimana basically made use of the official rank systems of Silla and Baekje for its rank titles, rather than organizing its own independent system. Until Volume 19, the names of the Mimana people are written in the form of the following order: (job title) + name + rank title . However, in Volume 19, the name forms use two types of arrangement:　name + rank title, and rank title + name. These forms again changes in Volume 22, showing district title + rank title + name in order. This kind of arrangement is similar to how Silla changed its way of documenting names.

The purpose of this study is to collect the historical materials of Haigaku in the northern part of Saitama Prefecture through the administration of Cultural Properties Protection of city and town, and examine the present state and characteristics of the Haigaku. The Haigaku is a large board which haikus were written and is dedicated to temples and shrines.　The themes of dedication of the Haigaku has a lot of variety; a way of making God rejoice, a memorial service for the dead, and also tatemae is pious acts but honne is a public entertainment and so on. That’s why Haigaku is one-source multi-use. From the results of this study, there are 67 Haigakus exist in the northern part of Saitama; 5 Haigakus are accredited(:deciphering traditional ancient documents and so on) both haiku and editors, 30 Haigakus are accredited only the editor, and the remaining 32 are not yet accredited. To arrange it in chronological order, 15 were written in the Edo period, 29 in the Meiji period, 2 in the Taisho period, 6 in the Showa period, 3 in Heisei period, and 12 are from unknown periods. The first characteristic of the Haigaku is an aspect of public entertainment culture, which can be created by anyone who can compose haiku, such as the Haigaku of oriku (acrostic haiku) dedicated to Kanasana temple in Honjyo-city. As a second characteristic, there is a religious and artistic aspect; the haikus, selected by the master which is representative in the Saitama haiku world, is dedicated to temples and shrines. Especially, Mucho Ishizawa in Yori-i-town kept faithfully to the ideals of Basho, and gave the lesson of haiku and renga(a linked poem). The Haigaku of haiku and renga, dedicated to Fudou-temple in recent years, is coming into its fruition.

Recently, As companies’ effects on society are becoming more complexity, negative impacts on regional community are increasing due to company’s management activities which aimed the profit only. In order for the community to achieve sustainable growth, it is necessary to have a company that will continue to contribute to the local economy while adhering to corporate social responsibility. On the other hand, the research is also conducted to find out the factors that can lead to sustainable growth without a corporate annihilation. This research examines the management strategies and social roles of longevity company, and analyzes the impacts of longevity company on regional economies on Japan. Although it is certain that corporate behavior that emphasizes only the interests of shareholders is causing social problems, companies that can not secure the minimum profit as a result of emphasizing only social activities will not be able to survive and disappear. As a result shows that the management strategy of longevity company is to meet both management profit and social responsibility. It is important to note that the trust relationship with the members of local communities is an important factor that can lead to longevity. After carefully examining the importance of longevity companies, it is necessary to prepare the plans for fostering longevity companies in South Korea.

Ekiben lunchboxes generally derive their names from regional specialties, place names, or other rural elements from the region in which the lunch boxes are sold. This naming convention has the benefit of highlighting a particular region’s specialty items, while sometimes even taking advantage of a particular region’s popularity. For these reasons, almost all special lunchboxes are named after a regional item or place. Other names might include a regional dialect, a historically significant character, a folktale, a legend, a movie, a scenic spot, and others. All of these names (of various Ekiben) are connected in some form with the locale, where they are sold. This article is concerned with the history behind names of Ekiben, focusing on their commercial success exemplified through “One-hundred year Ekiben” in addition to the main characters in the　historical “Taiga”drama which produced by NHK. The historical figures that are featured and intertwined with a particular region often give birth to new Ekiben names. “One-hundred year Ekiben” are steady sellers because of the “borrowing” of their names from a particular region’s specialty item(s) and authentic flavors, which are increasingly being sought after by savvy Japanese consumers. Additionally, Ekiben names from the main characters of historical dramas lend insight into how Japanese society perceives these characters. Original flavors of local cuisine and famous name places are combined in the form of a “marketing collaboration” to better sell these items: regional colors are accentuated through specialty goods and the stories of historical figures. Even on the wrapping paper of Ekiben, the food ingredients and other extraneous information are overshadowed by a region’s history, geography, nature, specialty items, and food culture, functioning as a kind of storytelling. Lastly, samurai, as one of the main characters, are often featured in these dramas as heroes and tied to a region, which form the basis of some Ekiben names. It is possible to ascertain the reason behind the popularity of samurai-inspired Ekiben; it is due to the attractiveness of the main character and his hometown.

The author (i)compared Smiles’ Self-Help with Saigoku Risshihen, NAKAMURA Masanao’s translation of it into Japanese, and Dokusho Muekiron (Traditional Reading Being Fruitless), Chiba’s work on education, (ii)compared Mill’s On Liberty with Jiyu no Ri, Nakamura’s translation of it, and Itsukaichi Manuscript of Japanese Constitution written by Chiba, and (iii)investigated Chiba’s actions in Jiyu Minken Undo, the Movement for Liberty and Rights of Japanese People in early Meiji Era. The author concluded that Chiba understood the key points of Smiles’ theory on education through the translation, and gained Mill’s keynotes, on freedom of mind and on being able to restrict persons’ actions when only harming others, reading between the lines of only Nakamura’s translation which was not enough. This fact shows that people can realise the important points of original works even if they read only imperfect translations. In addition to the contents above, this work has two advantages. One is that it described both advanced and obsolete aspects of Jiyu Minken Undo. Professor IROKAWA Daikichi, the discoverer of Chiba’s works, has tended to describe only advanced aspects of the movement, and ISHII Michio covered Irokawa’s weak points showing obsolete aspects of it. However, OKAMURA Shigeo wrote only advanced aspects of it again in recent years. Therefore the author of this work offered an eligible stance of describing the movement. The other advantage is that this work indicated that Jiyu-ron in the series of Iwanami Bunko paperbacks, which is today’s most famous standard translation of Mill’s On Liberty into Japanese, includes a big problem that it does not express Mill’s keynotes above.

In ancient society, unwritten laws became gradually codified. In this process simple writing system was essential. In ancient Greece and Rome, alphabet was very easy to learn which was sufficient for this process. If this condition is not fulfilled, most people can not read and write. By enlarging the population of literate people, the base for the creation of public opinion was made. In modern Europe reading public emerged as the effects of Gutenberg galaxy. But, in East Asia, there were no such appropriate medium for the common. Chinese characters were very difficult to learn, cost much efforts. The number who can read written laws were quite limited all the time. So hegemony of literate scholars continued till the 19th century. In Joseon dynasty, Korean alphabet was not in active use though it was very efficient and easy to learn. Among the purposes for the creation of writing system, proclamation of law was very important. In various situations, we can see simple and easy writing system was indispensible condition for rule of law and democracy. In East Asia, there were de facto rule of law, but weak democratic tradition. There were tendency to view rule of law as negative. In traditional east asian society, rule of li(rites) overwhelmed rule of law, which had been paternalistic. Due to the inefficient writing system, monopoly of knowledge and information were easy, ruling class was regarded as teacher. It can be inferred Chinese idiogram was main cause of all these phenomena.

This research makes a comparative study of women's modern awakening in Korea and Japan centering around the documents on women's rights, that is Yeo Kewon Tong Mun and “In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun”. Yeo Kewon Tong Mun, as an feminist activism to change the feudal system and to transform into a modern society, was promulgated on September 1st, 1898. “In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun”, as an feminist activism to change the good mother and housewife of the Meiji modernization that is the transformation of premodern ideology of the wise mother and good wife, was promulgated on September 11th, 1911. This research has four purposes to understand the similarities and differences of women's modern awakening in Korea and Japan. Firstly, the research aims to explain the various meanings and brings awareness of issues of Yeo Kewon Tong Mun, which was the origin of current feminist movement in Korea. Secondly, it examines the various meanings and brings awareness of issues of “In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun”, which was the beginning of current feminist movement in Japan. The third, it clarifies distinct characteristics of women’s modern awakening connected with the problems of nation-state and gender between Korea and Japan. Finally, from the contents discussed above it makes a comparative study of women's modern awakening in Korea and Japan. In brief, Modern Korean women’s awakening became prominent under the condition where people tried to overcome feudalism and colonialization and sought enlightenment. While Japanese women’s awakening was formed and developed during the Daisho period, this time was generally known as the heyday of the Empire of Japan.

The purpose of this study is to empirically compare the effects of using SNS on civic engagement among Koreans and Mongolian youths between the age of 20 and 29. From a survey conducted in March 2017 in Korea, a final selection of 188 respondents (111 Korean college students residing in Busan and 75 overseas students from Mongolia) was made. The study focused on two broad categories, ‘Using SNS Factor’ consists of sub-factors such as the user motivations and user behaviors, and ‘Civic Engagement Factor’ consists of sub-factors such as the political interest, political efficacy, and online/offline participations. In general, ‘Using SNS Factor’ in both groups was found to be useful in explaining the level of civic engagement. In the Korean group, ‘Using SNS Factor’ appeared to be useful enhancing political interest and online/offline participations. When a youth has a politician friend(s) on Facebook, he/she is more interested in politics and participates more in politics, both in online and offline. The more a youth uses SNS for information-seeking, the more he/she is interested in politics and participates in online politics. The more a youth uses SNS for relationship-seeking, the more he/she participates in such activities offline. In Mongolian group, ‘Using SNS Factor’ appeared to be useful enhancing online and offline participations. Youths who have politician friend(s) on Facebook participate more in online politics. And the motivation to seek relationship positively explains Mongolian youths’ online participation. In conclusion, understanding how to use SNS is useful in explaining democratic citizenship of young people in their 20s both in Korea and Mongolia.