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In recent decades, the development of trilateral institutions among China, Japan and Korea has begun to take shape. The three countries initiated the first independent Trilateral Summit mechanism in 2008 and established a Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat in 2011. Nonetheless, trilateral cooperation at the political-diplomatic level remains unstable at present. The periodic ups and downs caused by political discord have repeatedly posed serious challenges to the stability and sustainability of the trilateral relationship. This study looks at the institution building of trilateral cooperation, and analyzes its strengths and weaknesses. We first examine the achievements of trilateral cooperation, and find that a pyramid “summitminister- working level” structure of institution building has been established. In the meantime, pragmatic cooperation have been steadily advanced, with over 20 ministerial consultation mechanisms and specific projects established in a wide range of fields. Second, we investigate the problems and challenges for trilateral cooperation. Trilateral cooperation has revealed its vulnerability and susceptibility to its three pairs of bilateral relationships. Thus, the framework of trilateral cooperation is still far from an authentic multilateral arrangement, but can more accurately be characterized as the aggregate of three embedded pairs of bilateral relationships. Third, this study discusses future visions of trilateral cooperation, and takes notice of its two significant functions, that is, to provide a diplomatic buffering to bilateral conflicts and to serve as an extra-regional coordination mechanism for three countries’ business and economic interests. Finally, the study aims to make several policy recommendations for the future of trilateral cooperation.

The confrontation between Korea and Japan over Dokdo Island's sovereignty continues to this day. However, it has been over 70 years since the liberation from Japan to reclaim the stolen territory. It also raises questions about the basis for Japan to claim Dokdo Island as their territory. One of the reasons is that Dokdo Island was not contained in the territory of Korea that Japan should give up in the contents of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. And this is the basis that Japan keep claiming Dokdo Island’s sovereignty. Meanwhile, Japan's expansion of fishing zones immediately after the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty was a major threat to Korean fishing workers. Naturally, the Korean government tried to come up with a countermeasure. This was directly related to Dokdo Island's territorial sovereignty, accelerating friction with Japan. If so, there is a natural interest in how Korea and Japan’s Dokdo Island dispute and the fisheries issues are connected to each other. And also it is necessary to find out how did Korean government resist against expansion of Japanese fishing territory after the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Therefore, this research is focusing on the period before and after the San Francisco Peace Treaty, which signed in September 1951, to find out how the international recognition of Korea's sovereignty over Dokdo Island is frustrated and what was the countermeasure of Korean government against Japan’s illegal fishing on the Korean Peninsula. In order to progress this research subject, the researcher will use related book, thesis and internet material.

In July 2019, a trade rift broke out between South Korea and Japan, traced back to a long standing historical dispute over the treatment of Koreans during the Japanese colonial rule of the country. As the dispute bothers on history and national pride, national media in East Asia captured this feud from their different perspectives, which have wider implication for their immediate and wider audience around the world. This exploratory study aimed at investigating media framing of news of this recent conflict especially with recourse to operational context of the media organizations; whether operational context influenced news medias’ framing of the issues arising from the conflict. In this study, two broad contexts were considered: first, media in the primary context (the feuding countries); South Korea and Japan, and second, media in the secondary context (observant countries); China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan etc. The study employed content analysis to determine framing of news reports selected from English language media organizations used in the study. Framing theory was utilized as the critical model towards understanding the issue under investigation. The result of our analysis showed that for South Korean government and media, historical issues of “slave labour” and “comfort women” etc. were dominant agendas they pushed. For Japan, their “trade restriction”, “1965 post war settlement” and its national “security measures” etc. were the main agendas they advanced in the media. For newsrooms in wider East Asia, apart from agendas of the feuding countries, regional concerns of security, peace and trade were also major concerns. Our analysis showed that nationalistic tendencies, newsroom ideals and loyalties did sometimes dictate what agenda is framed into news or left out, hence variation between South Korean and Japanese media outlets in the framing of the different agendas, as well as variation between Chinese media and the rest of democratic East Asia media.

The cat roof tile decorations commonly found in East Asian architecture play the role of Talisman. The purpose of talisman was to protect the house. Especially in Japan, it can be found on the wall, gate, and the dragon ridge of the main body with two eyes wide open or one hand raised or closed. However, considering the differences in the shape and location of the decorations, it could be claim that the decoration occurred in the country's own way regardless of the neighboring countries. The cat tile decoration has something in common in Japan and Korea which is that both represent a cat, however, the shape of the cat does not exist in Korea, but the name ‘Myoduwa’ just remains. Furthermore, the decorations used in both countries are different in that they are limited in location. The cat decoration found in China which could find in Fujian and Guangdong, ‘Fengshiye’, actually represents a lion, not a cat, and its location also exists in a different position from the decorations shown in Japan. This difference proves that Okinawa's decoration, ‘Shisa’, where closer to China's cultural sphere than Japan's, has many similarities with Chinese tile decorations. The reason why cats are on the roof like this is that regardless of the surrounding countries, they can appear in accordance with local circumstances. Such an example can be said to be the cat decoration on the roof in Japan. These architecture decorations are surprisingly widespread all over the world. In the future, if comparative studies are conducted with careful investigation, the characteristics of the cat roof tiles in East Asia will become clearer.

Regular courses for Korean Language in China have been established in some private universities, which were only a few before the Chinese Economic Reform and has rapidly increased since the Education Reform in 1992. Chinese universities running Korean language department once have reached 84 but recently has been reduced to 59 : 40 of general universities and 19 junior colleges. Great number of students who finished the courses have contributed to regional economic growth and bilateral exchanges. However, despite the encouraging outcomes of the language education, private universities in China have been facing practical difficulties with little government aid and lower ranking performances. Under the circumstances, Korean language programs in private universities have been seriously disrupted, especially in recruiting students, setting up curriculum, international exchanges, and training teachers. The situation has been getting worse since Seoul-Beijing relations became sour couple of years ago due to the controversial disposition of US weapons. But Korean language education in China would be rehabilitated in the near future as Korean speaking Chinese will play a crucial role as bridges linking the two neighboring countries, with mutual economic and cultural exchanges unavoidable. In order to raise professionals managing composite applications, Chinese universities need to renovate curriculum, vitalize international exchanges, and develop intense Korean training programs, responding to the upcoming era. So far, issues on Korean language education in China have been discussed centering national universities, while researches on actual conditions specific to private schools, accounting for one third of all universities, haven’t made sufficient progress. This paper investigates current situation and tries to understand problems in Korean language programs in Chinese private universities. Consequently, the study suggests possible solutions to the problems and seeks Korean training activation plans available. It would be encouraging, if this study could play a minor role in progressing Korean language education in China.

This thesis compared the directivity of Korean and Chinese modernism poetry of the 1960s to the 1980s focusing on the coterie ≪Modern Poetry≫ of Korea and the coterie ≪Today≫ of China. Behind the comparison of these two motives are the April 19th Revolution of Korea and Tiananmen Square protests of China, which were important turning points in the preparation of modernity. The two revolutions were the first democratic revolutions since liberation and they had a symbolic effect on modern history and literary history and this connected with movements for modernism of the West and gave birth to unique thoughts of modernism. The coterie magazines ≪Modern Poetry≫ and ≪Today≫ were created to allow people to voice their thoughts and establish their literary positions after the first democratic revolution failed after liberation in an atmosphere of national censorship. Their greatest role was to create autonomous literary fields in which attempts could be made for pure poetic explorations in a time when realistic participation was desperately needed and to secure diversity. Modern poetry coteries particularly pry into the unconscious, or in other words, the inner consciousness and their goal was a combination of lyricism and modernity. Their internal world was in the form of individual illusions created through language and the illusions they pursue were progressed with as explorations into pure individual unconsciousness and not as reflections of reality or participation. Also, they accept modernism techniques but establish their own poetics instead of settling for a single form of esthetics and they promoted active language experiments. The psalms of coteries can be distinguished from the ‘internal worlds’ of previous poems of modernism from aspects that they are the acquisition of self-sustaining internality that possesses modernistic material foundations. Compared to this, modernism poetry of China actively utilized modernism from aspects of technique but there are many aspects of reality reflection from aspects of content. Chinese poets read books related to modernism in secret through underground reading and this became nourishment for the creation of modernism poetry. They borrowed various modernism techniques such as metaphors, montages, and automatic techniques to reveal the contradictions of suppressed realities and this was called “misty poetry” and appeared as contemporary literary thought. Ultimately, misty poetry is another name for engagement poetry that borrows modernism techniques and its modernism is similar to historical modernity that is based on historical reality.

Based on programs in North America, this study examines lessons for selected advanced curricular issues in graduate level international studies education in South Korea’s regions beyond Seoul. The primary research question concerns how Korea’s outlying graduate schools of international studies can be improved by developing more professionally focused programs, offering more useful joint/dual degrees, incorporating management training and improving global executive education. The paper also considers general and curricular problems faced by these schools, reasons for focusing on outlying schools and lessons from North America, and for exercising care in developing applications from other regions. The research also looks at how outlying regions experience significant global problems, including over-centralization, population decline, multiculturalism, trade, nuclear energy and weapons issues, and socio-economic impacts. I argue that outlying international studies schools can help provide the widest range of tools to help their regions cope with these challenges. Finally, I conclude that there are potentially useful lessons from North America for Korea which, if carefully applied, can assist international studies scholars and practitioners to help their regions better handle the local/regional impacts of global issues, including issues of conflict, peace and reunification between the Koreas. I also argue that the knowledge and research approaches of applied anthropology are highly effective tools for helping Korea to respond more effectively to its local-global challenges. Applied anthropology can help Korea to connect international issues with their local and regional impacts, to better understand how global forces affect human communities, groups and individuals, and to provide effective, practical solutions.

This study attempted to capture the characteristics of modern existence from the excessive impulse of ugliness in TV entertainment programs of Radio Star, What Do You Do When You Play? and My Little Boy. Radio Star shows the formative performance of pure play without considering any practical usefulness of ‘Jalbang’, directed in a comprehensive media. In this program, the intense visual performance produced in a comprehensive media, such as images, objects, pictograms, and photos, can be viewed as a zero-dimensional superficial existence that exists only on the screen without content and substance. The zero-dimensional illusion that exists only on the screen does not represent a given world, but shows a superficial existence that exists only in the technological imagination and illusion created by digital. In What Do You Do When You Play?, attention was paid to the value of spontaneity and contingency, which rejects common thoughts. In this program, heterogeneous combinations that transcend all categories and boundaries frequently appear in genre, character, and way of progression. In the present age, there is no set rule, and infinite texts are created, fused, and dismantled again, requiring an inhuman way of existence that constantly leads to new birth. In spontaneous collaboration and entrusting everything to accidental choices, it confirmed an inhuman existence that was completely different from human thoughts in the past. My Little Ugly is approaching the deviance and travel of the performers as another character, not as an error. Looking at the modern way of thinking that is fascinated by ugliness, in My Little Ugly, we can confirm the obscene existence of modern people who try to see errors as another truth, not just falsehood. At first glance, the narcissistic excess impulse, which seems vulgar, is seen as a new form of obscene existence that rethinks a new identity.

Since China's the “Belt and Road” initiative came out in 2013, it has been widely concerned by the international community. The initiative welcomes many neighboring countries to “hitch a ride” and share this international public product. Especially in Korean Peninsula, although the initiative has not yet realized the docking, it has been widely studied by Korea academic circles. In 2017, President Moon Jaein successfully visited China, bringing the economic and trade exchanges between the two countries back on track. Also, the DPRK and the ROK successfully jointly participated in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games, and achieved positive events such as Panmunjom talks and Moon's visit to Pyongyang. The DPRK and the United States also held two talks, and Northeast Asia returned to the positive trend of peace and development. Under this background, it is time to study the strategic docking between China and South Korea through the “Belt and Road” initiative. Also, the academic circles of China and Korea are at a good time to expand exchanges and enhance dialogue in the theme of regional cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the Korean academic circles studied the “Belt and Road”, and what characteristics these related papers have. This study collated the papers which are published in KCI, and analyzed the increasing studies in the academic circles in South Korea. It found that the Korean academic circles have a higher degree of internationalization, and they focused on the key words such as the “Belt and Road”, “China”, “AIIB”, Silk Road Economic Belt”, “Eurasian initiative”, “Xi Jinping”, “China dream” and “the twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road”. These papers have already formed a certain aggregation effect, and Korean scholars have accepted the objective facts of the “Belt and Road”, and explained its influence on various Korea’s social fields through their research results. At the end of this paper, some suggestions are put forward to promote exchanges and cooperation between the academic circles of the two countries, and to promote the strategic docking between the relevant countries.

This paper aims to show the focus expressions and their communicative effectiveness frequently used in Chinese people’s daily communication. It discussed the three types of focus: informational focus, contrastive focus, and figurative focus. The contents and results are as follows: First, the informational focus is to deliver the most important information with high value of information and communicative dynamism, by which the speaker wants to raise the hearer’s attention. It is used for expressing the speaker’s opinion, assertion, suggestion, attitude, feelings etc. It is discussed in terms of how to be expressed and how to bring about communicative effectiveness. Second, the contrastive focus is used to briefly and clearly express a contrast with exclusiveness among explicit or implicit alternatives to a contrastive focus constituent in either the linguistic context or the utterance situation. It is often expressed with a focus marker ‘shi’, ‘shi···de’ sentence structure, or ellipsis. The ellipsis is selectively applied with reference to the speaker’s utterance purpose of salient focus delivery. The contrastive focus expressed through ellipsis brings about linguistic economy and salient focus delivery in communication. Third, the figurative focus is used to specify the distinct characteristic, feature, ability, professional field, job etc of the referent(person). It is expressed by means of metonymic expressions on the basis of the metonymic notion [Body Terms for Person]. In other words, abstract notions(characteristic, feature, ability, professional field, job etc) are clearly and lively expressed by means of concrete body terms, which helps the listener to easily understand and appropriately respond to the speaker’s figurative focus.

With the development of technologies such as the Internet, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and mobile terminals, the combination of mobile learning and traditional Chinese teaching is a general trend. The application of mobile learning in Chinese teaching events extends the traditional teaching classroom, strengthens the teaching context of Chinese teaching, and ensures the modernity of Chinese classroom teaching. There are still many problems in the application of mobile learning to Chinese teaching. However, from the perspective of the development of mobile learning, mobile learning is undoubtedly an epochal trend in the development of Chinese teaching models. According to teaching practice, the classroom application of mobile learning software to assist Chinese teaching can enhance the interest, convenience, timeliness and interactivity of teaching. The mobile learning model makes the traditional Chinese classroom more personalized, and teaching is more conducive to individual development. Mobile learning can break the limitations of practice and space and effectively integrate students' scattered time. The reasonable use of mobile phone software can effectively assist traditional classroom teaching, make up for the shortcomings of traditional classroom teaching, and help students improve their Chinese proficiency. Through teaching practice, there are still shortcomings in the classroom application of mobile learning mode. Mainly manifested in the rationality of smart phone software selection, practicality of application, student self-control ability and dependence on software. In this regard, the author puts forward several suggestions on the application of mobile learning models in Chinese teaching, which will play a role in inducing more systematic and perfect mobile learning in Chinese teaching in the future.

｢DianQianTuSi Wedding Note｣ is the work of ChenDing, a Qing Dynasty. He wrote about the marriage culture and women's daily norms of the Miao People living in Yunnan and Guizhou. ChenDing is from JiangYin, originally named TaiXia, and nicknamed YuDing. Later, the name was changed to ‘Ding’, nicknamed ‘DingJiu’, and Alias was also called ‘TieJianDaoRen’. His works include 『Yungui people's records』, 『people's records of the fifteen kingdoms』, 『xihuangzhi』, 『Huangshan history』, 『Liuxi thatched cottage poetry manuscript』, 『Liuxi miscellaneous works』, 『Liuxi miscellaneous works』, 『wedding records of Yunnan Guizhou chieftain』, 『Yunnan Guizhou Ji you』, 『Donglin biography』, etc. Up to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, YunNan and GuiZhou belong to the territory of China, and many works about this area began to appear. ChenDing's ｢wedding of Yunnan and Guizhou chieftains｣ is his work in the last year. He used the form of looking back on his youth to record his marriage experience with the daughter of a chieftain on the YunNan GuiZhou border. Although the title is “Wedding Record of YunNan GuiZhou chieftain”, most of its contents record the daily norms and culture related to etiquette education. This article intends to explore the daily life of married women of the Miao people living in YunNan and GuiZhou during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties through the content of the Wedding Notes of YunNan and GuiZhou Tusi. Through the analysis of Marriage ritual reflects the difference between Miao people at the wedding ceremony. It is hoped that the study of ｢DianQianTuSi Wedding Note｣, more scholars will pay attentation to this book and ChenDing.

Based on this study, Zigong’s persuasive communication strategies which use metaphor, simile, and inference are summarized into in the following manner. Confucius’s tendency of realpolitik implied in 『Lunyu』 influenced Zigong’s politicaldiplomatic skills, corresponding with ｢Zhongni Dizi Liechuan｣. Persuasive skills that Zigong showed can be pointed out as follows. First, conversations between Zigong and Confucius in 『Lunyu』 were mostly about political participation. In those incisive questions, persuasion to generalize and inference of future gave people trust and connected to high-level persuasive skills. Not only allusions in 󰡔Shih Ching󰡕 make readers understand the meaning of story by enhancing literary expressions and readers’ imagination, but also tendency of traditionalism becomes the norm of ethical and political assessment in the present. Second, Zigong became the main agent of persuasion and mentioned metaphor and simile as a communication skill in the conversations without Zigong and Confucius. A metaphor means the method which alludes the object to another object in common. Zigong emphasized the difference with Confucius by alluding Confucius to ‘the highest wall,’ ‘sun and moon,’ and ‘the heavens’. Also, there is an aspect of Confucianism with simultaneously respecting his teacher and showing his great realpolitik-ability. Third, diplomatic skills in 『Shiji』 ｢Zhongni Dizi Liechuan｣ became the most effective persuasion by applying both logic and emotion. It looked into avoidable or charming factors, then stimulated the opponent with ‘antimony theory’ and ‘irony’. Additionally, emotions such as ‘favor,’ ‘fear,’ and ‘anger’ were applied at the right point, accompanying ‘inference’. It was possible to persuade someone with fine logic and ability to identify one’s mind as well as morality, Ren(仁). In other words, each circumstance that countries have, king’s competence to adapt, and logical fluency were essential conditions. Fourth, the biggest persuasive factor is in ‘improving(切磋琢磨).’ and ‘guess and hit(億則屢 中)’. Someone who was eloquent but not prudent, was refined by Confucius’s education and Zigong’s effort. The ability of ‘guess and hit(億則屢中)’ emerged when having conversation with people and achieved saving Lu with diplomacy. As this study noted, Zigong’s persuasive communication strategy used rhetorical competence and psychology. Besides, it has advantage at speaking in today’s perspective.

In an unfamiliar cultural environment, parents in multicultural families have many difficulties in raising children and they depend on educating their children to daycare center. Through this research, Chinese mothers who raise children in South Korea were interviewed about their experiences in using daycare center to understand their current situation and to support requirements. Based on the results, this study will provide basic information for effective education of young children from Chinese multicultural families in South Korea. For the purpose, five Chinese mothers were participated in the interview. The interview was conducted in Chinese and then translated in Korean. By using the method of continuous comparison, the collected data were encoded and classified. Through the process, two themes and seven sub-themes were drawn. Results of this study are as follows. First, Chinese mothers considered the following factors in the process of choosing daycare center: the quality of teaching, the cost, the distance from home and the center environment. Chinese mothers mentioned that, by sending their children to daycare center, their burden of child care was reduced and their children showed positive changes. However, Chinese mothers were uncomfortable in high rate of teachers’ turnover and a limited space of daycare center. Also, they mentioned about the differences between Korean and Chinese daycare center in terms of preschool curriculum and cost. Second, Chinese mothers wanted the daycare center to teach bilingual language and knowledge for school readiness to be well prepared for primary school. In addition, Chinese mothers requested daycare center to provide flexible opening and closing time by considering parent's work and rest time. Also, they asked for the effective parent education to empower the parent role. Based on the results, implications were suggested to provide educational support for young children from Chinese multicultural families and to support child rearing and adaptation in different environment for their parents.

The objective of this research is to study the view of family in Miyazaki Hayao's “Spirited Away”. The reserch is devided into 4 parts: 1. discussions on the historical back ground of the movie and the director's personal experoences, 2. study on the structure of the movie, highlighting its turning points and stiry line, 3. derivation and summary of the main subject od the main subject of the movie, 4. study on the family values of the movie. The study shows that Japanese people experienced economic slump called ‘The Lost Decade’ in 2001, when the movie was released while their life was wealthy with Japan's world's second largest economy position. However, they felt uneasy and youth problems have become serious. Miyazaki has always made movies on the subject of affirmation and self-reliance in the world. In this movie, he wanted to show 'the power of life' to the Adolescent children. Chihiro, an adolescent girl, established an identity without the help of her parents. She grew up with the help of the pseudo family based on Kami and witches and monsters. Here, a non-blooded family view appeared. This may be because Miyazaki was willing to support the dive rsification of the 21st century family. But also that Chihiro chose her parents, not pseudo family meant that Miyazaki returned to familyism. And he wanted to find the driving force of “the power to live” not in the love of parents, but in the absolute love of Kami and the pseudo family. It is thought that the diversity of family and the absolute love of Kami that impressed the Japanese who were mentally exhausted in 2001.

This year marks the 110th anniversary of the publication of the Japan Fishing Method. The trilogy of Japan Fishing Method, Japan Fishery Products, and Japan's Useful Marine Products are called "Japan's Fishery'. These were completed in 1895 for almost 10 years since the compilation project was launched in 1886 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. However, it was not published immediately and was not published until 1910, starting with the Japan Fishing Method. In the late 19th century, the coast of Japan faced depletion of fishery resources due to over-fishing. To solve these problems, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce implemented ‘fishery protection and breeding policies’ in each province. At that time, ‘fishery protection breeding’ was not meant to be artificial breeding. The plan calls for protecting and maintaining the natural reproduction of natural marine life by designating fish-protecting streams and enforcing fishing restrictions to prevent overfishing. In other words, the government did not improve fisheries by introducing new technologies and organizations for the breeding of fisheries, but rather by preserving the natural state of fishery resources without capital, which expected the greatest economic effect. On the other hand, the government implemented policies to select efficient fishing gear and fishing methods from among those already used in Japan. While implementing these fisheries recommendation policies nationwide, a review of traditional fishing gear and fishing methods was conducted, and the results of selecting and organizing the best of them were the Japan Fishing Method.

In order to examine the various ideas reflected in the ceremonies of mourning of the siberian Nanays and the ceremonies of mourning of Korea, first I looked at the view of soul, life and death, the otherworld, fear and respect of soul of the dead. Next, I in depth looked at the worship of soul of the dead or ancestors revealed on the surface of the ceremonies of mourning in relation to the shamanistic idea. Their worldview is reflected in the ceremonies of mourning of the Nanays and the ceremonies of mourning of Korea, which show similar procedures. First, in the view of the soul, person has the soul of multiplicity, the soul of the dead does not immediately leave the otherworld, but stays in this world for a certain period of time, and the soul of the dead is identified with a living person. Second, in the view of life and death, a person's life and death depend on the existence of a soul. When the soul stays in a person's body, that person is considered alive, and when the soul leaves the body, that person is considered dead. Third, in the view of otherworld, material things in this world exist in the same way in otherworld. In otherworld, the soul of the dead lives the same life as in this world. Fourth, in the fear and respect of soul of the dead, the living person fears the soul of the dead. Because of this fear, the living person respects the soul of the dead. The fear of soul of the dead is one of the shamanistic ideas. The fear of soul of the dead leads to the idea of worship of soul of the dead, and that worship of soul of the dead naturally leads to ancestor worship. These shamanistic ideas were reflected in procedures of the ceremonies of mourning in Nanays and Korea.