Earticle

Education is referred to exert influence on national policy, which explains that the education is base of national growth. National language education takes the significant part of the elementary education and, it greatly affects not only the level of civilization, but also existence and growth of a nation. Through the comparing and considering of the national language education process, Korea, China, Japan between these three nations mother tongue education, we will be able to observe their characteristics. Purpose of this study is to find the common point as well as the difference the three nations mother tongue education. Korean language education consists of six categories: listening, speaking, reading, linguistic knowledge, and literature. China language education consists of six categories: reading, writing, speaking(listening), knowledge of national language, text, extracurricular lesson. Japanese language education consists of three categories and one item: speaking․listening, writing, reading and linguistic item.

The main concern of this paper is to investigate the Chinese middle forms to determine whether there is a true middle construction in Chinese. In other words, if there exists a middle construction in Chinese, what are its properties and constraints? In the first section of this paper, briefly sketches properties of the middle. based on Cheon, Ho-Jaee(1998a,b, 2004) criteria, which have been developed from the evidence of Japanese. In section 3, we will apply the semantic and syntactic properties of the potential middle construction to the Chinese. In this section, we will find, the Chinese potential middle forms shows sign of an implict agent argument(i.e. the paraphrase relationship, the all by itself test, or co-occurrence of by-phrase). Moreover, the Chinese potential middle forms exhibits stativity, which is a necessary condition for middles. The test for stativity that we have applied involve the verb happen, the progressive, agent oriented adverbs, pseudoclefts, purpose clauses, the iterative simple present, and genericity. We will find, the forms not occur with the verb happen, progressive, agent oriented adverbs, pseudoclefts, purpose clauses, the iterative simple present, imperatives, and vocatives. Furthermore, the forms permit a paraphrase containing the modal auxiliary. Finally, the forms are acceptable respective of existence of modifier adverbials. Based on the properties of the middle construction in Japanese and tests for each property, we can conclude that Chinese have a middle-passive construction.

Korea and Japan belong to the cultural sphere of Chinese character which has shown its long and indispensable existence in both countries. However, in the semantic range of Chinese words or their directions, some remarkable differences have arisen in each country. Those differences have been produced by the language policy of each country with the different backgrounds while passing through ages. This paper attempts to illustrate some essential examples of the mistranslation of Chinese words appeared in the Korean translation of Japanese literature. What needs to be emphasized here is that the translators do not have enough knowledge on the peculiar Japanese usage of Chinese words and on the different meaning or semantic range of Chinese words used in each country. This fact causes mistakes on the translation. For analysing the causes which resulted in mistranslation, this paper uses the text "SOREKARA" of Soseki Natsume and two Korean versions of it. This paper also aims at providing certain ideas in theorizing the methodology of education in the field of translating Japanese into Korean.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the shape of HIRAGANA written by Korean learners of Japanese is different from that by Japanese college students in dealing with the problem of the shape of HIRAGANA. It was conducted not by establishing a standard on a printing type but by standardizing the shape of HIRAGANA written by Japanese college students. The suggestions(cautions) about the guidance according to the important differences can be divided into the following 10 kinds:(1) drawing an oval : あ, お, そ, ち, て, ね, め, や, れ, ん (2) forming a fixed space : い, こ, ち, に, ぬ, の, み, む, め, ん (3) whether there is a way to write upward and toward the inside or not : か, け, し, せ, に, は, ほ, も (4) the length of a line : お, か, く, け, そ, た, ち, と, な, ね, ひ, へ, や, よ, り, れ, わ, を (5) writing continually and separately : き, さ, そ, ふ (6) varieties of lines (a curve, a straight line, a slant line) : け, す, つ, ね, ま, ゆ, ら, を (7) location (up and down, right and left) : う, け, た, な, ね, は, へ, み, ゆ, よ, り, れ, を (8) overlapping writing : え, ん (9) direction (up and down) : よ (10) size : ふ, る, ろ

It may not be desirable, even though effective, to study the compound verbs only which have already become glossaries or have strong potential to become words. The purpose of the current study is to reinvestigate various criteria which have been utilized to classify extant compound verbs, newly formed compound verbs, and their word structures, based on analyses of triplet or quartet compound verbs and their innate structures. The analyses showed that while there were differences in expression forms between extant compound verbs and newly created compound verbs in terms of the structures of process-result, there were no differences in the patterns found in the creation process. It was also revealed that triplet and/or quartet compound verbs were also characterized as the combination of both the structures of processes-results and those of non process-result, not just either of them. The current study intended to analyze various linguistic phenomena and approached from the perspective of synchronic linguistics, not to discuss whether triplet and/or quartet compound verbs could be settled as forms of phrases or as grammatical phenomena.

The result of Gorye literature in the Soviet Union area would not be ignored in its quality and quantity. It definitely takes a place in Korean literature. Along with some works that already entered into the native mainstream, especially those written in Korean should be highly valued for the main theme, the sentence expressions within traditional usage, and the effort to preserve national language under the impoverished current cultural condition. As the difference of social system and difficulty of study exchange have been quiet successfully improved, it is time to lift a flag to start a research of the real Gorye literature, considering the long immigration history, up to 160 years. Viewing the time matter of decreasing the writers who write in Korean, this research became a subject for its importance as well as for urgency. Now, the new homework at this point are systematically arranging the works written in the past and driving forward the substantial study to look for the unknown ones.

Tsuboisakae's "Nijyusinohitomi" is work that is serialized to "New age" from February 1951 to November. Mr.Oisi does incoming in branch school of a country of Setonaikai. 1928 spring, she takes charge of first year student of branch school. Mr.Oisi went by bicycle to school, one day, she falls on hole and suffers a fracture shank. So, students visit to a teacher. Teacher is delight and buy students noodles, and takes souvenir picture. But teacher leaves school. Four years later, teacher does incoming replacement in this school which drop to four kilometer at branch school. First year students become fifth year students and attended this school. And Oisi got married this time. On the other hand, state of affairs was continued the war. People fired through crime that taught students Anti-war Ideology among teacher were. Oisi was fired also. She lost mother and husband, child in the middle of war. Two people among her disciple die in battle and one person went blind. After war, Oisi teaches again at branch school. She met disciple there. Disciple guides teacher and convokes classmates and holds teacher's welcome party. This work's theme is Oisi's charity life and students experience. I want to consider about worth that is democracy of postwar in this work.

The purpose of this thesis is to research for the character of Busan as modern colial city in modern times. In the years of Korean modern times, the modern culture of Korean society was greatly affected by that of Japan. Hoever, that is to say, acculturation was occured between two countries. The western culture was imported via Japan as mixed forms and contents with the tradition of Japan. The specific feature of Japan modern culture is "intentional selection and encouragement of tradition". Therefore the feature was transmitted to Korean society with the intentional drive of the policies of Japan empire government. Those 'culture of colonization' made similar social culture and milieu in Busan area. By those cultural rulings and effections, main features of Korean modern culture was formed in Busan, and became the part of Koreans' daily-life culture which continue to nowadays. So, we can call the feature of the acculturated Korean modern culture, in another words, 'hybridity'. And now, as subject on the standpoint of post-colonialism, it is necessary for us to find some 'resisting power' from the colonized aculturation. Such power will contribute to find and keep self-identity and nationality in globalized milieu. At the result, this is one of the efforts to find the route and progress of the regional history of Busan, at the same time, to clarify the faetures of Korean modernization and real shapes of Korean modern history..

『Myongsimpogam』is a book about morality discussing a broad subjects from human behaviour to politics and is based on Confucian thought. It has been widely read not only in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, but also in Western countries like Spain. In particular, western missionaries were interested in Asian Confucianism and therefore translated it into their own language. It was first translated into Spanish by Christian missionaries who worked in Asia around 16th Century and they used it as material in their mission work. This translated version was given to the King of Spain at that time and then it spread around Europe. The Spanish version was made in 1592 and 1676 by different people and it had a big effect on Western society of that time. Here, I would like to examine the Spanish version, its characteristics and roles in the West, based on earlier research of its historical background and also on my own opinion.

Sino-Indian Border Conflict was spread in the border war in 1962. This war first of all was connected with the linear boundary concept. Since 19th century, British-ruled India and Qing dynasty, and the himalayan states tried to set up or resist the line. Especially British-ruled India had leaded the new trend. The main problem was the question of title to a number of 'no-man's lands' and buffer zone. After Sino-Indian establishment and Independence, there was the western sector(Aksai Chin) and the middle sector and the eastern sector(the McMahon Line) in Sino-Indian Border. The border war of 1962 was the dispute of Aksai Chin region and the McMahon Line region. This war also was connected the game of geopolitics. The grand design of geopolitics in India was derived from British-ruled India' heritage. A case of China, it was derived from the experiences of Qing dynasty. Especially the Tibet perception of Sino-Indian leaders was differant. The complete loss of Tibet was a loss of a buffer zone and friend. Without Tibet, India and Chian was hard to maitain some friendship for many Indians. The "forward" policy of India in 1960s was derived from this background. The linear boundary concept has already been a common sence. On the other hand, the interchange between nation and nation is largely increasing in the era of globalization. Today, the relationship of India and China is improving. But the experience of the conflict and differant Tibet perceptions still exist. And in china the nationalistic Strategy as 'Western Great Development' is going on. This situation means the international interests is important as the national interests.

The Tongsinsa was established to restore both countries' diplomatic relationship by the political will of Eto government and the economic needs of Tsusima local government. The precedent studies has been done in terms of politics and diplomacy; few studies have dealt with the cultural aspects such as banquets and receptions. Therefore, this study focuses on the relationship between the entertainment efforts and diplomatic politics with which Araihakuseki tried to push forward his diplomatic reform through the Tongsinsa in 1711. Araihakuseki attempted, by reducing the entertainment places to five, to carry out his political task that would enable his government to have an equal diplomatic relation with Korea. The political intention of Araihakuseki's was doomed to fail. For he overlooked the fact that any diplomatic efforts can be carried out only with the cooperation of the other country, Chosun. It was obviously revealed by the fact that the previous protocol was restored in the next entertainment case of Tonsingsa.

KIKUCHI Dairoku (菊池大麓, 1855-1917), one of the pioneers of modern mathematical education in Japan, held the posts of, professor at the School of Science, Tokyo University; chancellor at Imperial University (successor of Tokyo University, and the predecessor of the University of Tokyo); Minister of Education; chancellor at Kyoto Imperial University; and so on. He thought that the purpose of both higher and secondary education is to bring up students or pupils to obtain the knowledge voluntarily and to solve various kinds of problems. According to this view, there should be no essential difference between both stages of education, because both should have the keyword “research” as the element of study. And the points, which you can find when you observe Kikuchi’s life in detail, show that Kikuchi aimed, on one hand, to bring up various kinds of talented people who seek knowledge ordinarily and voluntarily, and on the other hand, to make Japan supported by each of them. For this reason, “diversity” and “unification” pointed toward the same direction in his idea.

This paper shall examine the Osaka artist Tokei Niwa, more commonly known as Kihiei Daikokuya (1760～1822). Niwa is recognized as a Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka) genre painter who completed illustrative works in such books as the “Meisho Zue” (Guidebook of Sights) and “Kyoka” , books of comical Tanka or 31 syllable Japanese poems. However it is interesting to note that as far as original paintings of the artist, only the three works have been introduced: This paper is based on research conducted at Tokei Niwa’s family temple, “Entsuji Temple”. It shall include biographical research based on the artist’s family register of deaths. The paper will also introduce and consider settings for the completion of “Portrait of Kogaku‐taishi; Patriach of Honen Buddhism” (unofficial title given to a colored silk hanging scroll) and “Drawings of Landscapes” (unofficial title given to a work using Indian ink over 4 frames of fusuma, a traditional Japanese paper sliding door), two artistic works which have been handed down from generation to generation at Entsuji Temple but never introduced elsewhere. This paper, by observing painters from the Kyoto and Osaka area through the artist, Tokei Niwa, as an example, will examine an aspect of the art world of pre‐modern Osaka painting

This text considers the “ie” which is the Japanese original group, a sort of family from the example of the tanin‐yousshi. Tannin‐youshi means adopted son who doesn’t have the kin‐relation with the foster father and mother. We can frequently find the example of tanin‐youshi in Japan but hardly do in the other countries of northern east Asia. In this sense, Japanese one has the special meanings. The case which this text chiefly treated is recorded in 'Ichikawa documents'. It is about the estate steward’s ie at Nakano and Shikumi in Shinano prefecture. This case gives us three points. The fist thing, the relation between the present head and the other members was the education. The second, while the tanin‐youshi can become a member in the ie, parents and child, brothers, and a married couple were occasionally separated to some ies. The third, the tanin‐youshi had not changed their uji(uji means the origin) from the original one to foster parent’s one in the first stage of Kamakura. Those events of these examples lead to a essence of ie, which is the unit of the upbringing and the education by the present master to the other members until they become independent and supports themselves. Then those members of ie did not have to be the present master’s own child.

This paper aims to examine the sparseness of rural population in Korea and Japan, by comparing Korea's national policy for this problematic phenomenon with Japan's. Both countries seem to approach the sparseness of rural population, which resulted from a rapid economic growth, in considerably different ways. Korea has taken an indirect action, encouraging rural communities to deal with the problem of the population sparseness on their own by initiating a social movement. On the contrary, Japan has made direct efforts to handle it in a governmental and administrative aspect by pouring enormous budget into the alienated life in rural areas, and so on. Nevertheless, neither of them has still solved the problem of the rural population sparseness. So, it is necessary to clearly understand the realities of it in order to find out its cause and solution in a diverse fashion. Given my belief that a comparative study of the sparseness of rural population in Korea and Japan functions as an effective means of finding a good solution to the problem, in this paper, I have presented the primary data relevant to the population sparseness problem.

The aim of this paper is to investigate and clarify the basic concept(background) and generative power concerning why Korea is focusing its past traditional culture and how they are trying to reproduce it in spite of the fact that Korea is trying to overcome the negative sides of its history caused by Japanese colonialism and the Korean War. Especially, in the 1970s, by its drastic change in cultural policy Korean government seemed to provide a turning-point, from which Korean society recurred to its traditional culture. However, this paper analyses how the popular-based cultural movement, which continued to make frontal attacks upon the governmental policies, is the essential generative power for the recurrence to the traditional culture. The popular-based cultural movement perceived 'the mask drama as a popular/folk art'to be a traditional culture and made it play a symbolic role in their resistance. As the Korean government faced the resistance of the cultural movement, they had to build theirown cultural policy in haste. Korean government dreamed about the realization of true tradition and national identity based on Korean nation and its national culture, while the popular-based movement, on the populace and its culture. Although both sides have had repeated confrontations and struggles around the revitalization of Korean traditional culture, their final purpose was no other than the construction of national identity. This paper also analyses and describes how those conflicts between the two sides became one of the unique characteristics of Korean nationalism.

The point of state-oriented research on labor policy is as follows ; First, labor law system is diverse in accordance with the degree of capitalist states' development. Second, every individuals or states must not share the same values. Third, labor related strife is not about a fact, but about a thought. Fourth, interpretation of legal system changes depending on the position of individuals or states. Therefore to understand the labor policy requires more than mere numerating chronology of accidents, or stating who did what to whom. It requires the answer to following questions ; First, historical background. Second, societal and practical demand that the relation between capital and labor be settled rationally. Third, progressionists' demand that legal system revise the order of capitalism. Fourth, the character of autonomous law that capital and labor should be based on the equal principle. And interpretation of above all should be followed. However it is impossible to interpret sufficiently. It is because we need to get interested in theory. Of course theory has different forms, but it's purpose is to fit into a logical frame a series of ideas connected each other in order to state, explain and predict the phenomena. The theoretical frame also organizes our thoughts about accidents. Keeping the above importance of theory in mind, this study is to point out the problems of previous interpretation on the Japanese system of labor law before World War II and to analyze new theories objectively.

Since the end of the World War Ⅱ,a primary objective of the U.S. policy toward the Northeast Asia has been the promotion of peace and stability on this area, that is first and foremost maintained by a credible deterrent against the possible Soviet aggression. The continued basing of the U.S. forces in Japan under the Japan‐U.S. Security Treaty makes this deterrent both possible and credible. Recently, the Japan‐U.S. alliance has been undergoing some changes. The changes stem from the end of the Cold War, September 11 terrorist attacks, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. These factors have forced Japan to form the new Japan‐U.S. security relations. Now, under the Global Posture Review (GPR) plan, Bush Administration is seeking to transform its military into a leaner, more mobile force to deal with the shifting post‐Cold War security environment. The Japan and U.S. also have been negotiating for more than a year over the reorganization of the U.S. forces in Japan. The U.S. still sees Japan as the linchpin of its security policy in the Northeast Asia. The purpose of this paper is mainly to analyze the present conditions and the issues of Japan‐U.S. security cooperation. This paper also examines about the correlation of a Japan‐U.S. alliance and the security of the Northeast Asia by considering the influences which Japan‐U.S. security cooperation has on neighboring countries.

The purpose of this study is to categorize regional legislative bodies in the Russian Far East on the basis of their structures and political status. In this study, a special attention has been paid to dynamics of institutional changes of legislatures to meet the political challenges that arose in line with the changes in federal relations. Despite the changes in political status in general, the findings suggest that structural features of regional legislatures such as formality of general congress meetings, expanded roles of committees and commission, concentration of power in the hand of chair person seem to remain untouched. However, some progresses are also observed: division of powers between legislative and executive bodies; increasing degree of professionalized participation in the decision-making. In particular, legislatures in the Russian Far East tended to show wide range of political spectrums in the process of reform during the last decade. For instance, disparities are obvious between those in Kamchatka oblast and Khabarovsk krai. This study suggests that it may takes a considerable period of time before democratic or decentralized legislative reforms are to be completed in the Russian Far East.