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A Study on Park Sun-sue's Sulmunhaejaikjing(『說文解字翼徵』) Kim, Hye-Kyung This article evaluates the Sulmunhaejaikjing, published in 1912, by Sun-su Park(朴瑄壽), a civil minister and ideographic scholar of the late Korean Chosun Dynasty. Sulmunhaejaikjing is to correct the errors of Sulmunhaeja(󰡔說文解字󰡕) which is the first form of dictionary which was compiled by Xu Shen(許愼) in the Late Han period (100A D.). It has 15 sections including one introductory section. 9353 characters are used in this dictionary in sojun(小篆) form. Park investigated and corrected Xu Shen's mistakes by using pre-sojun and kummun(金文) which had been used before Han Dynasty. This study explores and surveys, first, the literary background through Park's family line and periodical circumstances. Second, author's compilation motive and publishing term, and also his distinctive and independent methodology of different interpretation on Chinese characters. Third, Park's philosophical tendency espacially on the Confucian moralism, educational and self-realism in the period of late Chosun Dynasty, and lastly, inter-acting principles of Yin (陰) and Yan(陽), the five primary elements, Taoist thought. Sulmunhaejaikjing has several limitations, such as predate Kapgolmun, misinterpretations due to his Confucian perspectives and lacks of his investigated Chinese character's number. Nevertheless, he made demonstrative and progressive achievement on the part of ideographic research inspite of periodical behindness of Korean pre-modern age.

T'oegye's Sage Learning(聖學) and the Methods of Self-Innovation Lee, Dong-Keun The purpose of this thesis is to study out the T'oegye's methods of self-innovation(自己革新) in T'oegye's ‘sage learning(聖學)’ which is mentioned in ‘The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning(聖學十圖)’. Though T'oegye's sage learning and self-innovation in a sense of business administration are different each other in its fields of study, they have the same aspects in pursuing the ideal changes of oneself. T'oegye's methods of self-innovation is mentioned by degrees in ‘Jinseonghaksipdocha(進聖學十圖箚)’ introduing the way of studing on ‘The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning’. The three stages of T'oegye's self-innovation are ‘thinking and accustoming(思之習之)’, ‘sincere practicing(眞踐履之)’, ‘continuos practicing(反復終始)’. In this thesis, we can find that the three stages of T'oegye's self-innovation have much possibility as a effective motheds of self-innovation in comparing with other methods of self-innovation which influenced in history.

Linguistic Characteristics of Hangeul and Kana Beophwagyeng (Seopum) Kim Ki-Hyuk·Nakamura Emiko This paper aims to compare the sameness and difference between Seopum of Beophwagyeng (the Sutra of the Lotus) in Hangeul (Korean letters) and Kana (Japanese letters) on the linguistic perspective. The comparison of these two kinds of books can clarify linguistic characteristics of the language of middle age. The letter and phoneme, word, and grammatical phenomenon are reviewed to find out the linguistic property. Before the comparison of two different country books, Beophawagyeng (the Sutra of the Lotus) Eonhae (the translation of Chinese into Korean in 15th), and Wueolinseogbo have been compared to reflect the perspective of Korean Hanguel Beophwagyeng. And Myoilbon Kana Beophwagyeng and Joglibon Beophwagyeng, also have been compared. Also Chinese Beophwagyeng has been used as a reference. All these works are processed by computerized data base and will contribute to serve as a statistical data process. This study confined to the Seopum of Beophwagyeng, because the research of the whole book is impossible to handle in this article. Beophwagyeng are composed by 28 pum(articles).

A Study on Eastern Tea Eulogy: The Acceptance and Transference of Theories of Chinese Tea Woo, Jae-Ho·Nam, Min-Su·Park, Han-Kyu The history of traditional tea culture in Korea is more than 1000 years old. As early as Koryo(高麗), some famous tea lovers (李奎报，李齐贤，懒翁禅师…) published some poems about tea. And then in the Chosun Dynasty(朝鮮), the tea lovers (金时习, 徐居正, 丁若镛, 金正喜…) also wrote these kind of poems. There are many poems, which are in regard of tea, written by Korean ancient scholars. However, it’s hard to find the original tea theory of Korea. In this case, Zen priest Choui(草衣禅师: 1786-1866)’s ‘Eastern Tea Eulogy(東茶頌)’, a collection of poems, which includes 17 seven–character cut short poems. He also includes some comments on it. The primary coverage in the first half of this poetry anthology is introducing Chinese tea theory books, such as Lu Yu(陸羽)’s《Chajing(茶经)》 and Zhang Yuan(張源)’s 《Chalu(茶錄)》. For instance, ‘9–difficulties of tea(九難)’ which is a part of 《Chajing(茶经)》 that was written in the Song Dynasty and ‘4–smells of tea(四香)’ which is quoted from 《Chalu(茶錄)》 that was written in the Ming Dynasty are mentioned in this book. It also introduces some kind of ancient Chinese cozes and well–known tea in the Song Dynasty(雪花, 雲腴, 雙井, 日注, 白芽茶…). The latter half of ‘Eastern Tea Eulogy’ emphasizes the forte of eastern tea plantation, tea leaf and tea and also points out the spirit of fair which is Zen priest Choui’s core spirit of tea ceremony. Otherwise, it is observed that he carries on the tea science from Confucianism and Buddhism on account of having intercommunication with Jung Yak-Yong(丁若鏞) and Kim Jung-hee(金正喜), two exiled scholars, who have a great ability to rule the country. They always get together to drink some tea and talk over the study of Confucian classic and poetics. To sum up, ‘Eastern Tea Eulogy’ is a significant literature that could represent the eastern tea theory at the end of the Chosun Dynasty.

About the Japanese description of 『il-eo-yu-hae』 - focused in compared 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 with Japanese - Sung, Hee-Kyung In this research, I've looked for about transition of 『il-eo-yu-hae』 and 『wae-eo-yu-hae』, based on Japanese of 『il-eo-yu-hae』and 『wae-eo-yu-hae』. As a result, I found 2 branches, one is an identical conception between 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 and 『il-eo-yu-hae』, another is not. Details of discord parts between 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 and『il-eo-yu-hae』 , there is many kind of things are different. Because of system of description methods. Among them, it turned out the Japanese about principle of 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 and 『il-eo-yu-hae』were the most discord part. The reason of discord part of noted materials is that the Japanese used 『wae- eo-yu-hae』 is not available when 『il-eo-yu-hae』 is compiled and a new Japanese is used for Chinese character. Also, at the period of 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 compiled, it was reflected with Kamikadago and it compiled, based on Kyo-to. But period of 『il-eo-yu-hae』 compiled, To-Kyo language,based on Edogo, was already settled for common language. So I think such as Kansai dialect, part of Kamikadago system, was corrected because of necessity. The other system, that is discord part in the Japanese, is difference of expression. exception(2), only does description of Chinese character of ha-wi record in 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 where the Japanese must be, is noted Chinese character of san-wi and a new Japanese Hun is noted at place Chinese character of ha-wi. In『il-eo-yu-hae』, noted Japanese's Hun, deleted Japanese from 『wae-eo-yu-hae』. It also have one that a new Hun is made from exception(2). I think, these kind of things were added or deleted while period of 『il-eo-yu-hae』 compiled by common used or not. Including the fact that between the 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 of Chinese character of san-wi and『il-eo-yu-hae』 of Chinese character of san-wi has no difference, there is a system that one of 『il-eo-yu-hae』 was written from Hun which consist of two of Japanese In『wae-eo-yu-hae』. In 『wae-eo-yu-hae』, More than two japanese were written has indicating more than two of Japanese were commonly used and I assume the reason there's only one japanese was used in『il-eo-yu-hae』 with the same title is it has followed by publishing-regulation. The Japanese we can see from both 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 and 『il-eo-yu-hae』 is identical means these commonly used Japanese were the same at the time the each book had published. And the Japanese we can see from both 『wae-eo-yu-hae』 and 『il-eo-yu-hae』 is not

A Study on the Kim, Jeong-Seol of An Llegant Spirit(『風流精神』) Choi, Jae-Mok·Chung, Da-Un The purpose of this article is to study thought of Kim, Jeong-Seol. His thought appeared to his book An Llegant Spirit(『風流精神』). An Llegant Spirit(『風流精神』) was made after he died, and it was called His main text with A story of The Flower Man(『花郞外史』). This book has a different writing 4 papers. The papers are The Flower Man(｢花郞｣), A though of Choe, jae-woo(｢崔濟愚論｣), A though of Yin and Yang(｢陰陽論｣), Chweseong Kim si-seup ｢贅世翁 金時習｣). And as well as the purpose of these papres, there are different form. However, the core of this article is ‘The Harmony(調和)’. This ‘The Harmony(調和)’ is read again in today's life history. It is difficult to find his thought through 󰡔An Llegant Spirit(風流精神)󰡕. But the new approach to text is needed.

A Study on Formation Process and Changing Aspect of Baek-Bul-Am's Family Choi, Un-Don This paper is a study on Baek-Bul-Am(Choi-Heung-Won, 百弗庵, 1705～1786) who was a Neo-Confucian in the middle of Joseon Dynasty, with a focus on changing aspect of family[clan] since the family settled down in the village of Otgol (漆溪, 옻골). He was born in the 32nd year of Suk-Jong(肅宗, 1675～1720) and died in the 10th year of Jeong-Jo(正祖, 1777～1800). Although he deserved a very important status, less attention has been paid to his works in the history of Neo-Confucianism, except for his Buindong-Dongyak(夫仁洞 洞約) which had been runned for a self-governing community based on the philosophy of mutual assistance and morality for 100 years. At those times, social and economic contradiction (conflict among factions, various problems related to education, the state examination and the class system) had been deepened. Therefore, he put high priority of value on practical and pragmatic studies instead of monotonous discussion and ideological disputes and made every effort to establish his country as a paradise. As a result, he had a confidence of the people and won general applause as one of Three Big Fathers(Eldest) in the Youngnam province(嶺南三老). Therefore, this paper tried to observe the formation process and changing aspect of Otgol family[clan] which had highly effected his thoughts and contained 4 distinctive features as follows. First, his ancestrial will and injunctions to replace the traditionalized martial arts by literary arts(變武爲文) had affected forming Baek-Bul-Am's thoughts and building-up his family tradition as a key factor. Second, Three kinds of trends during formation of family could be found, as ① most of ancestors were soldiers in the former times, ② the others except eldest son usually set up their settlements at other places to expand territories and most ancestors did not service as government officials since Daeamgong. Third, he recognized that succession of the ancestrial will and injunctions lay in the piety and brotherly love and made push ahead with Big Five Projects to contribute the prosperity of a family (① education and morality of filial piety and brotherly love, ② set-up of norm and regulations, ③ construction, ④ self-government of community, ⑤ formation of human network through exchange with nobleman society). Fourth, The eldest grandson(13th) of the main family made the great decisions for existence of family with turning moment for essential glue even amidst hardship during rapid changes of social and political affairs in the times of Japanese Imperialism, World War Ⅱ, the 1950's Korean War and others. And he turned over his property right and decision right to the committee of the family and established the system of decision making through mutual agreement. He also found a shelter for the ancestral tablet, where he spent the hard times together with the eldest sons of the collateral-line families. Even amidst of the hardship and trials, he did his best to succeed and renew the traditional cultural-spiritual features by keeping in mind the value of Baek-Bul-Am's Big Five Projects, which have been the main point of the family tradition since 1700's. Further studies of Baek-Bul-Am's Big Five Projects should be required to meet the need of future circumstances and also to find a clue of ‘Sustainability Management’ from Confucianism.

The Transmission of Tales of Infant Heroes in East Asia and Their Significance in Social Education - Based on Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese Tales - Kang, Eun-Hae By examining Korean tales of infant heroes together with similar tales from Japan and Vietnam, this study seeks to discover what the image and understanding of infant heroes in East Asian culture was and what power transmitted these tales of infant heroes over such a long period of time in each of these countries. It is these two questions that provide the focus for this study. In Japan, the tales of Momotaro and Issunboshi can be compared to Korean tales of infant heroes. And in the case of Vietnam, we can find the example of the infant hero, Jiong. What all the tales from these three different countries have in common is that all the infant heroes, while being of humble birth, possess exceptional innate gifts. The appearance tales about infant heroes was closely connected with the demands of the time when they first emerged. The people responsible for the transmission of these tales believed that it was not until the new generation represented by an infant arrived that the chaotic nature of life's reality could be overcome. The motive force which enabled the tales of infant heroes to be transmitted from generation to generation in these three East Asian countries was the power of the children who made up an important part of the audience when the tales were being narrated. The transmission of a story which has an infant child as its hero has a pedagogic significance as a social initiation rite for children who are destined to play the leading role in society in the future.

A Study on the Realities of Femineity in Korean Modern Popular Song Lee, Dong-Soon There could be some cultural instruments which specify the changes in lives and society. Among them, it is necessary to pay attention to the lyrics of popular song. Korean popular song piles up diachronic changes over 100 years. Considering the early 1930s when the popular songs are produced actively, Korean popular song has about 80 years' history. We are sure to acknowledge evidently the realities of the colonized modernity by examining out the genre of popular song. Especially, we can surely know, also the aim of this study, how the problem of femineity or womanly recognition is reflected in the lyrics of popular song, and what the inner qualities, status, and problems are. In this study, the realities of femineity in the lyrics of the Korean modern popular songs are examined out and analyzed, focused on the particular examples. The development of history and the progress of democratization are not rapid in comparison with our desire. It is not pleasant for us to see that the femineity of popular song conforms to a stale feudalistic, colonial remnants, comparing with other cultural genres. It can be said that some negative aspects of femineity, such as a femineity as a one-sided, forced life, a femineity as an incompetent, and insensitive being to the change of social conditions, a femineity as a self-renunciative, passive being, infringement and abasement of a femineity under male-dominated outlook, are not passed remnants but still influential ones even today. The beforementioned condition and items continuously work on the current popular culture or popular song even today, at the beginning period of the 21st century.

Cheonghak-dong in Jirisan as a Korean Utopia Kim, Agnes Cheonghak-dong in Jirisan has been known as a prototype and model of a utopia that Koreans have yearned for. This paper aims to facilitate the understanding about a utopia by examining the Cheonghak-dong folk tale, its background, and its changes. In Goryeo utopian folk tales, Cheonghak-dong was located in Jirisan and was described as a utopia where hermits who abandoned secular world resided. When military officers took power in Goryeo, intelligent scholars believed that a utopia had existed in Cheonghak-dong in Jirisan. During the politically tumultuous period, historical collective memory on hermit in Jiri Mountain induced Cheonghak-dong folk tales. Since the mid-Joseon, folk tales began to describe that Taoist hermits strolled in Cheonghak-dong and Taoist disciples practiced martial arts in the place. Image of imaginary bird, Cheonghak(Blue Crane) combined with Taoist hermit folk tales made Cheonghak-dong known as Taoist hermit’s world. According the prophecies recorded in late Joseon, Cheonghak-dong was a propitious site under the theory of geomancy. It could protect people from three major disaster; diseases, famine and war. In addition, Cheonghak-dong was an ideal residential area where several different families would prosper and produce talented descendants. Even today it is not uncommon that people are questing for the route to Cheonghak-dong by exploring the prophecies and maps. This movement reflects an effort to continue to search a utopia under geomancy recorded in prophecies since late Joseon.

Phase of North Korean-Chinese Border Treaty(1962) in Unified Korea Choi, Jang-Keun 1962 North Korea and China contracted a border treaty. North Korea abandoned Kando territories from this treaty. This treaty was secret treaty. Two countries did not register in U.N. North Korea informed to neither Korea. Korea of past asserted Kando territory rights. Now Korea toward to China is demanding Kando territory rights. Some day Korea and North Korea will attain a unity. Korea which is unified will turn Kando territories and the possibility which will receive will be? Turned until now from research and said that there is not a possibility of receiving. This research turned but a little a conclusion the possibility of receiving is drew. Reason the border treaty which China and North Korea conclude is because is illegal. At that time North Korea and China was not the nation which is legitimate. Legitimate the nation is because being Taiwan and Korea.

On Symbolic Structure of Mortuary Practices between Korea and Toraja - Tradition and Changes of Changjiang Civilization - Sekine, Hideyuki Many people have shown interests in Funeral rites(喪禮) and ancestor-memorial ceremonies(祭禮) of South Korea and Aluk Todolo of Toradja because of peculiar mortuary practices of Asia. This paper aims to investigate the correspondence of the symbolism of them on the basis of the theory that the Korean race and Toradja were the same races which originated from the Changjiang Civilization. The race that originated in the Changjiang　civilization had scattered in various parts of Asia by the aggression of the race that originated from the Hwang Ho civilization. Part of that people established themselves in central southern part of the South Korea peninsula via the Shandong peninsula, and other people established themselves in islands in Indonesia via Yunnan. The basic symbol structure among them must have been maintained among them if the prototype of their mortuary practice have the same root in the Changjiang civilization. Pioneering research of Hertz clarified that symbolic structure of rebrial is still effective as an analysis tool of mortuary practice. According to his theory, ‘the state of the soul’, ‘the position of the soul’, ‘mental state of the person going into mourning’, and ‘the relationship between a dead person and bereaved family’ parallel the physical change in decomposition of a corpse. That basic structure has remained in mortuary practice of Korea and Toradja. But, it is undergoing change is brought on by religions from abroad, customs of regions, social structures, and etc.

A Study on the Positioning of Deluxe Hotel in Busan based on Consumer's Choice Attributes Bum, Sul-Kyoon·Jun, Jae-Kyoon·Huo, Yang-Hwae·Choi, Yun-Ja This study was initiated to ideally subdivide the market through a desirable image evaluation by each hotel and to provide recommendation to maintain a predominant position differentiated from othe competing hotels. Individual perception on hotel is made through selectively perceived actions shaped by individuals's own values, experience, desires, and information, and it is stimulated by various information flows. A research and an analysis on how customers perceive and recognize hotels are very important to devise hotel marketing strategies. The purpose of this study is to understand which properties, in selection a hotel enterprise, customers make an assessment with; and, by examining how customers perceive these properties, and to suggest the perception of the similarities of each hotel enterprise and provide the perception of selected properties among competitive hotels. The followings are specific objectives to accomplish this study's purpose: First, based on the exiting literature and previous studies, it examines theories of image positioning and selective properties of hotel companies. Second, it grasps effective causes in relation to hotel's selective properties and analyzes the similarities among deluxe hotels in Busan. Third, it measures the degrees of preference and perception based on selective properties of deluxe hotels in Busan.

Slow travel is about making conscious choices, and not letting the anticipation of arrival undermine the pleasure of the journey. By promoting slow tourism and developing as a slow city, it is important for tourists to reshape the relationship with place and with the communities. Many cities and countries are recognised the changes of tourism trends from mass tourism to alternative tourism in recent years but in the future it is important to combine mass and alternative tourism together to meet various tourists' taste and demands, therefore, cities should concentrate on developing slow tourism to consist of modernity and sustainability. Busan is the best place to promote new tourism trend of slow tourism in city. Busan is a city where physically and economically possible to adopt the concept of slow tourism starting with regions of Gijang and Gang-seo. These places are well known as not only unspoiled natures and well preserved lifestyle and also famous for special localities. Nowadays, Busan Metropolitan city is applying to be one of "slow cooperative cities" to the headquarter of cittaslow in Italy which is the first in the world. Therefore, this paper examines how Busan can be developed as a city of slow tourism to attract more tourists and also the way to build network between countries.

20세기 초부터 시작된 한국 유아교육의 긴 역사 속에서, 공동육아라는 새로운 유형의 유아교육기관의 출현은 한국 사회 내에서 유아교육과 보육에 대한 다른 욕구와 유아를 위한 교육의 변화에 관한 암시 수 있다. 새롭게 등장한 공동육아 어린이집의 일과와 교육 실제에 관한 다양한 목소리들을 통해 유아기와 유아교육에 대한 변화하는 생각과 요구, 그리고 공동육아 어린이집이 기존의 유아교육 프로그램에 제시하는 의미를 살펴보았다. 다양한 목소리들을 드러내기 위한 방법으로 Video-Cued Multivocal Ethnography(Tobin, Wu, & Davidson, 1989)를 사용하여, 어느 공동육아 어린이집의 일상적인 하루를 촬영한 비디오를 내부인(공동육아 어린이집 프로그램의 교사, 행정가들)과 외부인(일반 유치원과 어린이집의 교사, 행정가들) 그룹에게 보여준 후, 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 통해 각 그룹 참여자들의 자유로운 반응과 해석, 질문, 그리고 답변을 녹음하여 연구를 위한 분석 자료로 사용되었다. 참여자들에 의해 현저하게 많이 논의된 주제는 언어사용, 공간개념, 시간 개념 등에 관한 것이었다. 언어사용에 있어, 성인의 권위를 내려놓고, 유아와 더 자유롭고 깊은 관계를 위해 공동육아 어린이집 내에서 행해지는 교사와 어린이들 간의 평어사용에 대해 외부인들은 전통에 반하는 일이며, 바른 언어 사용을 배워야할 유아들에게 혼란을 가중 시킨다고 하였다. 두 그룹의 언어 사용에 대한 의견 차이는 어떤 관계를 형성할 것인가와 관련한 전통적인 방식의 유지와 새로운 방식 창조에 대해 다시 생각해 보게 하였다. 공동육아 어린이집의 공간에 대해서, 외부인들은 성인들이 유아들에 대한 완벽한 가시성을 확보할 수 없는 구조 때문에 교육적 장소로 부적합함을 비판하였다. 푸코가 언급한 일망 감시장치 상황에서 가시성 확보를 통한 권력 작용의 관점에서 볼 때, 가시성을 확보를 통한 성인의 권력 사용을 교육을 위해 필요한 것인가, 또는 가시성으로부터 벗어날 가능성을 부여할 것인가에 대한 의문을 던지고 있다. 시간 개념에 있어, 내부인들은 초기 공동육아 프로그램에 비해 더 타이트하고 엄격한 스케줄이 운용되고 있다고 한 반면, 외부인들은 비효율적, 비교육적인 시간 사용을 비판 하였다. 이는 일상을 계획함에 있어 유아들에게 필요한 것이 무엇인지를 누가 결정할 것인가에 대한 질문을 던진다.

This article, focusing on topics in Chinese, begins with the definition of topic. There are three major views about the relation between topic and reference in Chinese. The traditional view takes subject-predicate as the fundamental relationship between VP and pre-verbal NP(s) and topic is not part of the sentence structure. The second approach claims that information structures rather than syntactic structures are utilized in Chinese to convey information and the only categories grammaticalized in Chinese are topic and focus. The third argument, the most popular one, holds that both definite and indefinite Topic exist in Chinese as separate pragmatics rule.

This article attempts to answer the distinctions in generation of Korean & Chinese syntactic structure and its linguistic performance through ‘X[Sino-Korean lexicon]+hada’. The results of this study are as follows: Language Words Chinese Language Korean Language remarks structure generate process structure generate process 琵琶 N NP NP N NP X+hada→￠￠:generation is impossible. 畢 V VP VP radix φ X+hada→VP φ:Independant generation is impossible. 强 Adj VP AdjP radix φ X+hada→AdjP 雲集 N+V VP NP N+V NP X+hada→VP 工夫 N+N NP NP N+N NP X+hada→VP 家貧 N+Adj VP NP+AdjP N+Adj NP X+hada→VP 打倒 V+V VP VP+VP N NP X+hada→VP 洗手 V+N VP V+NP N NP X+hada→VP 說明 V+Adj V^VP V^VP N NP X+hada→VP 多讀 Adj+V VP VP N NP X+hada→VP 美麗 Adj+Adj AdjP AdjP N NP X+hada→VP 必讀 Adv+V VP Adv+VP N NP X+hada→VP 莫大 Adv+Adj AdjP AdjP N NP X+hada→AdjP

The Wooranbunjae was originated from the buddhism, and gave East Asian Buddhist ceremonies a big impact. I have studied how an ancient culture of India Buddhist ritual sacrifice had been established in buddhism, and how it had changed through China, Korea and Japan. Wooranbunjae was classified as four nature: nature of ancient-salvation, the nature of providing to temple gongyang(an offering) material, the nature of penance, and the nature of the festival. This study deals with wide range of the field and takes a systematic research about the aspect of theses changes. In conclusion, these characteristics of Wooranbunjae were already in the original Indian Buddhism, and combined with customs of each country of East Asia.

Research on Development of Sino-ROK Trade and Existing Problems Liu Yu Since the establishment of Sino- Korean diplomatic relation, the bilateral economic cooperation has developed by leaps and bounds. However, with the ever - strengthening economic ties, some problems have emerged, such as dissymmetry in trade, market access of goods and capital, Sino- Korean FTA talks. All these have posed threats to the sustainable development of bilateral economic cooperation. If improperly handled, they may cause difficulty, frustration and even recession of bilateral relation. At the same time, new opportunities for economic integration have appeared. How to cash in on these opportunities to boost bilateral economic ties aiming at a win- win, even a multi- win target in EastAsia,requiresthewitsofleadersofthetwogovernments.

Development of Science and Technology(S&T) due to effective and efficient national level research and development(R&D) activities has been directly or/and indirectly influencing national economy and society as well as culture in the globe. Contemporary S&T and R&D activities require huge amount of private and national investment focusing on market demand and tend to be mission or/and target oriented in its nature. Hence, the magnitude of the national R&D investments in the North-East Asian region have been growing as well. Japan and China are enjoying world top 2nd and 3rd ranks in terms of the gross production volume and 15th for Korea. It is generally accepted that an increasing trend of national R&D investment needs to be considered and analysed in view of tax-payers' money in terms of acquiring high level of effectiveness and achieving a high level of objective as well as of efficiency. It requires advanced level of the national R&D planning and evaluation system in each country. This study seeks to compare and analyze characteristics and differences of the national R&D planning and evaluation culture and system among China, Japan and Korea considering each country's economy, society and culture are different and tries to find out and discuss about lessons and suggestions in view of improving the system and culture

This paper aims to study how Korea and China tried to settle the Hijacking case of 1983 China Airplane and identify its impact in establishing diplomatic relations between two countries. Traditionally, China had held on to the friendly position towards North Korea and antagonistic position towards South Korea due to the Cold War, separation of the Korean peninsula, and the Korean War where China supported the North. The two countries had showed political antagonism, no economic cooperation and military confrontation for a few decades. However, the Hijacking case of China Airplane, which took place in May of 1983, marked a significant turning point for changing the hostile relations of the two countries because the countries had direct negotiation for the first time in order to settle the dispute and, ultimately, this led to the diplomatic ties with each other. As a result, Korea and China have improved their relationship in all sectors including economics, trade, sports, etc., escaping from the past antagonistic one. This change also had an impact in the China-North Korea allegiance. China stepped up relationship with South Korea in the principle of separation of economics from politics while it tried to be considerate of North Korea’s position via the so-called explanation diplomacy. So far, the studies on case of China Airplane have made mainly focusing on the change in Korea-China relation or Korea’s diplomatic approaches to China. This paper attempts to make a different analysis from the previous studies. Firstly this study reassesses the Chinese policy towards Korean peninsula since its Openness by a thorough analysis on the process of the negotiations between two countries. Secondly this paper examines the Chinese policy towards South and North Korea following the Hijacking case of China Air plane and the significance has on the diplomatic relation between Korea and China.

Visual merchandising (VMD hereafter) has become a more important issue because it plays a vital role in promoting a company’s image and increasing sales. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of VMD image on new elderly female consumers’ purchasing behavior. The sThjects of the study were 150 elderly customers aged from 50 to 65 in BeiJing, China who are called the ‘new silver generation’.A survey was conducted to find out consumer attitudes towards the VMD of department stores and their purchasing behavior. The collected data was analyzed with frequency analysis. Through the results of the analysis, the following findings were discovered: First, the new elderly consumers showed a positive attitude toward the VMD of department stores so it seems important for retailers to make effective VMD methods for them as well as for younger consumers. Second, the new elderly consumers' preference for bright colors seems to reflect the fact that they always want to try to look younger, so the VMD display should use brighter colors. Third, as these elderly consumers grow older, their height tends to gradually shrink. Thus, the hanger height of department stores for them should be reduced accordingly, that is, 4-8 cm lower than ordinary hanger heights. As these elderly customers have the habit of shopping with a frequent need for sitting, it is important to make the face out presentation around the store. Based on the results of the survey analysis of the VMD aspect of the Lotte Department Store in Korea and XinHua Department Store in China, efficient VMD methods have been proposed to promote clothing sales for the elderly in the region.

In ｢Rashomon｣, one of Ryunosuke Akutagawa’s first stories, a servant who has sentimentalism due to loss of his or her job judges an old woman’s corpse-defilement behavior as <unforgivably evil>. That is unreasonable and illogical judgment resulted from the servant’s impulsive emotion full of sentimentalism. However, pressing hard the reason of her such an evil behavior, the servant realizes that her principle of survival is merely a sophistry of selfish excuse and hypocritical self-justification. Then finally, the servant acquires a selfish courage by taking advantage of her sentimental principle of survival. In other words, it is the servant’s hypocritical action to justify his or her misdeeds by utilizing her principle. ｢Autumn(Aki)｣, written in a modern style during Akutagawa’s mid-life, deals with the sisters’ mutual conflict caused from the marriage progress with a man in between them. Realizing that Teruko, her younger sister, loves a man with who she wants to marry, Nobuko marries with different man as if she makes a concession for her sister with sentimental judgment. After that, Teruko sends a sentimental letter to Nobuko, expressing gratitude and an apology for her. However, when they meet together after one year, Nobuko still has affection to Teruko’s man, and therefore younger sister is very jealous of her sister. Eventually, it turned out besides the sentimentality that Nobuko’s marriage for her sister was hypocritical, gratitude as well as an apology in Teruko’s letter was also hypocritical. In ｢The Man of the West(Seihonohito)｣, Akutagawa’s last work, Jesus weeps as his friend Lazarus dies. On this part, Akutagawa states that Lazarus is resurrected by Jesus’ sentimentalism, and it is contradiction that Jesus who does not take care of His Mother, Virgin Mary, expresses condolence for Lazarus’ death. In order to comprehend this Jesus’ sentimentalism full of contradiction, Akutagawa mentions that it is important to understand <Genius Egoism>, which was a criticism to Jesus’ hypocritical behavior. As considered above, by giving prominence about a hypocritical character inherent in human’s sentimentality, Akutagawa felt displeasure about and disdained such <Hypocritical Sentimentalism>, and tried to struggle against it.

There are four results from the study of the use of compound verbs in compositions by Korean learners of Japanese compared with Japanese native speakers High level Korean learners more frequently use compound verbs in compositions than low level Korean learners. Korean learners of Japanese, die to their limited vocabularies, more frequently repeat words than Japanese native speakers. Japanese native speakers, with their wider vocabularies, repeat words less often. The compound verb that Korean learners of Japanese use most frequently is omoidasu(10.8%), Japanese native speakers most frequently use mochiageru(3.8%). Korean learners of Japanese use certain words more frequently than Japanese native speakers. Japanese native speakers use compound verbs with a high degree of difficulty more than Korean learners of Japanese. In the second position of a compound verb, Korean learners of Japanese frequently use -dasu/-au(26.2%), Japanese native speakers use -komu/-ageru (12.4%). Both use words such as -tasu/-au/-hajimeru/-tsukeru/-kakeru/-komu/ -agaru, but Korean learners of Japanese only use -sugiru/-au/-kaesu while Japanese native speakers only use -ageru/-ireru/-uru. In the first position of a compound verb, Korean learners of Japanese frequently use omou-/miru-(25.1%), Japanese native speakers use miru-/toru-(7.6%). Both use words such as omou-/miru-/suru-/toru-/noru-, but Korean learners of Japanese only use deru-/ tsuku-/tatsu-/furu-/ochiru- while Japanese native speakers only use motsu-/ukeru-/ utsu-/tsukuru-/hiku-.

This is a study on use trend of 1 character Chinese verbs in Korean as seen on Korean newspapers by genre --that is, five genres of Society, Economy, Politics, Sports, and Editorials which constitute newspaper articles-- as well as a comparative analysis of correspondence trend between Korean case and Japanese case. As a result, it was found out that the total number of examples as ascertained in Korean newspapers was 33 in individual vocabulary. In terms of ratio, this is somewhat lower than 20% which is the figure obtained from dictionaries, suggesting that the number of 1 character Chinese verbs that are used in 5 genres of newspaper articles is quite small. The gap in the frequency of use of these 1 character Chinese verbs by genre was substantial, but the gap in the number of vocabularies (individual vocabularies) was not that big. In terms of genre, 1 character Chinese verbs were used most frequently in Society whereas those verbs were used least frequently in Economy. When correspondence trend of 1 character Chinese verbs in Korean is compared vis-a-vis the Japanese case, the overall picture was rather similar to the one that was obtained from various dictionaries, but the ratio of correspondence was higher in the case of same pattern correspondence than in the case of different pattern correspondence. In terms of genre, same pattern correspondence between Korean and Japanese was highest in Politics, whereas different pattern correspondence between Korean and Japanese was highest in Sports. Other than these two, same pattern correspondence between Korean and Japanese was higher in Economy next to Politics. Although the ratio was lower in terms of the frequency of use and the number of vocabularies, Economy proved to be a genre that has high rate of same pattern correspondence vis-a-vis Japanese.

This paper analyzes 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere', one of the Japan's plans for East Asia regional communities, was based on Pan-Asianism and emphasized regional identity in the prewar era, and 'East Asian Community' which has advocated by Japan the starting point in 2004. Therefore, this study explores that the past plans for Japan's regionalism in East Asia had the original structures of thoughts, the main causes and limits of the failure, and the signification in level of regional community. Moreover, this paper research what the strategies and problems are in ''East Asian Community' which is forwarded by Japan for regional community in East Asia now, what the needs are for the formation of East Asia regional Community to Japan and East Asia. Also, this study thinks that Japanese strategic thoughts toward East Asia regional community in the present is from Japan's own the recognition of the needs including China and U.S. for the factors. Japanese debates intensified over what strategy would be suitable for Asian regionalism, both an imperative for global competition and a pathway to realize leadership aspirations. Japan seriously try to tie the region under the name of "East Asian Community" from entering in the 21st century. However, the uncertainty which were history and territory problems between South Korea- China-Japan, a burst of nationalism, hegemony competition between Sino- Japan, has existed in Japan's the pursuit of regionalism. The United States, in addition to, is making more difficult to Japan's the pursuit of regionalism in East Asia.

This study is sparking renewed discussion about relations between Korea and Japan through the ‘Jochong’, which is a musket with a long shooting range. Jochong was the important chemical weapon during the Imjin war(壬辰倭亂) and the Jeongyu war(丁酉再亂) The Japanese army armed with Jochong threatened the Korean army with the conventional weapons. The Japanese armaments were much stronger than those of Joseon and China. Then, how the Japanese could gain possession of Jochong? It was nothing but a mere accident. It started in August, 1543 when a Chinese pirate ship led by Wangjik was drifted to Tanegashima in Kagoshima by a typhoon. The Japanese became aware of the existence and power of Jochong, and then bought two pieces from the Portuguese sailor who was on board the pirate ship. It is said that they even offered their pretty young daughter to the Portuguese sailor to acquire the techniques of making them. Jochong spreaded all over the country during the age of rival warlods, and finally Oda Nobunaga who quickly detected its power operated the Jochong squad and almost unified the nation. His successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, completely unified the nation and made an invasion upon the Koran peninsula. Jochong played an important role throughout the wartime. In the meantime, Joseon got an inkling of Jochong but underestimated its power, so that its development was quite delayed. During the Imjin war, Joseon had a correct understanding of Jochong and then imported them from China. They gave an impetus to the development of Jochong, but its power was inferior. However, they acquired the techniques from the Japanese surrenderers. The Japanese surrenderers offered their Jochong-making techniques to settle down in Joseon. This way, production of Jochong in Joseon was indebted to the Japanese. It is a good example that the method of Jochong being introduced to Korea through Japan speaks for the utilitarian attitude between Korean and Japanese.

This study focus on a policy for confucianism by Tokanhu(統監府, the main office of proconsul) and Itohirobumi(伊藤博文, 1841-1909). In Korea, after Joseon Dynasty era, take a confucianism policy mainly as national polity. So it has Yulim(儒林, a traditional confucian groups) who are an influential senior noblemen and a landowner, a large number of families settled Joseon society for generations. The modern Korea also, when Ito is sent to Korea as a beginner of proconsul(統監), has so many Yulim groups. Tokanhu and Ito need the Yulim groups as a collaborator for colonial rule on the Korean peninsula, successfully. Because they should fight against Japan colonial rule for an independence movement. with enlightening Korean intellectual as well as young man, Tokanhu and Ito begin to bribe a person with money and power, sometimes they use carrot and stick, obtaining a Japanophile(a sympathizer for Japan) who is, so called, Chinilpa(親日派. the pro-Japanese group) in Korean. On the one hand they want to have Japanophile confucian and on the other to found a new confucian society. So they took every measure for confucian to win their over and found Daedonghakhoe(大學會), a new confucian society, with at the head of the pro-Japanese group as a projector. But Tokanhu and Ito should had a hard time to persuade most Yulim in Korea except only the pro-Japanese group. They underestimated the problem of nationalism connected deeply with Korean confucianism. It cause from, first of all, their lack of understanding for the essence of Korea confucianism. So, the plan for control Korean confucian and confucianism are fell through. Moreover, Ito is shot by Anjunggun(安重根) and died at Harbin(哈爾濱) in China.

In the Japanese Islands, the pirate is active from the 8th century to the 16th century in the coast along an inland of Seto. They were the trader and the plunderer in the Japanese Islands. The Japanese pirate was not a resistant against the political power but a sea trade. The expansion of the Japanese pirate in Medieval Period was related to the social-political disorder Kamakura shogunate and signified the increasing of pirate and the expansion of piracy. Therefore, Their activity is the plunder economy. Because of the appearance of pirate, the discord and the hostile was formed between Joseon Kingdom and Japan. The activity of pirate elevated the importance of sea in the coast of East-Asia while the development of navigation and shipbuilding disappear the pirate. The Japanese pirate stood in the crossing of antiforeign feeling between Korea and Japan. The Japanese pirate brought about the restlessness of popular feelings, the financial difficulty and the crisis of national existence. Then, the looted goods which needed at the Japanese Islands in Koryo Kingdom period passed the buck to Joseon Kingdom. An appeasement measure policy alleviated the economical burden of looted goods. Reception expenses in 『Haedongjekukki』 and 『Kyeongkudaejeon』 accorded with the quantity of cereal that plundered in Koryo Kingdom. Consequently, the Japanese pirate and the plunder economy meant the identity of Japanese pirate.