Earticle

Korean society has entered into a multicultural society since rapid progressed influx of immigrants. Because We Korean have stuck to ethnically homogeneous nationalism, the encounter with those peoples brings a ‘fear’ of heterogeneity. furthermore, we requires the separation of space from them. This article discuss the Georg Simmel's definition of stranger and their bright side with viewpoint of hybridity, mobility and objectivity. Homi K. Bhabha's complicated issues; immigration, asylum and cultural deportation are also discussed in aspect of ‘the uncanny’. He refers the relationship of self & others is ‘uncanny’. Julia Kristeva gives counsel to us “yourself is also uncanny one to you.” These postcolonizing and postmodernizing narrative discourses also discussed in relationship of locality. In conclusion, I appeal the necessity of new paradigm of stranger in viewpoint of ‘The humanities of locality’ as a Others-oriented narrative.

This report, based on the analysis of “Grilled Hormone”, analyzed the life of Zainichi’s (Koreans living in Japan) who came to Japan during the Chosun era. During the Meiji era, the Japanese began to accept western cultures and meat-eating culture. It was the beginning era of accepting new culture and Japanese followed western cultures. One of the culture that they followed was meat-eating culture, which they only used the portion of red meat because Japanese never learned how to eat meat and it was not part of their culture. Thus, the Japanese did not used any of the intestines. When Chosun was colonized by the Japanese, many of the people from Chosun migrated to Japan. Those migrant had to settle in Japan by selling eating those intestines parts from the meat or pork. Controversially, animal intestines that Japanese people avoided became familiar food ingredient for Zainichis and they could live by with the intestines. During this period of time, the “grilled hormone,” represents the poverty and discrimination of Zainichis. Soon, the Zainichi’s begin to create their own style of food culture and when Japan was reaching its high growth of economic the “grilled hormone” became one of the high-quality food even for Japanese. The “grilled hormone” once used to be known as low-quality food transformed into a high-quality food. The negative image of “grilled hormone” have reformed through a movie called, “The Yakiniku movie: Bulgogi, 2007.” In this movie, the “grilled hormone” was portrayed as the positive image to Japanese. Not only had the movie showed the positive side of “grilled hormone,” but it definitely converted the recognition of Zainichi’s. The series of Chosun migration and settlement in Japan have created the distinctive of food culture of “grilled hormone,” and the food culture has its significance for it condenses and shows Zainichis’ lifestyle in Japan.

Overseas Chinese is the largest diaspora group in the world. As of 2010, the number of Chinese diaspora dispersed globally is 45,430,000 in total and those of whom, almost 73%, are staying in Southeast Asia. Especially, Indonesia has been formed the most complicated and contradictory society of Chinese diaspora. The government of Indonesia carried out national policy purposed Pancasila as an ideology of national integration, but migrants are be seen by separative and discriminative view point. It made enmity among national group after all, and Chinese diaspora is living as a stranger neither assimilation nor separation in particular. Under the background, this study is analyzed the adjustment of Chinese diaspora and its strategy through depth-interview focusing on the diaspora adjustment. Consequently, Chinese diaspora exists in transnational border, which is shown dual adjustment aspect of Chinese diaspora. That is, Chinese diaspora has not only position as local people to settle stably but also dual position to maintain Chinese tradition and culture. Therefore, Chinese diaspora has tried to adjust through the process of ceaseless conflict, clash and convergence against the government’s oppressive restriction policy, social discrimination and attack.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the multicultural parent education program on international marriage immigrant women's self-esteem, parenting attitude and social competence. For this purpose, this researcher selected 36 international marriage immigrant women residing in S and Y districts. The experimental, comparative and control groups each consisting of 12 members. Measurement devices used for this study were the Self-Esteem Scale, the Parenting Attitude Scale and the Social Competence Scale. The collected data were statistically analyzed through the Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA). The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the multicultural parent education program is effective in improving international marriage immigrant women's self esteem. Second, the program is effective in improving all sub-areas of international marriage immigrant women's parenting attitude. Third, the program is effective in improving all sub-areas of international marriage immigrant women's social competence. In conclusion, the Activity-Centered Parent Program is a process through which international marriage immigrant women could find their own strong points, listen to voices from their inner side and further have in mind the love and affection of themselves.

In this research, I studied on the Kana notations of 104 sounds contained Final-t that in 6 Chinese-Japanese Dictionaries. In conclusion,1) In the all of 6 Chinese-Japanese Dictionaries, Final-t was written -tsu in Sino- Japanese Kan'on and was written -chi in Sino-Japanese Go'on. There are blank in Syogakkan & Kodansya that same type sounds of kan'on and Go'on of the sounds fixed -tsu in Usual chinese characters chart(2010). It was the result of that editor of dictionaries recognised that -tsu type was can be not only kan'on but also Go'on in the rhyme of same type of kan'on and Go'on. 2) The type of -tsu & -chi of Final-t can't be standard that was distinguish between Kan'on and Go'on because of there was two types -tsu & -chi of Final-t until Muromachi era and integrated -tsu type after Muromachi era. 3) Therefore, It is right that writing -tsu in not only Kan'on but also Go'on and only the sounds of fixed -chi to today can be classify Go'on. 4) The sounds of fixed -tsu type in Usual Chinese characters chart(2010) that originated Go'on was written two types -tsu & -chi in Gakusyukenkyusya but another dictionaries was written only one type -tsu because of admit only -chi type as a Go'on. This sounds that classified as a Kanyo'on in every dictionaries must be classified as a Go'on.

This study is to analyze biases of passages from each high school national language textbook between Korea and Japan and to give direction to the Korean textbook's new content for developing humanistic imagination as well as science technical creativity. For this, Korean language text book 󰡔High School Korean󰡕, and the Japanese language text book 󰡔國語綜合󰡕 were compared, focused on non-literal passages from each textbook. This study found the passages from non-literal subjects in Korean language textbook are weighted towards to human and social subjects than scientific and technical ones, compared with Japanese textbook. For relieving unequal distribution of the subjects on the Korean textbook, there needs to select proper subjects and to find some utilization plan for integrated education of liberal art and natural science. A knowledge and thinking of traditional interdisciplinary field has limit to creative thinking and true problem-solving. In addition, a new technology of twenty-first century requires amalgamative thinking in every area; IT, nanotechnology, science, humanities, arts and so on. Therefore, in order to meet this requirement development of an amalgamative subject curriculum which humanities, social science, natural science and arts mingle together is urgent. And this development of a new subject curriculum will materially contribute to cultivation global talent who can understand the world and inanimate nature generally and has ability to solve the problem at hand creatively.

Rim Wonchun is Korean―chinese novelist and is born at Yanbian in china. He was first published a short story in 1958. The name of short story is Molten iron. then, he has announced a novel for a long time. Finally, he completed his masterpiece Orangkaeryeong as Korean―chinese’s novel. Orangkaeryeong contains the state of culture and society of Yanbian in 1932~1934. I studied in this work, the following conclusions were drawn. This work contains Korean―chinese’s life-style and consciousness to overcome the time of adversity. The Korean―chinese’s efforts are found the three aspects : Background, character, and cultural uniqueness. This work reflects the three elements effectively and faithfully.

The works <Sahyanggok>, <manghyangga>, <Sahyangga>, <Wonbyeolhoegokyeera>, <Bunyeojatanga> are a new Gasa materials hitherto unknown to academia. <Sahyanggok>, <manghyangga>, <Sahyangga> was written by women who lived as a diaspora of colonial woman in Japan. <Wonbyeolhoegokyeera> and <Bunyeojatanga> was written by women who lived in waiting for her husband not to come back to home. Male’s motive of going to Japan was ‘making money’ in <Sahyangga> <Bunyeojatanga>, and ‘studing abroad’ in <Sahyanggok> <manghyangga> <Wonbyeolhoegokyeera>. Under the title of ‘Experience of Japan and Female Gasa in the colony period’ this study will research both Gasa types. This paper aims for probing the literary significance of these Gasa works. In chapter 2, it presented outline of 5 Gasa materials and different editions, and explicated the writer and written time of each Gasa works. Most of these female writers born in a famous family at kyongbuk region. Most of these Gasa works was written in 1930s. In chapter 3, it analysed the life of female writers. Female writer's life in Japan or the life waiting for her husband was determined by man. Female writer's life was the life to be forced by man. In chapter 4, it analysed female writer's life as a diaspora of colonial woman in Japan. As a diaspora of colonial woman in Japan, they desperately missed home country. True nature of home country to miss was not the family in law but her parents and place of birth. In chapter 5, it clarified the literary significance of these Gasa works. these Gasa works reflect the pain of our ordinary people in the colony period.

This paper aims to investigate the type 4 in the types of ‘narration-focalization’ that is, ‘intradiegetic narrator-fixed internal focalization’ in Hong Sang-soo’ films. The results of the investigate are summarized as the following. First, the paper investigates that Night and Day, Like You Know It All, HaHaHa, The Day He Arrives, Nobody’s Daughter Haewon are related with the type 4 in the types of ‘narration- focalization’ that is, ‘intradiegetic narrator-fixed internal focalization’. Second, it investigates that Night and Day, HaHaHa, Nobody’s Daughter Haewon are made up a man’s or a woman’ love story in narrative-structure. Thus, the three films reavel low self- reflection. Third, the paper argues that The Day He Arrives are made up the mixture a man’s love story and self-reflection in narrative-structure. Thus, this film reavels middle self-reflection. Fourth, it argues that Like You Know It All is made up a man's self-reflection more than love story in narrative-structure. Thus, this film reavels high self-reflection. Fifth, it is claimed that the difference of between the five films that is, Night and Day, Like You Know It All, HaHaHa, The Day He Arrives, Nobody’s Daughter Haewon are suited to the difference of narrative-structure and time-structure.

This study aims to explore comparability of “Misty Poetry” of China and “Participation Poetry” of Korea which became a point of contention in 1960’s through literature history of “Participation Literature’ and ‘Participation Poetry’ of Korea and China. Korea and China had experienced “democracy’ and “socialism” respectively along with rapid industrialization upon release from the shadow of war after liberation. 4.19 and the Cultural Revolution that occurred in this course were different events but had similar nature in terms of prolongation of dictatorship. Due to this, similar social atmosphere was formed and phenomenon of literature history with nature of “participation literature’ naturally emerged in the history of literature. However, due to different social structure, aspects of their participations have developed into rather different aspects. While it had naturally obtained detailed name of ‘Participation Literature’ in Korean literary world which was one step ahead in accepting foreign trends such as modernism, there was attempt of criticism while carefully replacing the participation literature with ‘Scar Literature’, ‘Reflection Literature’ and ‘Root-Searching Literature’ instead of the term ‘Participation’ in China where it was subject to more strict censorship than Korea within the socialism system. Under the situation where direct criticism was avoided but metaphorically exposed, misty poetry emerged and functioned as ‘Participation Poetry’. There is universality in these in that revolutionary renewal was attempted through poetry while their social foundations were different.

The novels, created by many Chinese authors who felt obligated and responsible for pursuing a humane life, and whose main message is expressed in material that reveals and eliminates the corruption of the society, is called the anti-corruption novel. The anti-corruption novel is not a literary symptom suddenly appearing in the 20th century, but has a historic origin that we can find. Considering its background, material, subject matter and descriptive technique, the anti-corruption novel is connected to the condemnation novel in the late Ching period. The condemnation novels are followed by the political satire novels during from 1930 to 1940, and are connected to novels by those authors who advocate the literature's participation in reality, and later to the reform novels in the 1980's, and reach their peak in the anti-corruption novels in the 1990's. This paper studies the historic origin of the anti-corruption novel by dividing the novels that reveal the corruption and the dark sides of the bureaucratic society into 5 categories : (1) condemnation novels during the late Ching period (2)the political satire novels during the Kuomindang's ruling period from 1930 to 1940 (3)the participatory novels after the establishment of the new China (4)the reform novels in the 1980's (5)the anti-corruption novels in the 1990's.

This thesis is to discuss the strategies appearing in the origin, function and cases regarding the Chinese poetry Diplomacy, which has existed in the diplomatic scene in China. The author of this thesis thinks that the Chinese poetry Diplomacy used by Chinese leaders has originated from the FuShiYanZhi Culture, which was prevalent in the warring states period in ancient China. It may be said that the FuShiYanZhi Culture developed the Chinese perception of the poetry into something beyond artistic language with absolute authority and divine truth, traditionalizing the poetry. Since the Qin Dynasty and two Han Dynasties, there have been two methods in which political or social theorists deliver their own thoughts. The one belongs to the series of Lunyu) and Laozi. They delivered the thoughts through their own language, providing the conceptual explanations. The other belongs to the series of Chunqiu. They describe their own thoughts through referring to the speech and action of people in the past, making those things the basis of their own ideas. In modern days, the speech based on the Chinese poetry Diplomacy in China is based on the series of Chunqiu. They may express their own position or conceal their own standpoint by using the authority and dignity of the classical literature, citing the phrases. Since the late 1990, Chinese leaders have used the Confucian ideology in terms of diplomacy in order to improve the global image of China and spread the Chinese values, through connecting the soft power theory with national strategy, so that the Chinese poetry Diplomacy has been used as a part of the strategy focused on the soft power theory as well.

The rapid development of Dalian port attracting a large inflow of external population. Most of the immigrants, called ‘Hainandiu’ by natives in Dalian, were from Shandong province. Most ‘Hainandiu’ were peasants with low education level and little labor skills, so they are mainly engaged in physical labor in Dalian. Since the handling operation on Dalian wharf wa s paid daily and by the piece without requiring skilled labors, it became the first choice of work for most ‘Hainandiu’. ‘Hainandiu’ mainly lived together in shacks around Siergou. After the Hekizanso dormitory was constructed in 1911, they began to perform unified labor and collective life under the management of labor contractor system. Researches for Dalian labors have mainly focused on colonial history, labor movement history, labor policy, etc. Although there has been a little study of the ‘Hainandiu’, they merely investigated as a part of the labor movement. The ‘Hainandiu’ immigrants of Dalian, as a part of the Shandong-Northeast immigrants, have its universality as well as particularity. It is necessary to study the ‘Hainandiu’ immigrants because their inflow created a new citizen stratum and civil culture in Dalian. Also, as a special class in this port city, they were the people who were in the middle of the varied social contradictions. Based on the source materials of SMR and some newspapers of Manchu as well as the research data related to the northeast immigration, the article deals with ‘Hainandiu’ immigrants in Dalian from 1905 to 1937. From the perspective of dock coolies as an unique citizen stratum in the port city, the description and analysis are focused on three aspects of this community, namely formation, migration routs, living status of ‘Hainandiu’, and finally their lasting influence and impact on Dalian.

‘Novel’ describes ordinary and pitiful lives of urban residents and their lives are so closely connected with ‘Money’. That's why ‘Novel’ and ‘Money’ are both important components of ‘Modernity’. The circulation network of ‘writer-seller(publisher)-buyer(reader)’ had been completed till the late Ming Dynasty in Chinese novel. Ordinary urban residents who were ‘buyers’ could make and save money, And their economic strength made them long for cultural products to their tastes. Therefore novels at the late Ming Dynasty reflect their lives and anxieties faithfully. All those were triggered by ‘Money’ and were accomplished with ‘Money’, so urban residents’s life was having a close relation with ‘Money’. ‘Novel’ is the literature which shows those situations vividly. And ‘SanYan(三言)’ written by Menglong-Feng(馮夢龍) at the late Ming Dynasty is the very classic text during the conventional China. So, I analyzed the function of ‘ Money’ working on the various lives of urban residents in ‘SanYan(三言)’. As a result, I drew the conclusion that ‘Money’ served fearful, ethical function in ‘SanYan(三言)’.

Chinese overseas direct investment is called the “Bring In” policy that aimed for attracting overseas investment 2000. This policy is the national strategy for imposing overseas expansion with “Go Global” policy side by side after 2000. In this process, Chinese government tried to transfer domestic enterprises to global enterprises porsuing the new state capitalism. “Go Global” policy is not only the economic strategy but also expansion of political economical influence to the world. The purpose of “Go Global” policy aims to use overseas recourses, market development, and advanced technologies, the policy is very important to transfer Chinese enterprises to Global enterprises. At the same time, China opened the domestic market to foreign corporations while other countries also opened their domestic market to China. Chinese government encourages Chinese corporations to invest in the global market actively. Most of au it is necessary for electronic home appliances industry to invest millions of money in order to survive in the global market. Also it is a good way to improve internationalization level of Chinese companies that set up the production center and international joint ventures. According to analysis of 5 major Chinese home appliances companies as Haier, TCL, Hisense, Changhong and Midea, to research how do they enter overseas market through “Go Global” policy of Chinese government.

This article attempted to subclassify on the basis of syntactic and semantic characteristics targeting verb combination of type with a medium morpheme to have subsequent verb with ｢Go｣. Concretely, first of all, targeting typical examples judged that two verbs were closed simply, those syntactic and semantic characteristics were extracted. And those characteristics were established as a standard of analysis and finally following two factors were pointed out as major achievement by analyzing individual examples per each standard. 1) As for the verb combination of type with a medium morpheme to have subsequent verb with ｢Go｣, it is distributed consecutively from the most syntactic one to the most morphological one. 2)Generally, examples called as ｢補助動詞結合(auxiliary verb combination)｣ are morphological composition and considered as a kind of ‘compound verb’ Furthermore, it was emphasized that the analysis on verb combination should be performed in the form to consider contexts thoroughly and the overall examination applied lots of standards is required to subclassify verb combination, too. This article attempted to subclassify on the basis of syntactic and semantic characteristics targeting verb combination of type with a medium morpheme to have subsequent verb with ｢Go｣. Concretely, first of all, targeting typical examples judged that two verbs were closed simply, those syntactic and semantic characteristics were extracted. And those characteristics were established as a standard of analysis and finally following two factors were pointed out as major achievement by analyzing individual examples per each standard. 1) As for the verb combination of type with a medium morpheme to have subsequent verb with ｢Go｣, it is distributed consecutively from the most syntactic one to the most morphological one. 2)Generally, examples called as ｢補助動詞結合(auxiliary verb combination)｣ are morphological composition and considered as a kind of ‘compound verb’ Furthermore, it was emphasized that the analysis on verb combination should be performed in the form to consider contexts thoroughly and the overall examination applied lots of standards is required to subclassify verb combination, too.

This study analyzes the present status of use of beautifying words with ‘o-’ and its problem in Japanese speaking textbooks for beginners published in Korea. The study classifies the beautifying words ‘o-’ into four in order for learners to acquire Japanese with more ease in a given teaching environment. First, the words that ‘o-’ must come first such as ‘osibori’ ‘onaka’. Otherwise the meaning of the words themselves change. Second, the words that conventionally use ‘o-’. The rate of use of ‘o-’ in both male and female speakers is high. Without ‘o-’, the dignity of a speaker and politeness towards a counter part cannot be seen. The caution must be exercised when a speaker uses words without ‘o-’. Examples are ‘otya’‘okasi’‘okane’. Third, the words that can omit ‘o-’. Females overwhelmingly use this form more than males. The rate of use of this can vary from person to person. This should be noted when teaching. There are 2 types by sex and the rate of use. 1) The type of ‘osake’ ‘okome’ ‘osara’- the rate of use in both females(60 ～80%) and males(around 40%) is high. 2) The type of ‘osaifu’‘okusuri’‘ohana’ -the rate of use in females is less than 50% and males seldom use it. Forth, the words that do not use ‘o-’ such as okoutya’ ‘obiiru’. With the introduction of this four classification of beautifying words ‘o-’ in the course of Japanese for beginners, Japanese learners would acquire the beautifying words ‘o-’ more efficiently.

This study discusses various aspects of 164 Chinese characters used in Ancient literature for transcribing Japanese Gods' names by means of pronunciations. Previous studies tend to exclude proper names such as Gods' names, which have been considered different from common nouns. This study, however, argues that the way of transcribing Japanese Gods' names in homophonic Chinese characters correspond to that of other nouns found in Ancient Japanese literature. The reason for the same way of transcribing common and proper nouns is that the same principle was applied to all the transcriptions in the ancient literature such as Ki and Shoki in the early eighth century. This study analyses the ratio of the consonants and vowels commonly found in both Gods' names and people's names. The most popular pattern is Ryakuon-gana, which is followed by Rengō-gana and Nigō-gana: Ryakuon-gana, a new pattern of transcription, began to be dramatically and widely used, compared to Rengō-gana and Nigō-gana, old patterns of transcription. The ratio is higher in Ki than in Shoki since using Chinese characters for meaning as well as for pronunciation is common in Ki, where there are noteworthily the same Chinese characters that are used for both their meaning and pronunciation.

As a skill for improving ability to Japanese communication, I analyzed by applying the lessons of the Japanese dividing into verbal, nonverbal communication. Because it did not apply a block diagram of the debate in the discussion and reading practice, as a result, they was reluctant to raise objections and questions about the topic. They have explored the trends of the person next to each other, it has not been announced in full of confidence with their thoughts. However, in the discussion of writing practice in the second half, as a result of the practice by designing a block diagram of the discussion, the configuration and deployment of the story compelling , ingenuity of expression was possible. Also, they communicate the other exactly the information and their interaction force is improved with a technique for recognizing accurately the information possessed by the other party. when they hold a debate, I was found to affect a lot of clothes, seating position and distance for conversation partner, attitude gesture, gaze, and facial expression as a non- verbal communication. In other words, it was a lesson activities even more, were made communication lively smooth and by interpreting the psychology of the person from the act or behavior of the other partner.

This research, with the recent change in the paradigm of education, has its purpose on suggesting the direction of Japanese education that best suits the environment in Korea, by analyzing the education and information policy in Korea and Japan. As it is shown in Mackey's model, policy in language and education cannot be separated, and the ‘smart education’ policy as well as ‘Education and Information Vision’ that is implemented in Korea and Japan is likely to be connected with policies in language in the near future. Both of these policies has its goals on the spreading of information in education, and is predicted to lead to development in contents in regard to education of foreign language. When looking at recently developed smart-learning programs, it can be found that the credibility and authenticity is weak because in most of those programs, there was no participation of experts in Japanese education. Thus there is a need for expertise in Japanese education for development of these contents and also many attempts with application of ‘smart-learning’ collaboration of technology and academic knowledge in humanities and education is needed. At the same time, various support from the government is essential so that these policies can simultaneously work together, along with the field of foreign language education.

This study solved Japanese communication to Japanese learner of Korean. In addition, this research studied introducing drama and this is influential to Japanese communication. This research sought for effective Japanese education and suggested definite goal. 1) Japanese communication between grammar education and Japanese education: Grammar and Japanese education make effective education of communication true. 2) communication of Japanese education by suitable grammar education: Making education which would be exploited in actual communication by mixing correct expression of grammar. 3) communication of Japanese education which is able to use correct vocabulary: Rendering vocabulary education and using correct word in situation of communicating. 4) Japanese education of communication in relationship with others: Educating language distinction in situation which same vocabulary is exploited in different way. 5) Japanese education of communication in suitable situation: Educating distinction about same expression can be used for different ways. 6) Further assignment: researching Japanese education of communication vertically and build definite and actual Japanese education.

This study focuses on choosing topics what students discuss in the multi-cultural sessions. The author analyzed the conversation among groups of six in the multi-cultural sessions for one semester. The purpose of this paper is as follows ;① to observe what kind of topics are talked about in the multi-cultural sessions ② to investigate characteristic of the topics in their conversation. This study aims to reveal what they discuss in the multi-cultural sessions. Hence, I recorded their conversation in the multi-cultural sessions for one semester, transcribed the conversation and classified the data according to topics. I chose topics which were talked in the some groups from that classified data, as common topics. And then, I analyzed what kinds of topic appear in the multi-cultural sessions. The result indicates that a lot of topics appeared regarding childhood and school education in Japan, as common topics, in case a particular subject was assigned; furthermore, these cultural schema include topics that is applied to topic schema among Japanese students for first time they met. It is suggested that taking the multi-cultural session contribute to the promotion of contact with cultural schema.

Mori Ogai (森鷗外, hereinafter “Ogai”)was a figure actively engaged in different fields from the Meigi period through the Taisho period. Although his entire life was oriented toward a military office while dedicated to studying medicine, he is more well-known as the literary Mori Ogai’. Ogai did a lot of great work as an army surgeon but finally faced sanctions from the military when he got more acknowledged as a literary man and more involved in literary activities. As a way of confronting his reality, Ogai was determined to choose literature, not his career as a serviceman. Ironically, serving in the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, he became distinguished as a literary man. During the wars, he wrote Utaniki (うた日記) and Soteiniki (徂征日記), the private recording. The poems in Utaniki, which described the quaint beauty of seasons such as the flavor of spring and the high, clear autumn sky, reflected his thinking as a man of letters, not as a serviceman, in order to put aside anxiety in battle fields. Here in this paper, a boat as one represents a feature of natural landscape (the boat is written in 舟, “Boat”, just for analyzing Ogai’s works). Simply it shows Boat (舟) or ‘Talchiseon’. ‘Talchiseon’ is a warship used for siege, implying a presence on a battle field. The warship in contrasts with seasonal quaint beauty as shown in poems or tanga (a kind of short poem) and haiku in Utaniki emphasizes the shame of war, which also illustrates his criticism as a writer. That is, Boat reflects Ogai’s consciousness as a military official. Furthermore, he marked enemy forces’ ships as ‘Battleships’ with the ally’s warships as ‘Boat (舟)’. Thus, when the term ‘Battleship (艦)’ had to be used if necessary; the meaning of ‘Hune (boat) was also added separately. For example, enemy forces’ warships were described as enemy ships (敵 艦), ships defeated in war (敗艦), or hostile craft (賊艦) while ally’s warships were represented as ‘ikusanune (軍ぶね)’ or ‘gunnohune (軍の舟)’ meaning the military forces’ Boats, which shows his conscious differentiation. These conscious marks were found in Soteiniki (徂征日記 ) as well as Utaniki (うた日記), and furthermore in Izawaranken (伊沢蘭軒), a historical novel. His intention of marking enemy warships as ‘Battleships (艦)’ and his warship just as ‘Boat (舟) ’ gave an impression of conscious distinction between the two terms. In other words, the intentional use of the two terms shows his critical view on war. He criticized the war based on his experience in battle fields. Also, this literary criticism shown in the two terms, ‘Boat’ and ‘Battleship’, demonstrates Ogai’s bureaucratic consciousness. The criticism through literature is writer’s inherent nature, and it turns out that Ogai used the word, Boat (舟) as a literary tool. Therefore, in his own way, Ogai projected a boat, one of common transportation, into his writings consciously or intentionally so as to represent both his consciousness as a writer and bureaucratic consciousness.

EndoShusaku is a catholic literary writer representing Japan. Endo's works include different genres and stories represented by serious literature works such as 『The Ocean and Poison』 and 『Silence』, popular novels, and some of the historical fictions. From his first historical fiction, 『The Last Martyr』to his last one, 『A woman』he left many works for about 35 years of long period. However, studies about his works have been so farlimited to the serious literature genre and have not paid any critical attention to the historical fictions. Therefore, I would like to contemplate one of his historical fictions, 『The Old Rival』which could provide a fresh perspective to the study about the author. 『The Old Rival』(Volume 1 and 2) is a historical fiction serially appeared in the ｢Monthly Kadokawa｣ from 1983 to 1985. It describes rivalry between Doyotom iHideyoshi's two servants, GonishiYukinaga and Gato Giyomasa. Different from Dakayama Ukon who gives up everything to keep his faith, Yukinaga shows treacherous obedience by secretly following his faith against Hideyoshi to whom he promises to forsake it. Gonish iYukinaga was too ambitious to obey God. However, even when he does not depend on God, God was always by his side. ‘Throughthe good and evil as well as joy and frustration of our life, God eventually leads us to the way to salvation.’ We can learn it from the life of Gonishi- Yukinaga. Once someone had a belief, the person can never get away from God, so did Gonish. Endo's literature theme involves God's companionship, forgiving weak human beings from their wrongdoings and saving them as true believers.

The ‘mirror’ in the literary work has been a good literary material in East and West from classics to modern and contemporary literature. Akutagawa Ryunosuke in his short stories, props and poem has frequently used the ‘mirror.’ The ‘mirror’ holds an important meaning in the faith and the legend of Japan. It is being used literary as the material of Narcissism falling for one's own image reflected in the water. And to Akutagawa the ‘mirror’ is a very important symbolic expression. However, there was no opportunity to analyze the relevance with the other works of Akutagawa. In this study, it aims to note the role of the ‘mirror’ in the literary of Akutagawa by expanding the region to the props, poem and novel of Akutagawa. In addition, it has significance in analyzing the detailed meaning of the ‘mirror’ in the literary.

In Murakami Haruki's Norwegian Wood, Naoko, Kizuki, and Nakasawa come to death in the wake of the early conditioned ground that they are required to play in a role of servants supposed to blindly follow the programme of the empire game. Take Hatsumi for example. She is a character who is deeply immersed in the billiards game; such an attitude is not regarded as a servitude act; also, it will be disputable that her suicide comes only from her relationship with Nagagawa. Watanabe surely seems to survive in the novel, because he seeks to help Midori, who behaves friendly and reliable toward others with care and humanity; yet it is considered not to be easy. We live in the colonial era of the invisible game empire in which the results of a game dominate the goodness of enjoyment, and further hurt the defeated. The message in the novel which Murakami Haruki gives us is not only a warning but a cure as well.

This article examines the influences of the western modern urban planning on the making of Japanese modern urban planning in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries by classifying them into the typology of men, experiences, and knowledges. As a result, it shows that the foreigners employed by Japanese government took part directly in the modern transformations of its streets, the experiences of Japanese visiting groups in Western countries influenced on the reconstruction works of its cities, and the knowledges related to the western modern urban planning which had been transmitted by the many ways realized the its modern urban planning and the related laws in the last analysis. Indeed, this classifications overlaps each other as well. The making of Ginza's brick street and the plan of concentration of the official buildings in Hibiya were promoted by the participation in person of foreigners, but its motivations were the western experiences of Japanese visiting groups. And the studying abroad which was important to the transmission of konwledges, also, was the experience on the western modern city. Nevertheless, this classification is important in that it shows more definitely the influences of the western modern urban planning on Japanese and Asian modern cities. However, this classification into three elements has the temporal aspect in the same time. In short, taken as a whole, the participations in person of foreigners and the firsthand experiences of Japanese on the western cities were the main tendency in the early phase of the active westernization by means of Meiji Restoration, but the information of the western modern urban planning transmitted in forms of the knowledge gradually more influenced than them as time passes. Consequently, it can be said that the influences of the western modern urban planning proceed the men and experiences to the knowledge in terms of time.

The purpose of this research was to explore the implication of global feminist politics of Japanese women’s movement weighed through their solidarity experiences in ‘Asian Solidarity Conference for the Issue of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan’. For the object of the research, this research used the oral materials conducted depth interviews with Japanese women activists acted in ‘Asian Solidarity Conference for the Issue of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan’. An important result of this research showed that the global feminist politics of Japanese women’s activism practiced in ‘Asian Solidarity Conference for the Issue of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan’ worked in intermixed ways with nationalism. Namely global feminist activism of Japanese Women embedded in the ‘progressive’ nationalism, but separated with Korean feminist nationalism tried to clarify the nature of ‘victimihood’ in the context of colonialism and Japanese nationalism of right-wing conservatives. Finally, this research allowed us to highlight its interconnectedness of nationalism and global feminism. That was nationalism did not disappear under global feminist politics in the era of globalization. Therefore a new kind of women’s transnational solidarity activism, called ‘global feminist politics’ was a hard project in East-Asia although the different participants shared compatible value system that could cut across differences in positioning and identities of colonized state and colonial ruling state.

The Study focused on the diplomatical exchange of Choryang Oeguan which was set up the consulate of japan in Korean frontier, Dongnaebu Busanpo during Josoen dynasty. Dongnaebu had dealed many difficult diplomatic problems with Tsushima of Japan. The Japanese modernization which is called Meiji Restoration brought about serious antagonism between Korea and japan in the pre-modern. Choryang Oeguan was the Japan mission to Korea, its director wrote enormous business diaries which let us know the history and lifestyle of Josoen Dynasty. The documents are very important, but we have a few research because they were written by very difficult cursive characters. My Study is focused the analysis about the business diaries of Choryang Oeguan director from 1866 to 1875. The Edo Shogunate went out of power by opening treaty port toward America. The struggle for political power arose between Shogunate and royalists with the monarchy movement from 1854 to 1867. The new government started modern reform from 1868, had control over diplomatic relations and sent some diplomats toward Choryang Oeguan in 1868. Therefore the dispute of diplomatic document occurred between Japan and Korea from 1868 to 1875. Choryang Oeguan which was belong to Tsushima Han took charge of diplomatics between Japan and Korea in pre-modern. Dongnaebu could not catch the exact informations about the situation of Japan by secret diplomacy of Choryang Oeguan. The Meiji Government took the diplomatic immunity from Choryang Oeguan, and opened the port of Korea.

Koreans in Sakhalin are people who immigrated to Sakhalin through recruitment, an employment agency, or forcible draft around 1940 as part of the policy of mobilizing human resources during the Japanese colonial rule. Of the first generation, the main stream consisted of people from Gyeongsang-do, who exceeded 70% of the total. This study reviewed the immigration history from Gyeongsang-do to Sakhalin focusing on the first generation immigrants. With an emphasis on the major cities that witnessed the immigration history of Koreans to Sakhalin including Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Vyikov, and Korsakov, the study analyzed the immigration process, settlement, and life afterward of the first generation immigrants from Gyeongsang-do from a diasporan perspective. Through the immigration history of Koreans to Sakhalin, which is symbolized as “an island of exile and sorrow”, the purpose of this study is to perceive again the reality and historical meaning of the immigration history of Koreans. In particular, it will be possible to see the meaning of a region or hometown for immigrants and how the meaning has been restructured through the immigration history of Gyeongsang-do.