Earticle

If a certain area on the sea is called a sea region, the islands, the coast, and even the inland, which are connected and influential to it can be called the Sea Region Network. Recently, the island has attracted attention like a marine territory, a treasure trove of resources, and a fascinating tourist spot. In particular, as people’s leisure styles diversify and demand island travel increases, links with land are also increasing. A typical example is Cheongsando island located in Wando. Cheongsando island, located at the southernmost tip of Dadohae, requires a one-hour boat ride from Wando port and is less accessible. However, it continued to publicize the Cheongsando island by making natural resources such as natural beauty, Gudeuljangnon (Gudeuljangnon; paddy field is imitative of Korean floor heating system), Chobun(Chobun; cover the body with grass to make a tomb, leave it for a year or three, and bury the bone again), and Haenyeo (Haenyeo; female diver) as common assets and putting beautiful natural scenery in video works. It was also recognized as Asia's first Slow City, drawing attention from people on land. It succeeded in creating a network with land by creating a Slow Path, holding a Slow Walking Festival and bringing them in. In this regard, this manuscript focused on Slow Tourism in Cheongsando island from the perspective of the Sea Region Network that leads to the island-sea-land. In other words, Cheongsando island is recognized as a Slow City and has created a Slow Path, and the Slow Walking Festival is attracting land people to Cheongsando island. These three elements, combined under the theme of “Slow,” are viewed as a direct means of forming and operating a network with land, while constructing Slow Tourism. Their meanings and roles, problems, and improvement plans were analyzed and their sustainability was sought.

This article discussed the 1881 Official Observation Group(朝士視察團) sent to Meiji Japan in 1881. Among those group’s data, Tokyo Diary(東京日記) was widely known because it was transcribed by Song Hun-Bin’s nephew Song Sin-Yong and not a few examples of it were imprinted relatively early in the 1940's, but it did not reach the full-scale analysis. In this article, we investigated the background and composition of Tokyo Diary by examining how Song Hun-Bin, an attendant of the official[朝士] Lee Won-Hoe, participated in the event, and reviewed the way he visited modern Japan. First, Song Hun-Bin served as an assistant member of Lee Won-Hoe in charge of manufacturing weapons and military inspection, and shared his inspection records with Lee Won-Hoe. This suggests Tokyo Diary inherits the traditional writing style of Chosun Dynasty. The Tokyo Diary consists of a diary in the first half and the miscellaneous chapters in the second half. The miscellaneous part is similar to the character of the Moongyunbyulrok(聞見別錄), and served to help write the report of the survey beyond simply sharing one's own experience. Unlike the Chosŏn missions to Japan[通信使] who had traveled all over Japanese provinces, they only traveled through large cities by modern trains and steamships. In addition, this article revealed the places where Song Hun-Bin and his party visited and the people they met. They mainly visited military-related facilities and met Army-related figures. Especially, Song Hun-Bin actively visited the country to extend his stride to outside of Tokyo, and positively evaluated modern culture and systems while visiting educational, cultural and industrial facilities as well as military and weapons-related visits. He also showed a favorable attitude toward Japan, and tried to recognize the limits of written conversation[筆談], which was a means of Chinese civilization, in exchange with the Japanese and sought a new relationship.

In the early to mid-2000s, a phenomenon called “Showa 30s boom” occurred in Japan. “Showa 30s (1955–64)” is a historical object that evokes the beginning of “period of rapid economic growth” and the subsequent economic boom, and attention to this period can be understood as the mindset closely intertwined with the reminiscences to the old age that accompanied the change from “Showa” to “Heisei” and the nostalgia for the glory during the economic recession after the collapse of the bubble. On the other hand, for the younger generation who had never experienced that age, it provided them with the opportunity to relive the life of their parents, and it became a place to share “nostalgia” and further broadened their enjoyment. At first, it gained a good reputation through its planned exhibitions in museums and theme parks, and was introduced in various publications that noticed its popularity, which led to its success in movies and TV dramas. The best example was the movie ‘Always: Sanchome no yuhi’ released in 2005, and along with the serialization of this movie, many similar movies became popular. Judging from these descriptions, there is no doubt that “Showa 30s boom” is a “Japanese” cultural phenomenon in “Japan”. The analysis of this cultural phenomenon started in the middle of the 2000s at the height of the boom, and the debate over the “nostalgia” in modern Japan flourished. However, as the fact that “special demand from Korea” is a factor of “rapid economic growth” clearly shows, when considering “Showa 30s” relations with neighboring East Asian countries, especially South Korea, can be seen everywhere, and although it is possible to analyze the history and representations of this period from an East Asian perspective, such attempts have not been actively made. What is interesting in this sense is that the movies ‘Shin-san : Tanko machi no serenade’ (2010) and ‘Mentai piriri’ (2019) are set in Fukuoka, which is on the opposite shore of Busan across the Genkai-nada Sea, and Korean residents in Japan and Japanese born in “Korea” play an important role in each movie. Is it because of the characteristics of the region that the presence of people and goods on and off the Genkai-nada Sea increases in movies set in “Showa 30s”? Also, how was the relationship with South Korea and the people who travelled along the Genkai-nada Sea described in the “representation” of “Showa 30s” in Japan since the 2000s? Starting from this question, this paper examines the characteristics of “Showa 30s boom” seen in the movie which was produced before and after ‘Always: Sanchome no yuhi’ and the changes seen in this “genre” from the relation with Korea. Movies in the 2000s set in “Showa 30s” tended to distance themselves from the theme of “Utopia” as their regional characteristics became more prominent. Although the themes were different, movies set in “Showa 30s” were mass-produced and a certain jungle rule was established. Even if the themes handled are different, not only historical materials such as fashion, furniture, furnishings, toys, and electrical equipment, but also the taste of “downtown” and the fact that “human nature” form the basis of the story, the characteristics of “genre” in movie works were generated in the boom of “Showa 30s”. When considering movies in the 2010s such as ‘Shin...’ and ‘Mentai piriri’ as “Showa 30s” it is characteristic that the connection with Korea is often expressed in accordance with the rules of the genre. In other words, even though it depicts Japan as a “Showa 30s” it does not hide the origins of people and things, and clearly shows the connection with Korea. It is based on historical facts, but rather, it means that the time has come when there is no problem even if a story that has a strong connection with Korea enters the genre of “Showa 30s”. As the boom has calmed down and the genre has taken root, the subjects that can be dealt with have broadened and deepened. What emerges from the two movies is the record of those who lived on the fringes rather than the appearance of “Showa 30s” as a utopia, and the evidence of these people on the screen provides an entrance to new history. In this sense, in the process in which many derivatives based on the representation of “Showa 30s” were produced after ‘Always: Sanchome no yuhi’ and the regional characteristics were added independently, it can be said that a new significance was found to “representation” the period from 1955 to 1964 as “past” which can be shared by various people. From the viewpoint of Korea, this tendency was evident in movies set in Fukuoka. Such efforts are expected to continue in order to properly recognize and understand Japan in East Asia.

This study aimed to examine the marine routes that were followed by missionaries shown in this work for the Christian evangelism in Japan. Especially, this study examined the relation between introduction process of Christianity in Japan and ‘sea area’ by comparing the marine travel route of Francis de Xavier who introduced Catholicism for the first time to Japan in 1549. Moreover, this study understood the meanings of ‘ocean’ and ‘sea area’ shown in this work. Recently, the ‘sea area’ are defined as ‘loose connection of lands surrounded by ocean’. The ‘sea area’ not only refer to the marine travel route, but also mean the background region and the world after moving to land through the maritime. The lives and acts of missionaries who introduced Christianity for the first time in Japan were the ‘history of sea area’ in the Christian missionary work. It fully contains all the hopes and frustrations of Christian missionaries who landed on the southern tip of Japan through the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, Goa in India, and Manila or Macau after departing from Europe. Moreover, the 『Silence』 which was the subject of this study showed more detailed image of ‘ocean’. The silence of ‘God’ reflected in the main character’s heart was reflected in the silence of ‘ocean’. In addition, despite a historical novel, it was not faithful to historical records when comparing with the missionaries’ routes in the past. Even though most of the existing preceding researches viewed the silence of ‘God’ as a ‘companion Jesus’, it is not good enough to fully agree on the preceding researches because of the change of Rodrigo’s mental state reflected in the silence of ‘ocean’. It is unavoidable to have a question about if it would be good to equally regard ‘God’ on the ‘dark gray ocean’ that swallowed the martyrs to death and ‘the man in the woodblock’. It might be ‘the man in the woodblock’ that was justifying the main character who had an apostasy at hand. The third-person narrator of the omniscient viewpoint did not say ‘God’, but say ‘the man’.

The meaning category of the Chinese characte ‘美’, which we express as ‘beautiful’ is expressed based on the visual appearance that appears in the appearance of things, but the meaning category of ‘美’ used in real life is very large. Just as the semantic category of adjectives does not reveal clear boundaries, the meaning category of ‘美’ is not easy to draw a clear outline. The text is based on the confrontation of ‘美丑’ with the semantic category of ‘美’ set the boundary between the meaning category of ‘美’ by dividing into three parts the meaning category of ‘美’ through the concept of confrontation between ‘好坏’ and ‘褒贬’ and ‘是非’. In other words, all three confrontations are based on the basic confrontation of ‘美丑’ and can be said to be distinguished by the speaker through three perspectives: subjective psychology, objective grounds and logical judgment. This can be said to be a fusion of the event contents represented by the syntax and the subject categories expressed by the speaker. In fact, most studies dealing with derivative meanings such as taste or sight or sense usually compare qualities within the various areas it describes, but the meaning categories of adjectives do not necessarily reveal clear boundaries depending on the area. Although the text was based simply on the notion of confrontation, it did not distinguish between the various areas of time and space or things described by the meaning category of ‘美’. However, in order to obtain more quantified objective information about the semantic categories of a particular morpheme, one has to access it through the logical relationship between the modifiers of the morpheme that make up the vocabulary and another central or central language that a particular vocabulary modifies in relation to the central language or syntax.

Han Feizi said “Generally speaking, difficulty of persuading is on whether I can fit in to someone’s need by considering one’s mind” in ｢ShuoLin｣. Yuyan in ｢ShouLin｣ examined in this paper is an effective writing strategy delivering the meaning without showing itself directly. By trying classification on feature, an assemble of stories, in 󰡔Han Feizi󰡕 ｢ShuoLin｣’s 71 Yuyans, we can confirm highly developed strategy increasing its persuasion-effect. As schematizing Yuyan category and analyzing it which is related to writing strategy, we are able to find several features. First, Yuyan can be categorized by ‘who is the main character’ and ‘whether it is dependent or not’; chapter ｢ShouLin｣ is largely human-Yuyan and independent-Yuyan. Human-Yuyan enhances persuasion effect by creating and transforming it with usage of historical stories. Animal-Yuyan and Human-Animal-Yuyan, rarely used, are effective way to indirectly persuade the emperor by animal metaphor also decreasing a risk with direct advice. Using allegorical elements when extending range of meaning by controlling rhetorical techniques suitably and decreasing the techniques, when concentrating by direct proposal, it shows a great reconstitution. This is an aspect that represents active writing for a final goal to convincing the emperor. Second, Yuyan can be categorized into explanation type, story type, and criticism type. Han Feizi showed writer’s point indirectly and directly by explaining animal’s body structure and making storytelling. He demonstrated himself a distinguished literary philosopher using Yuyan – an effective and interesting way – which represents his political philosophy ‘Law․ Tactics․Power.’ While reading 󰡔Han Feizi󰡕 we can ease our prejudice about him being an inflexible jurist, which helps us realize the ground of comfortable reading is Yuyan that uses a variety of rhetoric techniques and writing strategy. Third, categorizing Yuyan in a form-content collaborative way, it can be classified into ‘analogy’ and ‘suggesting a topic.’ ｢ShuoLin｣ uses various analogies with mentioning small episodes and generalizing them into large ideas, which are easy to persuade the emperor. Furthermore, it enhances persuasive power by mentioning the topic in direct and indirect ways. Last, it used various methods flexibly - proverb, history, and character – as a basis of fulfillment without dividing periods. We can find Han Feizi’s realistic and active way of thinking. This paper studied how metaphorical elements are expressed by classifying Yuyan in ｢ ShuoLin｣ according to categories. The classification as above can help us to perceive commonness and individuality of each piece. It also enables us to examine, study, and appreciate the rules of Yuyan advancement. This classification is meaningful in that it can be a basis work for more profound research in the future.

This paper attempts to analyze China's marine consciousness, especially focused on Zheng He’s case. As conclusion, this paper intends to reveal the implications for China's contemporary maritime power construction as well as how the maritime consciousness affects China’s 21st-century Maritime Silk Road’s construction. A peaceful, inclusive, open and harmonious characteristic of ancient China’s marine values is reflected in Zheng He’s expeditions. One of the purposes of Zheng He’s expeditions was to maintain a peaceful international order. Emperor Yongle intended to profit people all around the world through Zheng He's voyage by promoting China's prestige and helping other countries. Zheng He tried to establish friendly relations with other countries based on the principle of no invasions to other countries' territory. It also delivered a message that China respected other countries’ sovereignty and autonomy. Western countries' sea power was achieved by colonization and deprivation, which was ruthless and brutal. However, Zheng He aimed to promote economic and cultural exchanges in a peaceful way with other countries. Therefore, many countries voluntarily applied to join China’s tribute system. This reflected the peaceful characteristic of ancient China’s marine values and helped China achieve the mutual cooperation with other countries under the Characteristic of its marine values. A summary of ancient China’s marine values through the analysis of Zheng He’s expeditions can be helpful to modern China’s maritime power’s build-up. On the process of pursuing the sovereignty over the ocean, it is necessary to cooperate with foreign countries. As the increasing complex of globalization and cooperation among countries around the world, it is inevitable to cooperate with other countries in terms of developing the oceans. Monopolization, on the other hand, does not seem a very smart way of enhancing one country’s maritime power on the contemporary world.

Since the 1990s, ‘comfort women’ has been an important issue affecting the diplomatic relations between South Korea and Japan, China and Japan. Regarding the issue of the statue of girl, South Korea is ‘fanaticism’, Japan is ‘evasion’, and China is ‘fade forgetting’. From glamorous women to girls, then converted to old women, the transformation of the image of ‘comfort women’ is actually a revolution in the collective memory and popular discourse surrounding the ‘comfort women’. Therefore, this article pay special attention to the issue of the representation of comfort women in the film media. Through a comparative study of South Korea and China's “comfort women” documentary films “The Murmuring” and “22”, it will examine the popular discourse of “comfort women” between China and South Korea. In the previous macro narrative, the woman of ‘comfort women’ was asked to be silent and forgotten, but only the object of the narrative. Through the subject matter of documentary film, the interaction between record and memory, and the protagonist learn to tell her story in a ‘low-lying’ way, and express herself in a non-verbal form, which can be seen as corresponding to macro narrative. The new ‘historical writing’ of the comfort women's is also the growth narrative of the female subject. Besides, compared with the direct gazing view showed in “The Murmuring”, “22” shows the ‘gaze’ of humane care. It can be seen that in the popular discourse in China, the history of comfort women has not matched the current women potential social problems -sexual violence and misogyny, and this part will be a topic worthy of further discussion in the field of Chinese film and culture.

As of December 2018, there are 5.85 million students studying abroad in China, making China the world's largest overseas student exporter. At the same time, since 2000, the scale of Chinese students returning to China has increased year by year, which has set off a wave of returning(归国潮). By the end of December 2018, the total number of Chinese students returning to China from all over the world has reached 3.65 million, with a return rate of 84.46%. Now China is not only the world's largest overseas student exporter but also the largest returnee of overseas talents. Overseas returnees(海归), as the driving force of China's economic development, have attracted attention from all sides. They have also improved China's overall academic and research level and led various kinds of innovation and entrepreneurship. In this context, this paper aims to explore the status quo of the return of Chinese students in detail, and analyze the reasons for the “return boom”. The results show that China is experiencing the third wave of “return boom”, which shows the following characteristics. The proportion of women is increasing. There is a trend of returning to China for overseas talents of all ages. First tier cities and new first tier cities are the main target cities. At the same time, as a new force in the entrepreneurial market, overseas returnees guide the advanced entrepreneurial culture and are more likely to be employed. In addition, changes of the international environment, the Chinese government's “one hundred people plan”, “one thousand people plan” and other incentive policies, the growth of China's domestic economy and the expansion of the employment market, the difficulty of overseas students to adapt to foreign culture and the urgent need to return to the mainstream society have promoted the return to home country of large-scale model students.

In this paper, we conducted a comparative analysis on the adverbial usage of mimetic words about hardness which represent tactile sense between Korean and Japanese. In the function of onomatopoeia mimetic words in both languages, adverbial functions are the main functions, so we study their classification of the adverbial usage, the difference of each usage between two languages. In Japanese, there are three functions : TO type, NI type, and without anything, and four functions : base, -hake type, -hi type, -i type in Korean. As a result, the most commonly used function is TO type in Japanese, and –hi type in Korean, but this is concentrated on specific vocabulary (mimetic word requiring <hada>). The most frequently used function overall is –hake type. It is found that Japanese mimetic words of hardness have the nature of nouns and adjectives, and can be changed to verbs by conjunction with <suru>. From this point, the change of the part is one of the big characteristic of the mimetic words in Japanese. Among the mimetic words of hardness in Korean, there are not so many words which function as adverbs themselves(ex.calgis, kkongkkong, koseul, kodeul). Mainly they function as adverbs with <hada>. This is one of the characteristic of Korean mimetic word of hardness. As the common points of Korean and Japanese mimetic words, they can be changed to another parts, especially to nouns and adjectives. <Suru> and <hada> play a big role for such a change of parts. But their functions are not the same. <Hada> can change the mimetic words to adjectives and verbs, but <suru> cannot be a adjective.

This paper deals with semantic changes of the derivative words with the alternation of yura and yuru from the perspective of cognitive semantics. This paper suggests a new interpretation of the derivatives of an adjectival base of yura, in the Ancient Japanese, which has been interpreted as expressive of ‘the sound of shaking’ in prior studies, but thus meaning not only ‘shaking’ but also ‘relaxing sound’. This can be inferred from the fact that yuru, which shows vowel alternation of yura, means ‘relaxing’. However, the auditory meaning of yura, an adjectival base, disappears in the Early middle Japanese literature. Afterwards, yura not only evoked the visual image of ‘shaking’, but also included the meaning of ‘relaxation’ stemming from that in the Ancient Japanese literature. Especially during the Late middle era, yurari strongly conveyed the meaning of ‘relaxation’ but not ‘shaking’, but during the Early modern era, the image of ‘shaking’ has been restored, and while the meaning of ‘relaxation’ did not disappear, it has become less common. That is, yura has connotations of ‘relaxation’ beside its main meaning of ‘shaking’. Meanwhile, the objective base yuru has always conveyed ‘relaxation’ and its meaning has not changed much from this image. In the literature of the Late middle era to the Edo Era, it is possible to observe the onomatopoeia yuru-yuru, which expresses ‘shaking’. As this is also derived from the verb yuru (=shaking) derived from yura, it has no direct relationship with the yuru attested in Ancient Japanese literature. It is possible to observe yoro-yoro, a vowel gradation of yuru-yuru in medieval literature, whose principal meaning is ‘shaking’ from yura.

As we experienced the Tohoku earthquake disaster on 3.11, 2011, we came to the realization that we live in a dangerous society under potential threats. The narratives of 3.11 disaster display the determination to return to normalcy and to heal the wounds of disaster. However, two distinct types of narratives emerge with different approaches. Fukushima Hula Girls depicts the journey of Hula Girls joining once again to help restore the regions destroyed by the earthquake and the nuclear reactor disaster. Light Up Nippon explicitly displays the narrative of reconstruction and renaissance of Japan, just like Himizu, which also talks about recovering from the disaster and returning to normal life. On the other hand, there is another narrative that suggests an alternative direction for overcoming disasters and a new definition of them. Friends After 3.11, Odayaka, Hasui no Koto develop their narrative on the theme of setting new directions beyond the previous value system. Such narrative includes urging the structural changes of the social system to develop alternative energy, and warnings against the nuclear reactors, based on the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster. This paper intends to explore the characteristics and meanings of disaster narratives that are related to the 3.11 disaster, represented by the 3.11 Tohoku earthquake and the Fukushima nuclear reactor disaster. Through this research, we hope to uncover the paradigm shift brought by the 3.11 disaster and how it changed Japanese people’s perception about attitudes towards life, world view, and the sense of community.

Sharing geographic proximity and importance for one another, South Korea, China, and Japan experienced cooperation at times and frictions at other times, and yet have established a relatively peaceful relationship for thousands of years. However, Japan's policy of aggression, which began in the 19th century and escalated in the 20th century, along with the ideological changes in China and the Korean peninsula caused ruptures in the peaceful relationship. In the 21st century, the relationship worsened to the level of hostility due to unresolved historical and territorial issues and the nuclear crisis caused by North Korea. In terms of economic aspects, the three countries have made some progress in cooperating with one another. However, there are still many obstacles to their peaceful cooperation and development in terms of international situation, political system, and historical perceptions. A country can have more diverse dreams and enjoy more things when its power is stronger. However, it is impossible for a country to choose its neighboring countries or unilaterally decide the nature of its relations with neighboring countries. Moreover, the Northeast Asia region, represented by South Korea, China, and Japan, has been fraught with changing international circumstances in the 20th century due to the confrontational Russia-United States relations, the Korean War and the North Korean nuclear issue, which have considerably affected mutual exchanges and development in the three countries. Therefore, when it comes to trilateral cooperation between South Korea, China and Japan, it is not beneficial for respective countries to seek cooperation without resolving existing disputes and contradictions. The development of this trilateral cooperation can change regional order while ensuring certain level of power for the countries, which can influence various positive changes in Northeast Asia and East Asia. Therefore, cooperation between South Korea, China and Japan must be carried out as an international trend. Implementation of a full-scale cooperation would be desirable by granting adequate initiative and making institutional improvement for cooperation in addition to providing various motivations. Thus, through trilateral cooperation, the three countries should serve as a great driving force in leading peace and development at a global level beyond East Asia.

The social and cultural backgrounds of China, Japan and Korea are similarities. Therefore, there are many and references in social governance. The Japanese Medical Doctors Association has established a system of professional liability insurance, and the association would participate in the mediation if the medical disputes have generated. On the other hand South Korea has established a Medical Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Agency. What’s more, both countries have achieved good dispute resolution effects in the practice of ADR systems and formed a standardized for the medical dispute handling mechanism, so the doctor-patient conflict performance is not very intense. This paper analyzes the successful experience of Japan and South Korea in dealing with medical disputes. Especially the non-litigation method to resolve medical disputes and analyzes the main problems existing in the current medical dispute resolution mechanism and methods in China. This essay found that influenced by the traditional methods, the ADR mechanism in China, Japan and Korea has distinctive differences on its demand, way of formation and mechanism, etc, through the analysis of the formation and development of ADR mechanism in medical disputes. Specifically, ADR mechanism has been massively influenced by its traditional mediation system, which leads to a further transformation from traditional mediation to modern legislation. In Korea, ADR mechanism ‘s development indicates that the pressure of litigation is greatly promoting the special legislation, while in China, the process of adopting ADR mechanism shows that conflicts is pushing the system construction. Therefore, comparing these three countries’ ADR mechanism, China is supposed to improve its ADR mechanism from these four aspects: First, build up and improve the legislation about ADR mechanism and clear the specifications of ADR resolving procedures. Second, set up ADR special institutions to settle extralegal issues authoritatively, professionally and appropriately. Third, improve the supporting mechanism resolving medical disputes outside the litigation so as to establish a smooth channel for resolving medical disputes outside the litigation. Fourth, complete complementary amount regulations to institutionalize the settlement of medical disputes outside the lawsuit. Medical disputes in China, Japan and Korea shows different characteristics. Meanwhile, the promotion, leading agency, resolving procedures and resolving effect of their resolving mechanism outside the litigation also have distinctive differences. It’s necessary to summarize, develop and complete ADR mechanism by clarifying and analyzing why these differences exist based on the comparison and learning from the different features of medical disputes in China, Japan and Korea, which greatly inspires other countries on how to settle medical disputes and further promotes the relationships between doctors and patients.

As a doctor, Baikei Kojyo had a far-reaching impact in the modern history of East Asia. He started his career as a doctor in Korea where he established a private hospital. At the same time, he paid much attention to the health and epidemic prevention status in Korea and established the Training School for Vaccination Masters in order to cultivate doctors in the area of vaccination in Korea. Moreover, he was recruited by the Korean government as a teacher of Public Medical School, which made him an eyewitness and participant of the formation of Korean modern medicine. Baikei was once hired by Yuan Shi-kai as a health consultant of Chihli province as a reward for helping Yuan escape from Korea successfully during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and he played a certain role in the development of the health system and medical education in Tianjin during his stay in Chihli. After Japan’s annexation of Korea, Baikei, with the support of his brothers, moved into the political and business circles, and finally became a celebrity of the Japanese society in Korea. Baikei Kojyo played an important part in the modern history of Korean medicine. His contribution to popularizing vaccination techniques and spreading western medical and health knowledge in Korea should be properly evaluated. But it was worth noting that much of his success was based on Japan’s expansion and colonization of Korea. He outlined poor medical and sanitation conditions in Korea. He shows a sense of superiority and an enlightener's commanding attitude when faced with Korea, which is reminding us of modern western medicine's construction system towards the society as well as the connotative power relationship and supremacy of medicine itself.

This study investigates the effect of ethnicity on the learners’ writing development in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity and explore how ethnicity plays a role as an intervening variable. 89 Korean and Chinese students participated in this study, and 267 writing samples were analyzed via NVivo 12, SPSS, and Lu’s (2010) syntactic analyzer. The results of the study indicate that Korean students outperformed Chinese students in short and long term period when accuracy and fluency are concerned. Syntactically speaking, mean length of sentences, clause per sentence, complex t-unit, dependent clause per clause, dependent clause per t-unit, coordinate phrases per t-unit, and verb phrases worked as discriminators in differentiating Korean and Chinese learners’ syntactic development in a semester-based instruction. Contrary to the results of accuracy and complexity, in terms of syntactic ability, Korean learners outperformed Chinese students in mean length of sentences and verb phrases. However, Chinese students show superiority in other five areas of syntactic complexity. These contradicting results between accuracy and fluency on one side, and complexity on the other one is somewhat confusing. To provide one of the explanations as to why this happened in the local context, the researcher pointed out the critical role of mother tongue between Korean and Chinese students. Caution is needed to accept this explanation based on a single study which calls for future studies. Although the applicability of this study is galore, the researcher narrowed down to monitoring role of syntactic analyzer for both teachers and students’ syntactic development in the mode of writing. In addition, suggestions to adopt Lu’s (2010) syntactic analyzer to our field is addressed.

A discourse marker is not only a unique pragmatic mechanism in modern Chinese oral communication, but also an important means to promote the mutual understanding between speakers and listeners. It reflects the language user’s adaptation to the context, and helps the speaker to construct the text and finally realizes different pragmatic functions so as to facilitate communication. The current study aims to explore the distribution, semantics, and metafunctions of the discourse marker Hao le and its varied equivalents in English depending on different linguistic contexts in Chinese language. The results show that when Hao le is analyzed from the perspectives of the distribution, semantics and metafunctions, this plausibly simple discourse marker has multiple equivalents in English. Distributionally speaking, in a turn, Hao le can appear at the beginning, in the middle, at the end of a turn and even appear alone. Its equivalents in English can be seen as a response marker (well), connective marker (and) and inferential result marker (so?). Semantically speaking, it is found that Hao le is able to express semantic meanings denoted by sequence, concession, and dissuasion. Its appearance can serve as participation markers (you konw), result markers (so, therefore), response markers (well(passively accept)) and response markers (well(forbidden)). Metafunctionally speaking, Hao le can be used to establish a topic, continue a topic, switch a topic, and end a topic. It can be used as time markers (now), connective markers (ok(and)), topic-change markers (by the way), and response markers (well(forbidden)). Furthermore Hao le expresses interpersonal metafunctions of modality and mood. In this paper, it is hoped that the current study can help to strengthen and enrich the study of disyllablic discourse marker Hao le in modern Chinese and improve Chinese EFL learners' application of discourse markers and communicative ability in cross-cultural communication, and additionally provides a valuable practical reference for compiling Chinese textbooks and dictionaries.