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In China, South and North Korea, the archetype of the “raccoon dog” has appeared as a figure that alleviates human worries and sorrows through small transformations, disguises, and humor. Thanks to this very “insignificance,” the raccoon dot remains a familiar presence for today’s people, creating room for variation, in digital art culture. The raccoon dog character is constructed differently depending on sociopolitical contexts, content creators, and contemporary issues. In China, the narrative has seen relatively little involvement from the state or capital, making the raccoon dog code less prominent. However, in the mid-to-late 2010s, the raccoon symbol spread widely as generational problems faced by the youth emerged. In Korea, raccoon dog characters are mainly driven by large corporations and the content industry, with prosumers adding variations, while the government appears as a latecomer. However, it shows weaknesses in terms of creativity and storytelling. Capital-driven approaches have a powerful but lacking long-term sustainability. In North Korea, where state-driven initiatives are strong, the raccoon dog has appeared as a model for people since the late 1980s, although anti-model depictions also coexist. This ontological hybridity reflects the resilience and vitality of the raccoon dog story, which finds ways to survive under strong political control. Due to the ambiguity and “insignificance” embedded in the raccoon dog code, it is difficult for dominant powers like capital, industry, or the state to fully absorb or standardize it into a singular image. Instead, through its ambiguity and clumsiness, the raccoon dog offers marginalized people in an era of “rationality” a way to reaffirm their existence and find the strength to move forward.

“Shangliu Ertong” refers to the children from Taiwan's wealthiest families, serving as a proper noun to describe these individuals. These children are raised with a level of education and protection that distinctly sets them apart from those in typical families. Parents from the upper class are intensely focused on their children's education, creating a climate of excessive competition that has become a significant societal issue. In “Shangliu Ertong,” each character embodies a distorted zeal for education, fueled by desires for recognition, material wealth, success, and fame within a fiercely competitive environment. Through their interactions, the characters' traits become more defined. This study analyzes the characters in “Shangliu Ertong” using the triadic theory and Greimas's actantial model. The triadic theory is employed to identify the core traits of the characters and their influence on one another, effectively illustrating the relationships of cooperation, betrayal, solidarity, and indifference among them. Three independent forces?hetero, homo, and neutro?interact to highlight each character's unique features. Notably, the protagonist, Chen Yunxian, initially displays a homo inclination by resisting change and accepting reality. However, she later transforms into a strong hetero character, desiring change, before ultimately reverting to a homo inclination by the end. The neutro character plays a positive catalytic role in this transformation, emphasizing the interaction of hetero, homo, and neutro forces that accentuate character traits. This highlights a critical message about the abnormal zeal for education among Taiwan's upper class. Additionally, Greimas's actantial model is applied to provide a detailed examination of the interactions among characters, using the six elements of ‘Sender,’ ‘Object,’ ‘Receiver,’ ‘Helper,’ ‘Subject,’ and ‘Opponent.’ This model facilitates an exploration of the complex and subtle conflicts between characters, such as those between the Chen Yunxian family and the Liang Chaji family. The analysis reveals that through cycles of cooperation, conflict, and betrayal, the excessive educational fervor of Taiwan's upper class becomes increasingly apparent.

This study focuses on the middle-aged and elderly generation, a driving force of Japanese society, to examine their life struggles and shifts in perception. This generation has endured the full consequences of the aftermath following Japan’s period of rapid economic growth. The prolonged economic downturn subsequent to the burst of the economic bubble led to continuous corporate restructuring, threatening job security for this generation. Among them, the so-called ‘Lost generation’ experienced new forms of labor in the post-bubble era, facing intensified economic insecurity. The deterioration of the employment and income environment at that time led to declines in marriage and birth rates, contributing to Japan’s current severe low-birth-rate crisis. Additionally, the number of middle-aged freeters (irregular workers) and hikikomori (social recluses) has increased, and many have been burdened with dual anxiety, prioritizing the caregiving of their aging parents while being unable to prepare for their own old age. Those entering old age without the financial means to secure a stable retirement are highly likely to be excluded from social safety nets such as welfare programs. As the severity of this crisis intensifies, the hardships faced by this generation?who play a central role in Japanese society and serve as a driving force for the future?are closely linked not only to family issues but also to broader structural problems within society. To examine these challenges, this study focuses on the concerns, conflicts, and crises of the middle-aged generation as depicted in the novels of Kakiya Miu, shedding light on their generational hardships. The novels reflect the realities of contemporary Japanese society, portraying various aspects of the lives of the middle-aged generation. Through this novel, it becomes possible to examine the widespread anxiety and crises in Japanese society, as well as the ways in which the middle-aged generation navigates these challenges and endures their generational hardships.

This study investigated the mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between insecure attachment and relationship addiction among young adults. A sample of 205 unmarried individuals (49 males, 163 females) aged 19-33 residing in Busan, Seoul, and Daegu, South Korea, was recruited. Participants completed an online survey comprising the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Korean version (ECRR-K), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Relationship Addiction Questionnaire (RAQ-30). The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Pearson correlation analysis examined the relationships between variables, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, following the procedures outlined by Baron and Kenny(1986), was conducted to test the mediating effect. Bootstrapping was used to verify the statistical significance of the mediating effect. The results revealed the following: First, insecure attachment was positively correlated with both relationship addiction and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Specifically, attachment anxiety exhibited a significant positive correlation with relationship addiction. Second, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and relationship addiction. These findings highlighted attachment anxiety as a significant contributing factor to relationship addiction and emphasized the importance of addressing attachment styles in counseling settings to promote healthier relationship patterns. Future research should explore potential protective factors that may mitigate the risk or severity of relationship addiction.

This study analyzes academic research trends related to Multicultural Literacy (ML) using topic modeling techniques. In the context of rapid globalization and multicultural changes, ML has emerged as a key competency for enhancing social integration and industrial productivity. The study emphasizes the importance of ML by analyzing 533 domestic academic papers published between 2002 and 2024. It employs text mining techniques such as TF analysis, Word2Vec, and BERTopic to extract key keywords and identify five core topics. The first topic concerns learning strategies centered on culture, Korean language education, and the use of literary narratives. The second topic highlights global citizenship education, emphasizing multicultural values and world citizenship awareness. The third explores the convergence of media and education, while the fourth proposes educational methodologies utilizing film media. The fifth topic addresses social media and digital writing strategies in the digital age. The results show that ML plays a central role in cultural exchange and serves as an educational tool in the context of the development of digital technologies and media environments. The analyzed data connect academic discussions of ML with practical applications, highlighting the need for social integration and global citizenship education. In particular, digital literacy and convergent approaches expand the practical application possibilities in multicultural societies. This study identifies academic trends in ML research and provides future research directions and policy recommendations based on these trends. It suggests that future research should utilize diverse data sources and combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis to further explore the understanding and practical applications of ML.

As part of a study aimed at elucidating the ancient Chinese cognitive system and conceptual formation processes as reflected in Chinese characters through cognitive linguistic theory, this paper examines the cognitive semantic expansion of the “大” component in the Xiaozhuan script of the Shuowen Jiezi (hereafter Shuowen). First, a preliminary morphological decomposition was conducted on a total of 10,020 Xiaozhuan script characters—including both principal seal (正篆) and alternate seal (篆文重文) forms—found in the Shuowen. From these, 45 characters containing the component “大” or its variant “亣” were selected. In these 45 forms, “大” embodies two prototypical meanings—“person” and “large”—demonstrating how ancient bodily and cultural experiences, together with metaphor and metonymy, extend across diverse semantic domains. Specifically, in characters whose prototypical meaning is “person,” salient metonymic and metaphorical expansions occur, such as “person (whole) → body part (part),” “person (agent) → concrete action (result),” and “part of a human body (the crown of the head) → highest point (heaven).” Conversely, in characters centered on the meaning “large,” physical scale expands into various abstract domains such as “brightness,” “spatial extension,” “intensity of emotion,” and “extravagance or exaggeration.” Notably, as “size” shifts to “importance” or “intensity,” metonymy and metaphor are layered in a multi-level process. These findings indicate that the component “大” does not merely represent “person” or “large,” but rather possesses a complex, multilayered semantic structure grounded in the bodily and cultural experiences of ancient Chinese society. Furthermore, investigating this cognitive semantic extension not only deepens our understanding of the principles underlying the formation of Chinese characters, but also offers significant insights into reconstructing ancient modes of thought and cultural symbolism.

Jiangshan City is situated in the southwestern part of Zhejiang Province, at the tri-junction of Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces. Jiangshan dialect aligns phonetically with the general characteristics of the Wu dialect, while also exhibiting distinctive local features. This paper employs experimental method to conduct a detailed description and analysis of the tone sandhi patterns of disyllabic words in Jiangshan dialect, and also aims to compare these findings with prior researchs, which predominantly focused on speakers over the age of 40. In contrast, this research selects younger speakers around 20 years old to explore potential generational shifts in tonal patterns, thereby predicting the evolutionary direction of the tone system of Jiangshan dialect. Through comprehensive acoustic analysis of the 8 tones and 64 possible disyllabic tone sandhi combinations, the study identifies a significant development: younger speakers, influenced by Standard Mandarin, have developed a new tone sandhi pattern. Specifically, when the second syllable is a Qusheng, it shifts from a level tone [22] to a rising-falling tone [343]. This change results in the tone sandhi patterns of [X+Yinqu] and [X+Yangqu] becoming identical and also merging with [X+Yinshang]. This ongoing tonal variation suggests a potential simplification of the tone sandhi system in Jiangshan dialect, possibly leading to a reduction in tonal distinctions and a streamlining of tonal patterns. The findings highlight the dynamic nature of tonal systems under the influence of dominant languages and provide insights into the mechanisms of phonetic change in regional dialects. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of sociolinguistic factors in shaping phonological changes, as the younger generation's exposure to Standard Mandarin through education and media appears to be a driving force behind this tonal shift. The emergence of the rising-falling tone [343] in place of the level tone [22] not only reflects phonetic innovation but also suggests a gradual convergence toward Mandarin-like tonal structures. By documenting these changes, this study contributes to a broader understanding of tone sandhi phenomena in Chinese dialects and provides a foundation for further research into the interplay between regional dialects and standard languages in shaping linguistic evolution.

In the 20th century, the Chinese Literature Community in South Korea studied Chinese classical literature as a requirement and trained many researchers, but it did not question the reasons for studying it. The purpose of this essay is to examine the context in which we have studied this field, to understand the essence of Chinese classical literature studies, and to reflect on its implications for current scholarship, society, and human life. To this end, we first reviewed the definitions and categories of Chinese classical studies, outlined the nature and development of the field, and summarized some of the key aspects of classical studies. Secondly, to gain an overview of what has been studied and researched about Chinese literature in Korea over the past two decades, we analyzed the current status of two journals published in Korea and examined domestic master/doctoral's theses and monographs, discussing their characteristics and areas for improvement. Third, to discuss the changes and innovations that Chinese classical studies should pursue in the future, we examined several perspectives, including Chinese classics as a driving force for literary development, the two-way exploration of Chinese classics as both Korean and foreign literature, interdisciplinary research with other fields, and the study of classical literature in universities. Chinese classical literature is the most familiar foreign literature in Korea, and it is clear that this long-admired tradition has been integrated into Korean society’s culture, contributing in various ways to the creation of a new cultural identity. These are the conditions that enable us to approach Chinese literature positively as we study and research classical Chinese literature. By approaching the nature and characteristics of Chinese literature from an objective and scientific perspective, we can expand into new areas and foster convergence and cross-fertilization in the study of classical literature in the future.

Based on the bibliometric method, this study systematically analyzed 2408 literatures in the field of education reform in the CNKI database from 1978 to 2024, combined with policy text mining and knowledge graph technology, to reveal the evolutionary path of the research topic of China's education reform, the transformation of research paradigm and the policy-driven mechanism. The research findings are as follows: the research theme has gradually shifted from educational equity and basic education popularization in the early stage of reform and opening up to emerging fields such as quality education, digital education and inclusive education, reflecting the transformation of social demand from scale expansion to quality improvement; The research method has changed from traditional theoretical speculation to data-driven empirical analysis, and the characteristics of interdisciplinary integration have been significantly enhanced. National top-level designs such as “double reduction policy” and “Education digitization strategy” have significantly influenced the research agenda, and educational equity and technology empowerment have become a continuous hot topic, and the interaction between policy texts and academic issues shows a significant “policy response” feature. Through multi-dimensional visual analysis such as keyword co-occurrence network and theme evolution Sanji Chart, the research finds that the research on China's education reform presents a three-dimensional linkage pattern of “macro-policy orientation - mesoscopic practice innovation - micro-technological empowerment”. The research results provide evidence support based on big data for education policy makers to optimize resource allocation and researchers to grasp cutting-edge trends, and reveal the inevitability of educational governance transformation from experience-driven to evidence-based decision-making in the digital era.

This study aims to examine the mediating effects of academic self-efficacy and self-control in the relationship between social support and academic helplessness among Chinese adolescents. A survey was conducted with 936 middle and high school students in China, and the relationships among variables were analyzed using a structural equation model. The results indicated that social support had a positive effect on academic self-efficacy and self-control, and these variables, in turn, had a negative effect on academic helplessness. In particular, higher levels of social support were associated with increased confidence in overcoming academic challenges and an improved ability to regulate behavior and emotions. Additionally, both the individual mediating effects of academic self-efficacy and self-control, as well as the sequential mediating effects between social support and academic helplessness, were found to be statistically significant. Moreover, the study provides a theoretical basis for developing comprehensive programs focused on enhancing academic self-efficacy and self-control, which are essential for enabling students to engage effectively in learning within high-pressure educational environments. This research offers foundational data that may inform future multi-faceted interventions aimed at mitigating academic helplessness among Chinese adolescents and enhancing overall psychological stability. Finally, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between external support systems and internal psychological resources. These results hold significant implications for educational practice and underscore the importance of implementing tailored support strategies in diverse academic settings.

With the rapid development of the digital age, the integration of the creative industry and the cultural economy has been continuously deepening. Coffee shops, as important venues for socializing and leisure among young consumer groups, are increasingly leveraging the development and marketing of creative products to build differentiated brand images and unique consumer experiences. However, existing research predominantly focuses on the development of cultural and creative products in museums, libraries, and tourist attractions, with relatively limited exploration of how coffee shops can effectively market their creative products.This study employs the SICAS consumer behavior model as its theoretical foundation and integrates literature reviews and case analyses of China’s creative industry, digital marketing, and the current state of the coffee market to construct a five-stage closed-loop strategy framework for the marketing of coffee shop creative products. By highlighting cultural symbols and differentiated design in the perception stage, employing digital interactive activities and personalized recommendations in the interest and interaction stage, strengthening brand communities and personalized services in the connection and communication stage, optimizing the purchasing experience and promoting conversion in the action stage, and encouraging user-generated content (UGC) diffusion and word-of-mouth dissemination in the sharing stage, coffee shops can effectively build culturally rich brand images and stable consumer relationships, thereby enhancing the marketing of their creative products. This research not only helps coffee brands improve the market performance of their creative products but also provides insights for the marketing of creative products in other industries.

This study examined the characteristics and changes in Aspect that appeared in ‘Koto shogaku Tokbon’, a middle school textbook in the nationally designated textbook era (Meiji??Showa period). The analysis period is from the 1st to 3rd periods of the nationally designated textbook era and The scope of analysis is from volumes 1 to 3 of textbooks for each period(Meiji 36??Shohwa 23). The results of this paper are as follows. First, As the forms of Aspect, ‘-te iru’, ‘-te woru’, ‘continuative form + iru’ and ‘-te aru’ were appeared. This shows that this period was a period of morphological confusion. However, among the above forms, ‘-te iru’ has the highest usage frequency at 68.2% of all examples, which shows that the ‘-te iru’ form was already widely used in the early 20th century. At the analysis data of this study, It was appeared it was appeared that the process of changing from written language to spoken language and the process of various forms changing into ‘-te iru’. In addition, The instability of the case system appears in ‘-te aru’ combined with passive sentences or transitive verbs were confirmed. Next, looking at the characteristics of the subject of Aspect, ‘continuative form+iru, -te iru, -te woru’ takes animate nouns and inanimate nouns as the subject, but ‘-te aru’, only were combined with inanimate things. In addition, the frequency of inanimate Subjects in all forms of Aspect appeared to be increasing, and the types of inanimate objects had also become more diverse, too. Lastly, Examining the semantic characteristics of Aspcet, about 70% of all examples showed the meaning of resultative state. The form of ‘-te iru’ had the meaning of progressive aspect and resultative state, but ‘-te wooru’ and ‘-te aru’ mainly expressed the meaning of state. However, It was appeared the difference in that ‘-te aru’ only combines with inanimate objects, while ‘-te wooru’ takes both animate and inanimate objects as the subject. In addition, It was appeared that the nature of Subject and the category of Verb were more diverse in ‘-te wooru’ compared to ‘-te iru’.

Through a comparative review of the 2015 and 2022 revised Japanese language courses, this paper analyzed the grammar items of the current 7 high school ??Japanese I?? textbooks. First, the publishers, authors, and unit names of the current 7 textbooks were organized in <Table 5> to provide an overview of the current high school contents. Next, for the five items presented in the basic communication expression of the 2022 revised curriculum, the details of grammar items made up of units for each of the current 7 textbooks were organized and analyzed in <Table 6>. In addition, through <Table 7>, it was possible to identify the grammatical items presented first in each textbook by calculating the introduction composition cost of the details of [basic communication expression] in the 7 textbooks of ??Japanese I?? and the details presented in the 2022 revised curriculum. As a result, it was found that unlike the general grammar silvers arrangement handled by universities and private educational institutions, education focused on cultivating the ability to use Japanese through a communication-oriented approach, and that it was difficult to educate grammar in a general pattern due to problems such as the number of hours. In response, this paper emphasized that it is necessary to improve the difficulty of the grammar composition introduced in “Japanese I” to motivate learners to learn through the use of digital literacy and media through the use of big data and artificial intelligence, as well as discussion of overall Korean-Japanese culture and future society through the use of artificial intelligence, improvement of learners' digital literacy, and acquisition of media utilization methods. Additionally, it was suggested that additional grammar education be practiced for essential grammar. Furthermore, it was emphasized that authors and teachers should identify learners' various learning objectives and reflect writing and teaching methods in future textbook design.

When the Republic of Korea was invited to the Japan World Exposition 1970, the Korean government first urged the Japanese government to exclude North Korea from the Expo. After North Korea was excluded from the Expo, the Korean government was officially invited to participate in the Expo. The Korean government hoped to showcase its economic development and traditional culture of Republic of Korea. At the time, Republic of Korea and Japan were closely cooperating economically, but there were also a number of issues that needed to be resolved, including a trade imbalance. The Japanese government did not allow North Korean businessmen to visit Japan during the Japan World Exposition 1970, considering the Korean government's stance. However, after North Korea's cooperation in solving the hijacking of the Yodo-go, there were some who felt that Japan should allow the North Korean delegation to visit the Expo. Japan needed to consider its relationship with North Korea for its own security, but it stuck to its policy of not allowing the North Korean delegation to visit Japan because of the security situation in Republic of Korea. At the Japan World Exposition 1970 which excluded North Korea, Republic of Korea actively promoted tourist information projects to enhance economic benefits. Japan cooperated with Republic of Korea, which sought to address its security concerns by preventing North Korea participating in the Expo, and against this background, cultural diplomacy between Republic of Korea and Japan developed and a tourism base began to be built. Therefore, the Japan World Exposition 1970 is significant in that it presented the possibility of developing cultural tourism exchange and security cooperation between Republic of Korea and Japan.

This study is aiming at discovering the development process of residents centered community of ‘Renaissance in Yokodai’ project. ‘Renaissance in Yokodai’ project is the flagship project of Urban Renaissance Agency(UR) in Japan for regenerating ‘Danchi―Japanese High-rise Apartment Complex’ starting from 2011. Through this project, UR is trying to compiling the knowhow of ‘Renaissance project 1 & 2’ and experimenting in actual suburban residential area. Area Management is method of this experiment and ‘Yokodai Area Council’ is its governmental system. ‘Yokodai Area Council’ has passed through three phases. In phase 1, UR created Network of local activities and visualized potential power of local area through workshops by having the initiative. In phase 2, UR has prepared handing over the initiative to the locals by establishing ‘MACHIMADO―the window of Yokodai’. In phase 3, ‘MACHIMADO’ stared to taking responsibility of practical business in 2021 and now residents centered community is settled. Through this study, we can find that long period of time is crucial to regenerate and rebuild community. For realizing sustainable residents centered community, even though a activity of main body from outside has initiative, in the end autochtonic and voluntary residents groups and individuals are important and they should be grown as human resources of urban regeneration. And the process of developing community is more important than deduce visualized result. Also this study wants to emphasize importance of visualized and tangible space. The regeneration of hardware is not isolated from regeneration of community. It can and should go with together.

Seasons and weather strongly influence a country’s lifestyle and culture, including its language and literary traditions. Therefore, these concepts are essential for understanding a country, and related vocabulary is crucial for second-language learners. Korean language learners are frequently exposed to weather forecasts, both in Korea and abroad (in their home countries). However, learners in Myanmar ? where only summer, winter and rainy season exist ? often struggle with Korean seasonal and weather-related vocabulary due to Korea’s four distinct seasons. This study examines previous research on seasons and weather and highlights differences in meaning and usage between the two languages, with a focus on beginner-level vocabulary. The results showed that among the season-related compound expressions in Korean, “scorching summer,” “welcoming fall” and “passing the winter” have direct equivalents in Myanmar. However, “deepening winter” does not, as the dictionary meaning of “deep” which conveys a sense of temporal depth does not exist in the Myanmar language. For other season-related compound expressions, most did not have direct equivalents. A contrastive analysis revealed that while the two languages share weather-related vocabulary, the usage of descriptive terms differs. In particular, in Korean, when forms of precipitation such as snow, rain, frost, and dew move vertically from top to bottom, they are paired with the word “fall.” Similarly, liquids such as raindrops, water droplets and water that fall vertically are used in combination with the word “drop.” However, in Myanmar, the native terms “?? ??? (hsin:thi; “to fall”) and “? ?? (kjathi; “to drop”) can be used interchangeably, making it crucial to highlight these linguistic differences through lexical semantic analysis. By addressing these differences, beginner learners in Myanmar can acquire weather-related vocabulary more accurately and avoid errors such as “rain is dropping” (???? ???????; mou:jwanei.de) due to mother tongue interference, thereby improving communication fluency. This study analyzes the linguistic differences between Korean and Myanmar and may provide useful insights for Korean language schools in Myanmar as well as for Myanmar-speaking Korean learners in Korea. However, the limitations of this study include reliance on basic dictionary meanings and dictionary usage, as well as instances where Google searches and researcher’s intuition were used for vocabulary not found in the Myanmar-Myanmar dictionary.