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This paper examined the industrialization and labour issues in the 1930s Chongjin. In the 1930s, Chongjin experienced ‘compressed’ urbanization and industrialization. The urbanization and industrialization of Chongjin is represented by an increase in the population and the growth of civil engineering and chemical industries. Through Urbnizatioan and industrialization, the city has grown into one of the largest metropolitan cities in Korea, but the rapid change has created a variety of social problems, especially in the labour sector. A severe shortage of labour, an increase in the number of ‘migrant labourers’ and frequent labour movements occurred in the 1930s. The reasons why the shortage of labour continued despite the increase in the population are as follows. It was the result of an increase in labour demand, a problem of ‘mismatch’ of jobs, a problem of ‘adaptation’ of ‘migrant labourers’, and a lack of their social networks. A shortage of labour can be considered to be advantageous for improving the treatment of labourers. However, the intensification of the labour movement reflected a pattern of a ‘labour market’ where market logic was not applied. In other words, despite the shortage of labour, the management tried to solve the problem in the form of suppressing the labor movement and replenishing ‘migrant labourers’ rather than attracting labourers by improving the treatment of labourers. The compressed urbanization of Chongjin in the 1930s is represented by the growth of quantitative factors such as population growth, large-scale capital and cost, and increase in industrial production. However, on the other hand, discrimination and gaps continued due to colonial conditions, labour-management conflicts, regional conflicts, and government coercion.

Until now, research on the use of characters as local cultural content has been limited to local characters. This paper is significant because it introduces, for the first time in Korea, cases where local tourism products were created using external characters such as Japan's local limited Kitty and local limited Chiikawa. And it is expected to address the issues that have been problematic in utilizing local characters. The beginning of character products reflecting local characteristics was investigated through the case of local limited Kitty. And through local limited Chiikawa, where tourism products reflecting local characteristics are currently being actively produced, this research studied what features were chosen as themes for tourism souvenirs and how local characteristics were incorporated into the products. The themes of the products held by local limited Chiikawa can be divided into cultural, historical, geographical, and ecological classification Cultural classification includes myths, the image of the local, traditional skills, and food culture. Historical classification can be classified into historical figures, historical groups, and cultural heritage. Geographical classification can be divided into geographical features, tourist attractions. Lastly, Ecological classification includes the animals and plants inhabiting the area. By combining locally developed characters with local cultural content, it was anticipated that effective promotion of local culture, as well as the advancement of the domestic character industry, could be achieved. Through this research, the following suggestions can be made: First, it is important to effectively manage local cultural resources and consistently discover new local cultural resources. Second, the domestic character content industry should be promoted by using local characters as much as possible. Third, the website should be established for providing detailed information on tourism products. Fourth, it must not be forgotten that these items are not just character products, but rather tourism souvenirs that reveal local characteristics.

This paper examined the formation and transformation of the landscape, focusing on the “modern heritage” handed over from the former Japanese Navy to the U.S. military in the postwar period. We looked at what characteristic landscape was created and practical transformation was made as it was preserved well during the historical time when the subject of use and management was reversed from the former Japanese Navy to the U.S. military. In particular, cultural resources were made around the military facilities of Sasebo, a movement of anti-半 state-led modern heritage in the 1990s, and we examined how the generational theory with Machizukuri's “regional operation” influenced the formation and utilization of the landscape in the region. As a result, the stage of the process of establishing an organic relationship between modernization heritage, cultural resource conversion, machizukuri, and landscape formation was identified. As such, it can be seen that Sasebo has been using the electric buildings remaining in the U.S. military base as a historical resource called modernization heritage until recently. It was found through the construction of the Albuquerque Bridge, which is not only a view of the “red brick” but also a building that does not take into account the local residents, can result in trapping the local residents in the memory of the pain of war and violence. Is the ambiguous situation in which an exchange bridge named after the sister city exists where the history of occupation and the memory of violence coexist a promise for the survival of peace? Is this a measure to secure the legitimacy of the occupation of the U.S. military? The failure of the conversion to a peace industry port city desired by the residents of Sasebo and the unilateral promotion of the state's policy of ‘modernization’ in disregard of the history of war and violence eventually resulted in the formation of contradictory local identities. Despite the construction of parks for citizens and the conversion of military facilities, Sasebo will no longer be able to escape from the local identity of the U.S. military and the military port city.

his study is aimed to examine the representation and metaphor of tuberculosis found in Bulyeogwi. In previous studies, the metaphor of tuberculosis was divided into a romantic symbol influenced by the West and a genetic symbol as a criticism of the pre-modern society; however, this research further attempts to clarify the nature of infection, for instance, the spread of war anxiety and modern fear. This is to figure out the underlying anxiety and fear of the Japanese projected on an infectious disease, away from the existing feminist perspective focusing only on women’s sacrifice. Accordingly, this study found the followings. First, this novel depicts the third generation of soldiers during the Meiji Restoration era after the Bakuhan System, centering on Namiko, the female protagonist. All of them are armed with a military spirit centered on the Emperor and have a proud Japanese persona that represents militarism. Among them, Takeo who is currently on active duty is a representative Japanese persona on the path of militarism and shows the possibility of a self-sustaining modern era transformed according to the Japanese climate. However, he faces the limitations of the times due to the Sino-Japanese War and eventually fails to protect love. Second, young Takeo was a proud persona of Japan that was rising high with modern reform on its back while Namiko can be seen as a shadow of Japan’s collective unconsciousness that symbolizes the failure and fear of war behind it. In other words, Takeo being loyal to nationalism externally is in the same vein with Namiko conforming to familialism. Namiko’s tragic death symbolizes the sacrifices of women who, although they were winning, had to fill the absence of men and the fear and anxiety that they might lose the war - a lack of eternal victory or life. Third, the novel deals with both tuberculosis’ vertical transmission by heredity and horizontal transmission by infection, indicating that tuberculosis is a collective problem, not just an individual disease. If this is interpreted as an allegory, heredity is a fear of vertical transmission, that is, the possibility of negative transformation of traditionally handed down customs from the past to the present while infection is a horizontal transmission that can be caused at any time by space and is characterized by its development in a way that is difficult to control. The fear of heredity is great from the perspective of an outbreak, but the fear of spread is even greater from the perspective of problem solving.

This paper explores and analyzes the depiction of time and space among various works. It is very tricky and difficult to create a concrete scene in a new dimension of space, rather than the abstract concepts of time and specific place. First, before looking at specific scenes in the work, I looked for the theoretical meaning of time and space. Next, I combined these meanings in the video to learn about the symbolic meaning and expression method of space and time. In particular, works that deal with movement in time and space, or time slip, were targeted. Works expressing time with a clock motif, like paintings by the surrealist painter Dali, have also appeared in animations and movies. Art works related to space have also changed over time. In modern times, the dissolution of space is emerging, and unlimited space is being revealed through media such as media art. Additionally, a new dimension was expressed by simplifying and making abstract geometric shapes, colors, and shapes unfamiliar. And they showed that space and time changed through the movements of objects such as feathers, fish, butterflies, and light. So, I looked into the various symbolic meanings of objects and analyzed the implications I wanted to reveal in the work. Through the directing of great masters, I was able to see various ways that imagination and creativity were required, and I was also able to get a glimpse into the director's inner self. The significance of this study is that it classifies and analyzes scenes expressing abstract images in a specific way, providing references that can be used when producing future works. I hope that this study will serve as a good reference for those creating new works in the future. The next research topics include analyzing time slip-related movies by focusing on live-action movies and comparing them with animation production.

A purpose of this study was to analyze research trends related to parent involvement for parents with young children, focusing on domestic journals published since 2013. Targeting a total of 62 articles met the selection criteria, the research trends of general characteristics and types of parent involvement were analyzed. Findings of analysis are as follows. First, in the general characteristics according to research participants, the highest proportion was found in the studies that conducted parent involvement for both parent and young children. Also, qualitative studies showed the highest proportion in the research method, and the contents of parent involvement included in the personnel, social, and educational aspects. The types of parent involvement were classified as focusing on parent education program, family education program, and family-connection activity. Second, in the specific trends according to the types of parent involvement, the topics of parent education program were covered in terms of emotional ·psychological support, collaboration-based coaching, etc. In the most of studies, the parent and child outcomes were reported as the result of parent education program, etc. Regarding to the parent involvement related to family education program, the topics of family education program were covered in terms of therapy centered intervention, social interaction, life-centered safety education, etc. In the most of studies, the parent and child outcomes were reported as the result of family education program. Regarding to the parent involvement related to family-connection activity, the topics of family-connection activity were covered in terms of curriculum based element, literature based approach, social-political factor related connection, etc. Based on the analysis results, discussions and implications were suggested for further studies to conduct active and practical parent involvement in connection of family, institution and community.

The utilization of the sea by human is an age-old practice. It began with venturing into the waters to gather various food resources using bare hands or simple tools. Over time, as various tools advanced, structures like boats were constructed, enabling interactions with communities across the seas and acquiring diverse marine life dwelling in distant waters. Thus, the efforts invested throughout life for sustenance left traces akin to badges scattered throughout. Continuously consuming such food imbues information into the collagen of the body, providing for future generations. Through this, understanding the dietary habits of prehistoric and ancient societal groups becomes possible. In the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula during the Neolithic period, the consumption of marine fish was relatively high, whereas in the same period, it is estimated that the proportion of plant-based materials (C3 plant group) was higher in the western coast region. Propelling boats in maritime activities requires repetitive movements, akin to modern rowing or paddling, focusing on the upper body. This leads to the development of musculoskeletal stress markers due to excessive muscle and tendon use. Limited data in Korea makes detailed examination challenging, but evidence suggests consistent maritime activity during the Neolithic era. However, minimal development of stress markers is noted in the Samhan period, possibly reflecting societal changes. To understand MSM development, considering temporal and regional factors alongside archaeological and historical data is crucial.

The study of college students' employability has always been an important part of the research of higher education institutions, which helps higher education institutions to better adjust and improve vocational education to meet the ever-changing talent needs of the market. This study collected data from 417 medical students in North China, and verified the relationship between medical students' Occupational Values, the Meaning of Life, Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy, and Employability through empirical analysis methods, analyzing the role of sense of the Meaning of Life and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy in the influence of Occupational Values on Employability. The study used the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale, Occupational Values Scale, Meaning in Life Scale, and Employability Scale to formulate hypotheses about the relationship between the variables and construct a framework model. Findings: there was a positive correlation between Occupational Values, the Meaning of Life, Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Employability. The Meaning of Life and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy have individual and chain mediation effects between Occupational Values and Employability. Conclusion: Occupational Values, he Meaning of Life, Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy, and Employability were positively correlated with each other. Meaning in Life and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy act as separate mediators and chain mediators between Occupational Values and Employability.

Over the past few years, South Korea has been consistently raising concerns about the decline in regional populations due to issues such as low birth rates, aging, and population migration toward the metropolitan area. However, the decline in regional populations is spreading not only to rural areas and small towns but also to major cities. To address this issue, a lot of studies and policies have been proposed. Nevertheless, not all regions are achieving effective results from the policies. To overcome these limitations, in regions facing the risk of population decline, it necessary to identify the factors that have led to population growth in populous areas and apply them accordingly. However, there is limited research on this matter. In this paper, we investigate the top and bottom 5 locations in terms of population and population growth rate, analyzing the factors influencing population changes in these respective areas. In addition, through cluster analysis, similar regions are grouped to analyze the level of local extinction risk in these areas. Furthermore, the study identifies common characteristics within each cluster and recognizes risk factors that may influence the region. From the results, areas with high or increasing populations were found to be places where diverse employment opportunities and urban development had taken place. On the other hand, areas with low populations were characterized by inconvenient geographical locations and transportation. Areas experiencing a sharp decline in population were associated with the decline of key industries leading to a reduction in employment opportunities. In the cluster analysis, we categorized the data into five clusters. The analysis revealed the characteristics of each cluster and examined the factors contributing to population decline in each cluster. Through this, we were able to understand recent population trends and regional demographic changes. Furthermore, detailed information was provided on applying population growth variables tailored to the characteristics of areas at risk of population decline.

This paper examined the meaning and function of the letter ‘有’ used in 󰡔The Classic of Poetry󰡕 in general. In 󰡔The Classic of Poetry󰡕, the letter ‘有’ is used in various meanings other than the meaning of possession or existence. 󰡔The Classic of Poetry󰡕 is used 333 times as Content words and 201 times as function words. More than 37% of function words are used with ‘有’ It can be seen that the ‘有’ used as function word plays an important role in 󰡔The Classic of Poetry󰡕 When ‘有’ used in 󰡔The Classic of Poetry󰡕 is used as a functional word survey, it appears in front of a unsyllable verb, noun, adjective, and the role of filling or emphasizing syllables is remarkable without showing any real meaning. If you look at the case where it is used as a functional word, it can be seen in 󰡔The Classic of Poetry󰡕 in the case of ‘有’ used in front of an adjective, but it is not used in modern Chinese, and the range of use of ‘有’ used in front of nouns has been reduced in modern Chinese. Currently, most of the grammatical studies of ‘有’ are conducted with a focus on ‘有’ used in front of verbs, and do not mention the use of ‘有’ in front of nouns or adjectives. In the case of being used as a functional word survey, it is difficult to secure complete validity to claim the grammaticalization of ‘有’ because the use of ‘有’ has been rather reduced when viewed in the whole. ‘有’ is still used in the majority of the meanings of possession and existence, and ‘有’ used in front of verbs is only a small part of the linguistic phenomenon. Looking at the usage pattern of ‘有’ in the overall context, ‘有’ does not change much in use from ancient times to modern times, and the basic meanings of possession and existence occupy a large part.

In today's society, the internet and new media have become an indispensable part of people's daily lives, changing the channels through which we obtain information and the ways in which we communicate in a staggering speed. In this environment of widespread internet information, the network slang that emerges through online communication has become an important factor affecting the language environment and cultural expression. With the continued high interest in online interaction among young people in China, not only has it brought about changes in their behavior habits, but it has also enriched social discourse practices. One notable phenomenon is the constant emergence of new network terms, constantly refreshing the public's vision and breaking through the traditional expression of Chinese language, giving people a feeling of freshness. Network slang, a vocabulary created by network users spontaneously, combines Chinese and foreign characters, emoticons, numbers or pictures, and forms a discourse style that reflects the characteristics of youth subculture and is an important manifestation of youth subculture. This paper takes the network slang “planting grass” as an example, showing how its meaning has evolved from planting to recommending purchases, reflecting the flexibility of internet language and the changes in young people's consumption concepts. This article aims to reveal the unique role and value of internet slang terms among young people by analyzing the background of their emergence, semantic evolution, transmission mechanism, and cultural influence. It also provides reference for youth language education and cultural guidance.

This study aims to show the communicative effectiveness by using negative sentences as an indirect speech act conveying various meanings in the course of communication. First, the study took an overview of the speech act theory, and then explained the difference between a direct speech act and an indirect speech act. Second. it discussed four types of negative sentences used as an indirect speech act, such as negative declarative sentences, negative interrogative sentences, negative imperative sentences, and negative exclamatory sentences. Third, it discussed about the relation of an indirect speech act and politeness based on the theory of Lakoff and Brown & Levinson. Fourth, the discussion about the communicative effectiveness by the use of negative sentences as an indirect speech act is as follows. 1) Negative declarative sentences are often used to indirectly express ‘suggestion’, ‘refusal’, ‘recommendation’, ‘request’, ‘reproach’ etc, decreasing the face threat of the listener, from which the listener gets comfort easily. 2) Negative interrogative sentences are frequently used to euphemistically express ‘reproach’, ‘recommendation’, ‘refutation, ‘protest’ etc rather than ‘question’, which brings about communicative effectiveness by decreasing the face threat of the listener. 3) Negative imperative sentences are also used for expressing indirectly and euphemistically ‘suggestion’, ‘warning’, ‘advice’, ‘recommendation’ etc rather than ‘order’, which tends to decrease the listener’s psychological stress and burden, through which the listener easily accepts the delivered contents. 4) Negative exclamatory sentences are very often used to indirectly and softly express ‘self consolness’, ‘complaint’, ‘monologue’, ‘ridicule’, ‘reproach’, ‘comfort’ etc, decreasing the threat of either the speaker’s face or the listener’s face, which brings about the communicative effectiveness. The conclusion is that the use of negative sentences as an indirect speech act is an useful tool for communicative effectiveness in the course of daily communication.

Jin Chaokui was a famous Chinese Poet of Korean origin who lived in the northeast of China between 1938 and 1945. He wrote many poetic works with deep anti-Japanese sentiments. During the War of Resistance, the Japanese colonial rulers imposed a strict cultural surveillance and blockade on the fallen areas of the north-east. The literary references to reality were not allowed. In this context, Jin Chaokui's poetry is characterized by the colonial literature of circuitous and subtle writing. To begin, the enclosed spatial imagery represented by ‘chamber’, ‘indoor’, and ‘waiting room’ serves as a condensed symbol of the poet’s spiritual and emotional essence, emphasizing the poet’s concern for personal fate, group fate, and the social destiny while writing poetry. Second, the horizontal open spatial imagery represented by ‘sky’, ‘coast’, and ‘terrace’ exhibits the external projection characteristics of aesthetic psychology. The poet shows affection and fondness for all three sets of horizontal imagery, as in this space he can temporarily let down his guard, expressing nostalgia and the pain of being displaced. Furthermore, the imagery of ‘wall’ and ‘window’, which represent spatial barriers, is an important symbol of the poet’s resistance ideology and identity recognition. The poet implies the evil invasion of colonialism on the victimized country through the damage and incompleteness of the ‘wall’, and expresses hope and confidence in the victory of the War of Resistance and the embrace of light through the perspective and permeability of the ‘window’. The rich spatial imagery in his works, whether in the form of confinement, openness or barriers, obscures to varying degrees the poet's “anti-Japanese colonization” and his condemnation and criticism of colonial reality.

An examination of Chinese language acquisition errors among Korean students has revealed that they often transfer the semantic and usage characteristics of the Korean verb “열다” into the Chinese verb “开”, leading to misapplication of the latter. This article refers to <표준국어대사전> (Standard Korean Language Dictionary) and ≪现代汉语词典≫ (Modern Chinese Dictionary) to compare and analyze the semantics of “열다” and “开” across displacement, initiation, and production meanings. In terms of displacement, “열다” primarily encompasses the basic action of “opening,” whereas “开” extends to opening, separating, starting, leaving, becoming known, and dividing. For initiation meanings, both verbs share semantics related to the start of events, but “开” also includes the lifting of prohibitions. Regarding production meanings, both can signify a shop opening, with “열다” also involving the creation of abstract concepts such as establishing diplomatic relations and new beginnings, while “开” emphasizes the emergence of basic entities, such as clearing a path or issuing documents. The article identifies semantic correspondences between “열다” and “开,” providing insights for designing Korean-Chinese language instruction. In addition, the article illustrates the respective motion diagrams for the words “开” and “열다” based on their semantic characteristics. In language teaching, teachers can use intuitive images to explain the meanings of words, reducing the vocabulary memorization burden for students. It may be advantageous for future comparative studies of “开” and “열다” to incorporate native language corpora, allowing for a nuanced exploration of their commonalities and differences within specific contexts.

China's modern vocational education is broadly defined as a large-scale vocational skills education, which usually refers to school education based on secondary vocational education, higher vocational education and vocational training at various social levels. China's vocational education began in modern times, especially after entering the 21st century, China's vocational education has continued to change in order to meet the challenges of modern society. Different from the vocational education in the past, the direction of China's vocational and technical education is beginning to change toward high-quality development, which also includes the internationalization of China's vocational education. It can be said that China's vocational education has begun to form its own characteristics. Among them, the ‘Luban Workshop’ in Tianjin and the ‘Mozi Workshop’ in Liaoning Province are representative models worthy of attention. China's higher education has been trying to explore international development. Among them, the internationalization of higher vocational education has considerable particularity. With the development, China's higher vocational education has emerged as representatives of international models represented by ‘Luban Workshop’ and ‘Mozi Workshop’. This article starts from the perspective of the international development of China's higher vocational education, takes ‘Luban Workshop’ and ‘Mozi Workshop’ as examples to analyze the characteristics of the two models, and attempts to understand the development of China's higher vocational education in the context of the global economy through this research. Characteristics and problems of internationalization of vocational education development.

The purpose of this study is to examine the reform of the 2014 university entrance examination system announced by the Chinese Ministry of Education, analyze the results conducted in 14 regions, and explore their achievements and future challenges. China's university entrance examination is an important tool for realizing higher education. It is a national event that attracts the attention of more than 10 million students and their families. It has been reorganized several times according to the needs of the state and is still in progress. In particular, the Chinese State Council announced the "Deeping the Reform of Examination and Enforcement System" in 2014 and started a new system. Unlike before, this plan required fundamental changes in high school education and extensive changes such as recruitment, evaluation, and enrollment of students at universities. The Chinese Ministry of Education has set up a plan to be implemented one after another for 10 years because the scope of this plan is very wide for high schools and universities. In 2014, the first pilot was conducted in two regions, and it is planned to be divided into five and implemented in 39 regions by 2025. The following new systems have been launched: academic probability test, shift class system, comprehensive quality assessment, changes in the selection of test subjects such as ‘3+1’ and ‘3+1+2’, improvement of application methods, and diversification of admission process. The reform plan is positively considered to have made a change in the new educational ecosystem by promoting connections with new exam systems, curriculums, and textbooks. However, there are still many challenges to be solved. For them, continuous and scientific research is required to reduce the difference between theoretical research and practical demonstration.

Based on the records of Gaozi(around the 4th century BC) in Mencius as research materials, the paper makes a textual research on Gaozi’s theory of human nature. Combined with the ancient Chinese philosophical thoughts such as the thoughts of Mencius(372 BC-289 BC) and Xunzi(313 BC-238 BC), as well as the representative theories of human nature in Western philosophy, the paper analyzes the characteristics, status, and influences of Gaozi’s theory of human nature, and it also reveals the implications for the present day. Gaozi believed that human nature was the innate nature of human beings, which was driven by human instinct, namely, to discuss human nature from the natural attributes of human beings. During the pre-Qin period, Mencius and Xunzi proposed to judge human nature by the criteria of “good” and “evil”. In fact, “good” and “evil” belong to the realm of morality. The natures of “good” and “evil” change with the times and people’s subjective thoughts. In a purely natural state, there is no “good” and “evil”. Ideologists after Qin dynasty also used “good and evil” to evaluate human nature. Gaozi advocated that “there is no good and no evil in human nature”, aiming to show that human nature cannot be judged by “good” or “evil”. From the debates between Mencius and Gaozi, it can be seen that Gaozi’s theory of human nature has three characteristics. First, plasticity, namely, people will be affected by acquired external environment, education and other factors, which means the social attributes of human nature will be good or evil. Second, adaptability, that is, human beings can adapt to changes in the external environment. Third, development, which means, human nature is constantly developing and evolving. There are no works written by Gaozi himself, making it difficult to verify him and his thoughts. However, it is commendable that Gaozi’s theory of human nature was not influenced by political factors, and he discussed human nature from a very objective and straightforward perspective, which had a profound impact on future philosophical thoughts. The influences greatly enriched the discussions of human nature in the history of ancient Chinese philosophy. The enlightenments of Gaozi’s theory of human nature to present era are as follows: Firstly, people’s external behaviors should be consistent with their inner moral concepts, so that the external appearance corresponds to the inside; secondly, the unity of opposites between good and evil promotes the developments of human beings, and Gaozi’s theory of human nature has advanced the developments of ancient Chinese philosophical thoughts.

During the Taisho era, the renowned writer Ryunosuke Akutagawa grew up immersed in classical Chinese literature from a young age. The enchanting fantasies of ancient China became an integral part of his upbringing. From March to July 1921, Akutagawa embarked on a journey as a special correspondent for the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun, traversing through most major cities in eastern China. Upon his arrival in China, Akutagawa met with a succession of elite members of Chinese intellectual circles, including Zhang Binglin, Zheng Xiaoxu, Gu Hongming, and Li Renjie. Subsequently, reflecting on his interactions with these literati, Akutagawa reminisced in his work “Travels in China.” It became evident from his words that a mixture of admiration and disdain for Chinese literati coexisted within him.In this paper, we have examined the “Shanghai Travelogue,” focusing particularly on the interaction between Ryunosuke Akutagawa and Zhang Binglin. Firstly, we summarized various aspects centered around the “Process of Interaction Between Ryunosuke Akutagawa and Zhang Binglin.” Secondly, we delved into Akutagawa's perspectives on Zhang Binglin in detail. Thirdly, we analyzed the limitations of Akutagawa's perspectives on Zhang Binglin and explored the causes of Akutagawa's passive emotions that emerged during their conversations.The conclusions drawn from these analyses are as follows:Firstly, Ryunosuke Akutagawa's views on Zhang Binglin are complex. He holds Zhang Binglin's erudition and eloquence in high regard, praising these aspects. However, instead of direct statements, he expresses his dissatisfaction and passive emotions using metaphors.Secondly, regarding the limitations of Akutagawa's perspectives and the causes of his passive emotions, Akutagawa believes that his primary reason is the embarrassing psychology he faced as a Japanese anti-war advocate confronting China. Additionally, he faced the harsh reality of urban decline, which deeply disappointed him. Consequently, he was compelled to contemplate the realities of politics and society in China, leading to concerns and confusion.

Integration of language and culture, collaborative learning, zero-based learners of Japanese, visual thinking,　exploration of Japanese culture by theme, comprehensive activities The integration curriculum of language and culture was based on the contents of cultural literacy and teaching-learning strategies utilizing them. This curriculum was also realized through the teaching-learning model I, the teaching-learning model II, their subsequent programs and procedures, and class design. Based on the model, programs such as 'Exploring Japanese Culture by Theme' and 'Visual Thinking, Talking about My Day' were developed and applied to the class. The Japanese language and culture integration model I was effective in the teaching-learning activities in the order of ‘cultural understanding>affective motivation> writing>reading>listening’ from the greatest to the least. Fifth, the Japanese language and culture integration model II showed the importance in the order of ‘interest enhancement> understanding culture>writing>reading>listening’ from the most important to the least important. The model I demonstrated high correlations between ‘reading and speaking,’ ‘writing and reading,’ and ‘culture understanding and interest development.’ Cultural understanding, especially, showed a considerable influence on the enhancement of motivation. In the model II, factor analysis showed high correlations of writing with listening, speaking, and reading. Another finding was that cultural understanding was highly correlated with all the other factors, confirming that understanding and interest in culture were having a significant influence on communication competence.　The　results of this study confirmed that there is a great correlation between communication skills and cultural interest, more research and attention are needed on the development of various programs and their applications. Student participation and student-centered activities, peer cooperation, and increasing opportunities for language output through ‘speech and writing’ activities significantly affect class dynamics and communication skills. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the methods actively.

This study examines the ideas and historical logic of the Japanese Women's Liberation Movement in the early 1970s, and considers the affects that played a role in the women’s liberation movement's uprising and failure. The image of the movement, which argued that true women's liberation requires the dismantling of patriarchy and the liberation of sexuality, has been largely perceived as an overly radical or negative women's movement so far. However, it's important to understand that the movement was largely built on the empathy and support of ordinary women, and that Woman's Lib's work, which centered on opposing the Eugenics Act to secure women's sexual rights, was intertwined with women's resistance to state-enforced sexual repression from the war years. This study examines the discriminatory discourses and attacks on women who resisted the androcentric paradigm. History has repeatedly shown us that when marginalized groups, such as women, come together in solidarity and make their voices heard, they are viewed as mobs that disrupt society. This can be said to be closely related to modern historical experiences such as hate politics. The forces of the affects that was unleashed then coexisted, resonated, intervened, and continued to grow in influence. The significance of this study is that it reassesses the limits and implications of women's resistance practices as minorities by focusing on the affects that erupted through the solidarity of ordinary women at the time and the forces that sought to control them.

The scale of human rights issues in North Korea (NK) is large, including workers’ rights, freedoms of expression, religion, movement, access to food, public executions, massive prison camps, abductions, secret trials, torture, and sexual violence. Experts have called these violations the worst in the world, and they have been condemned by many international human rights investigations. What can be done to better address this situation? The main questions of this research are, how this human rights situation can be raised in global consciousness so more pressure is brought to bear on it, how applied anthropology can help, and how education can play a positive role in helping to bring attention to the issue. First, the paper reviews seminal anthropology and social science perspectives on human rights, new concepts of global and collective rights, anthropology and globalization, and their relevance for the North Korean case. Next, the paper explores the rights issues of the global NK diaspora, and anthropological research on NK human rights, including migration, gender, religion and famine. Third, the paper reviews the historic roles of anthropology in human rights, current opportunities for anthropology in NK human rights activism through education and university-based research, visual ethnography, film, documentation of human rights issues, and exciting examples of activism by students, global NGO networks, and anthropology activists/advocates on this and related issues. The paper finds that anthropological concepts are useful to help spread awareness that the NK human rights situation, the worst in the world, is now global in scope, and that anthropological research on the issue is broad, detailed, and has a key role in documenting the situation and mobilizing significant action and activism for it. Global activism of a persistent, long-term nature, coupled with key anthropological input, can accomplish much. Just as the Soviet Union eventually freed its Jews to emigrate, the nightmare of North Korea’s human rights will eventually end.