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What did ocean mean to the intellectuals of China in the late Qing period? This thesis will summarize outline of Western scientific technology, especially marine civilization appeared in three overseas travelogues of individuals and delegations during the period of Westernization Movement with a keyword ‘ocean’, and analyze the process that Chinese formed a new outlook on the ocean. Articles related to ocean appeared in the record of personal experience and travelogues of delegations enable us to know the outline of marine civilization they looked. The foregoing includes (1) structure of ship and scenery of port, (2) memory of ocean voyage(winds and waves, seasickness, lighthouse etc.), (3) innovation in geographic perspective and outlook on the globe, (4) awe toward the Suez Canal, (5) astonishing scale of warship and dockyard, (6) elaboration of artillery and artillery corps, (7) novelty of zoo and aquarium, (8) Westerners‘ marine culture(rules on the deck and maritime law etc.) that were covered in the body. After China was defeated two times in the Opium War, the power of so-called ‘strong fleet and sharp artillery’of the West astounded Chinese people, and travellers who experienced various advanced civilization in the ground crossing the ocean realized a marked difference between China and powers of the Occident. Reading the record of personal experience shows that Chinese people had interest in the navy, a symbol of marine civilization of the West, but were not allowed to access warships and artillery, military secrets for their status as the general public. However, delegations were able to access warships and artillery closer as foreign guests. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, delegations were not also able to have in-depth knowledge of systems and thought that enabled marine civilization.

Early 20th century is a special historical time for China. The main research object of this thesis is the Chinese travel notes written by Koreans in the time and approach travel notes from different angles. Main travel in Yon-haeng-rok is limited in Northern area. Chinese travel notes written by Koreans in the early 20th century showing the various regions and cognitions. It is main difference with Yon-haeng-rok. In the early 20th century, Personal Travel System was established. It means common people have a chance to travel abroad. Although Chinese infuluence is lower than Japan and Western Countries in the 20th century, its still a mecca for intellects. Their own Chinese travel notes are included in their own corpus and published in book form. For confusianism-intellectuals, travel to China become different from past times. After Chinese influence, is lower, they pay attention to the change of China and approach China from different angles. In the travel notes written in early 20th century, You can find the documents discribes Suzhou and Hangzhou’s scenic spots and places. Suzhou and Hangzhou are two standard and main city in southern China. Also, they are the place Koreans dream to go. Although Korean intellectuals are never been to China, but through books they have acknowledgement about China. When the travel abroad to China is possible, Suzhou and Hangzhou bacome popular scenic spots and places. From the various angles of views, this thesis try to discuss the images of China in korean travelers’ eyes.

In this thesis, I classified the collisions at sea between Koryo kingdom’s naval forces and waegu, such as ‘naval warfare’ ‘surprise attack’ ‘encounter at sea’. And I analyzed these three items with three periods as follows: ① the period from the year of 1350(the invasion of the waegu of the Kyung-in started) to the september of the year of 1373. ② the period from the October of the year of 1373(the reconstruction of Koryo’s naval forces began) to the year of 1377. ③ the period from the installation of Hwatongdogam to the year of 1392. As the result, in the ① period Koryo’s naval forces were put in a defensive corner. And there was no change in the phenomenon in the ② period. But at the time of ③ period, Koryo’s naval forces which could have equipped the gunpowder weapon in their naval vessel started to search and attack waegu’s vessel. These domination of the naval supremacy by the Koryo’s naval forces had interrupted the action of securing the war materials such as rice and other crops by the waegu, that is to say, the southern court(南朝)’s power in the Kyushu(九州) area of Japan. With the attack of Kyushutandai(九州探題) Imagawa Ryoushyun(今川了俊) to the southern court(南朝)’s power in the Kyushu(九州) area, the domination of the naval supremacy by the Koryo’s naval forces in the Korean Peninsula had brought the synergistic effect. And that leaded the weakness of the southern court(南朝)’s power in the Kyushu(九州) area. That weakness meant that the last flickers of hope had being extinguished. It was a matter of time that the surrender of the southern court(南朝) of Yoshino(吉野).

This article focused on the documents that is concerned with ocean, the chapter ｢Kiyi(紀 異)｣ in 『Samgukyusa(三國遺事)』. And purposed on the finding the meaning of the ocean in the documents' narrative, for example, why and how were oceans used in this chapter. According to the research results, the documents that is concerned with ocean were concerned with the Silla(新羅) Dynasty, and there were three features. First, the ocean is the route of the existence of sacred being. By the way, these routes do not simply mean ocean's way. These routes take on active part in the movement of holy being through the ocean, from one land to another land. Second, the ocean is the existence of sacred being who watched over the land of Silla Dynasty or the holy place that they lived in. The holy beings based on the ocean spread their wings, in case of protecting Silla Dynasty from enemy of outside of Shilla territory or solving the problem of the internal trouble. Third, the ocean is the place which remarkable persons showed the appearance and ability, and did their best for Silla Dynasty. They had Silla nationality, and on the ocean, they displayed dedication for Silla Dynasty. In summary, the period of Silla, people of Silla had positive awareness and fulfilled with a feeling of expectancy about the ocean. We can find this conclusion in chapter ｢Kiyi｣, 『Samgukyusa』. From now on, it is necessary that transfer the attitudes and opinions from the land and unification of the three Kingdoms(Koguryo(高句麗), Baekje(百濟), Silla) to the ocean surrounding Korean Peninsula when we research about the Silla Dynasty. And we have to be interested in another chapters in 『Samgukyusa』 except ｢Kiyi｣, so have to understand the awareness about 『Samgukyusa』, Silla Dynasty, Silla people.

“Seaside” by Akutagawa Ryunosuke is a novella published in 1925. At the time of its publishment and even to this day, it was considered a small work by the writer. However, it is based on the personal experience of Akutagawa and it is thus necessary to analyze the work to better understand the author's intention. The novella is set in 1916, a year in which the author had made a successful mark for himself as a novelist and had decided on marrying his partner. The story about prostitutes and young girls who came across each other on the seaside in late summer shows the novelist's desire to look back on the sweet old times, before he became determined to be a serious breadwinner. The anxiety toward future plan set at the beach went with friends for summer after graduating college is conceivable. The past memories filled with anxiety about future is explicitly expressed in ‘seaside’, which finally led Akutagawa to work as both novelist and teacher from December after coming back from vacation at beach. K in dream cannot be specified, but “I” think it is a fish in the lake talking to him after waking from the dream. And “I” realizes that the fish is “myself” from the unconsciousness. After all, the anxiety about his career as novelist and teacher has created K and connected “myself” in the unconsciousness. Also, the girls that can be assumed as “women” who K wanted to make “me” meet in the dream are like lively “butterfly” filled with passion toward the main character. The girls must have been stimulation of Akutagawa's creative world that is newly reflected to him after 10 years. Akutagawa who already thought of death must have been missing the “joy” of two girls who were “dancing filled with joy”, Furthermore, as for Akutagawa, the year 1916 when he chose the life partner which is an important decision and successfully made debut to the literary world which is the most important thing as writer, must have been the most important year of his life. Akutagawa quickly starts writing the letter of proposal after coming back from the late ‘seaside’. In the end, the person who is always concerned about himself in his dream was Akutagawa himself but ten years older. Despite being attributed less weight among his works, “Seaside” reflects the deep desire of Akutagawa to make a turn in his literature and his life.

In 609 AD, the first description of 筑紫大宰 Governor-General of Chikushi in 日本書紀 “Nihon Shoki” is an essential historical record for governance of Kyusyu Island by central Kingship of Yamato. Though its first description is a report of religeosus envoy of Baekje百 済 occasionaly drifted to 肥後葦北津Higo-Ashikita port, this record is considered only as the establishment of Governor-General of Chikushi which governs Kyusyu Island. Still there was not enough consideration of the local history of Hi-no-kuni肥国, which is consisted of later “Higo” 肥後 and “Hizen”肥前 districts in 8th century. This article will examine historrical records to clarify local history of Higo and Hizen districts. This record indicates accomplishment of Yamato's great king大和の大王 dominance that include exclusive governance to central Kyushu area and its powerful local Clans, not to coastal northwestern kyusyu area and clans of Matsura 松浦地域. The diplomatic strategy of Baekje in ancient northeastern Asia is focused on profitable uses of the cultural superiority which has origin in Buddhism culture of Southern China Dynasties南朝. This strategy of Baekje had the most profit on the state of Japan Island of these ages, especially through accreditted Buddhist priests to “Asuka” temple飛鳥寺, which was the political and cultural center of Yamato kingship and royal families.

In fact, in Korean, Chinese ‘海’ entry word being used as the ‘sea’ category is certain and ‘land (陆地)’ the meaning of ‘sea’ outlines but it is a Korean ‘海’ that are in conflict over the border, the notion of ‘洋’, ‘海洋’, such as the inclusion. In fact, in ancient Chinese ‘海’ was simply ‘an ocean’ making languages of the heading of the previous approach to the situation in the development ‘洋’ modern concept of categories, can alsoThe concept of confrontation simply an ocean (远洋) through the ‘offshore (近海)’ is also not be limited to boundaries. Experiments by the examples used in classical literature, ancient Chinese language used in ‘海’ ‘sea’, even if Roman even about what they can be translated yet again, One needs to have to. Represented by the Chinese ‘海洋’ is simply two, as well as morpheme means a combination of the category to category ‘洋’ rather than integrated with an emphasis, ‘海’Can they be perceived as the concept of ‘boundary’ contrast with land. So text were of Chinese ‘海’ and ‘洋’ of individual characters and them take a look at the differences between these two Chinese characters appear in different if he had combined with morpheme and also ancientChinese people he thought he had was the image is I've been trying to reconstruct how the ‘(海) the sea’. Shuowen Jiezi of a case that could call that first dictionary of China's first modern Chinese language and ≫ sajeollyu 山海经 of a case that can say it was a geography book of ancient China is used for ≫ Waters as defined in Chinese language dictionary a modern, through the use of the person ‘海’ to ‘海’ and ‘sea’, and have about how any deal to do with relations Try the approach.

As a sunrise industry in the 21st century, cultural industry is becoming increasingly prominent in societal development because of its strategic importance in the development of culture and economy. Ithas become a new growth point in national economic development and has great potential in the future. China’s cultural industry started late and had a small share in the international market. However, in recent years, the Chinese government has attached greater importance on its culture and cultural industries. By comparison, South Korea, in just more than a decade, has grown into one of the strongest players in global cultural industry with its unique development model. In order to better facilitate the rapid development of its cultural industry, South Korea adopted a series of measures. First, the government introduced the programmatic documents for cultural industry, promoted the legislation for the industry and established relevant management departments. Secondly, the government developed financing channels for cultural enterprises and expanded overseas market. Thirdly, the government encouraged the cultivation of high-level talents for cultural industry. In response to the government’s call, citizens also actively participated in the construction of cultural industry, which provided human resources for the rapid development of the industry. South Korea’s success in the cultural industry shows that a country with rich cultural heritage is entirely possible to achieve the leaping development in global open market and technological platform. Therefore, China can learn from South Korea’s experience and then promote innovation to build a strong cultural industry with Chinese characteristics. In conclusion, the paper examines the current conditions of South Korea’s cultural industry and reveals the reasons for its leaping development. It is the hope of the author to shed some light on the ways to develop China’s cultural industry.

This study is from the 7 novels written by Kim Earan, the aspect that family morality can change family-truth was considered by dividing the 3 domains of ‘a dead neighbor→a stranger →a dramatic family’ through optical illusion of intimacy. These 3 steps eventually correspond to the changing process that the meaning of internal family vacuum changes into revolutionary existence by 'vacuum of intimacy→existential value inherent in the vacuum → the optical illusion of intimacy'. From the novels Run, Daddy, Goliath in the water, and The greeting of love, originally, the farther in the novel is the family as a dead neighbor existed out of the boundary of family. Here the family is, at the first place, vacuum domain where the intimacy damaged. From the novels The greeting of love, I go to the convenience store, and Internal speaker, the family stranger was made due to impossible translation which could not sympathize with intimacy language. However the vacuum from the impossible translation indeed is the substance of the stranger and furthermore identifies that it is the ontology of human being that questions on the world. From the novels Flydatarecorder and Cuticle, the new type of family intimacy appears through the dramatic optical illusion about the damaged family. The dramatic family identify the revolutionary existence which materializes the family truth not family morality. These 7 novels have the meaning that family problems are reconstructed by a stranger's frame. We can identify that the stranger in modern world is produced inside of the circle of the family structure not outside of the circle of the family structure and that the unexpected language and behaviors from the stranger are a premise for organizing the new truth. Because of this, modern family is not the fixed meaning but the made family depends on situation.

This study conducted an interview survey by setting up the scene of the First-Time Face-to-Face Meetings between a Korean native language speaker and Chinese & Japanese Korean language learners. This study set 90 advance-level learners of Korea who were studying abroad in Korea(45 Chinese and 45 Japanese)as its research subject. The contents of the interview survey were prepared by the survey host, and this study asked about the contents requiring additional confirmation in the follow-up interview. The question items of the interview survey are ‘Unpleasant items at the First-Time Face-to-Face Meetings ’ & ‘Reasons thereof’, and ‘Items which interviewees want to ask about at the First-Time Face-to-Face Meetings’ & ‘Reasons thereof.’ The survey results are as follows: First, this study survey the items, about which the interviewees wanted to ask a question at the First-Time Face-to-Face Meetings with a Korean. As a result, the items, which Chinese Korean language learners wanted to ask about, were found to be in the order of name>age>one’s native place>a dilettante life>academic major> tourist attractions in Korea, while the items, which Japanese learners of Korea wanted to ask about, were found to be in the order of name> a dilettante life> one’s native place> academic major>age> tourist attractions in Korea. This study could learn that the six leading items among the items they wanted to ask about were the same. In addition, this study surveyed the reason for the interviewees to want to ask a question. To this survey, Chinese Korean language learners. responded in the order of ⓐ ‘It’s because I can become familiar with the other party so soon, ⓒ ‘It’s because the item is easy to ask about, ⓓ It’s because it’s natural to ask about such an item in China. Japanese Korean language learners responded in the order of ⓐ ‘It’s because I can become familiar with the other party so soon, ⓒ ‘It’s because the item is easy to ask about, ⓓ It’s because it’s natural to ask about such an item in Japan. Second, this study survey activeness and passiveness in cross-cultural acquisition consequent on performance of adjustment status. In case of Chinese Korean language learners, activeness in cross-cultural acquisition was found to be 41 times while passiveness in cross-cultural acquisition was found to be 4 times. In case of Japanese Korean language learners, activeness in cross-cultural acquisition was found to be 31 times while passiveness in cross-cultural acquisition was found to be 14 times. With regard to activeness in cross-cultural acquisition, Chinese Korean language learners showed 91.1 percent activeness while Japanese Korean language learners showed 68.9 percent activeness.

With two works of locality cinema dealing with Jeju-do, Jiseul and Jeju Prayer, this study examined the representation of local memories. Because of the geographically special position and the state power of Jeju-do, a mix of devastated scars, narratives and work for creating a new local image form a unique locality of this region. Of them, Jeju's April 3 Incident is an event that had a significant impact in talking about Jeju-do’s locality. While discussions about the Jeju’s April 3 Massacre, which was genocide, have been introduced in various texts, this study continued the discussions with two incidents reproduced through films. Jeju's April 3 Massacre on April 3, 1948 is officially recorded as an armed uprising in which armed civilians of the left-winger attacked the right-wing circle and the police station but were defeated, but this incident appears in various names. Since there are various names for this, there are various perspectives on it, as well. This study examines the film with this incident as a theoretical background using two frames of genocide and collective memory. Jiseul shows Sun-deok who was devastated, good people and characters like Mu-dong's father, who did not speak even if they were victimized, identified with Jeju-do. Jeju Prayer is not a documentary in a descriptive form but is directed uniquely, in which reproduction, interviews and images are roughly mixed. Both films have different forms and contents but resemble in that they focus on the fact that a lot of innocent people were sacrificed because of ideology and have comfort and condolence to them.

This study examines the construction process of the cultural hub of local area and the artistic or commercial use of Bongrae-Theater. The Bongrae-Theater shows the cultural tension between ‘Koreans conquered’ and ‘Japanese residing in Korea.’ Bongrae-Theater is the theater that was built on Tongyeong 1914. Bongrae-Theater was basically a theater, and was as a public hall. Construction subject of Bongrae-Theater was Japanese merchants lived in Tongyeong on Japanese Colonial Era. Traders forces included Gyobongongbak(橋本公博), Japanese merchant. Japanese merchants had built a theater and public hall for not only Koreans but also Japanese residents in Tongyeong. Bongrae-Theater was basically operating as space for commercial interests. Bongrae-Theater was the theater as a space built for Koreans, these applications was diluted and eventually fell by commercial interests. The number of works presented at Bongrae-Theater of Tongyeong city is quite lot and some works among them has a great significance in the history of cinema and local entertainment of South Korea. But a research on Bongrae-Theater of Tongyeong city are still left with much of an uncharted territory. Except for some articles, the academic interest in Bongrae-Theater and Local Culture Exchange of Tongyeong city as Seaport on Japanese Colonial Era, had not been expressed properly in the history of Korea's movie and theater. To solve this problem, this study investigated the history, the stakeholders and the theatre features of Bongrae-Theater of Tongyeong City. In conclusion, Bongrae-Theater of Tongyeong City as the local theater, was served with the days of trouble, with the Korean shipbuilding.

This study explores the market situation and government policies of Chinese cultural industry in order to provide entry suggestions for promoting globalization of Korean digital contents industry. It analyzes how the Chinese market condition has been changed by the policies, and what kinds of entry strategies are appropriate for Korean digital contents firms under the situation that wholly-owned foreign companies are forbidden to provide digital contents-related service in China. On the one hand, Chinese government has protected and fostered cultural industry and domestic market for more than 10 years. Cultural industry is developed as a national strategy for promoting economy growth. On the other hand, as the base of Chinese cultural industry is still weak, Chinese government is devoting to developing more open-oriented and more innovation-oriented ways to boost the growth of cultural industry. Various policies are launched in enhancing independent innovation capacity with own intellectual property rights and brands, helping domestic cultural product providers explore overseas markets to enhance global influence of Chinese culture, and also in promoting cultural services enterprises by using digital technology to provide production, dissemination, marketing, and other services. Several entry suggestions of Korean digital contents firms are made. They are mainly focused on two areas, the first is platform-based online channels. The second is the producer service area. The new generation of network platform business model shows revolutionary innovation power in today’s business. Comparing with traditional supply chain, digital contents products operated by platform are more efficient in approval and with higher profit. Korean firms need to develop more localized and popular contents to face the fast changing netizen’s taste. In addition, Korean firms need to learn how to develop their intellectual property (IP) for “one source multi use”. As for the producer service area, there are three kinds of services with high development potential and successful probability. The first is globalization service for Chinese cultural products. The second is talent cultivation and professional education service for human resource of Chinese cultural industry. The third is small and medium-sized enterprise incubation services, especially focusing on how to help them to build brands, digitalization of traditional promotion methods as well as the creative HR management.

The goals of this study is to examine and compare the Seal- characters engraved on coins from the Qin and Han Dynasties, and ones from the period of Wang Mang. Particularly, this study identifies distinct characteristics of each of these character forms, reveals differences among them, and discuss reasons why such differences rose. The most common in those periods is Seal-Characters. About 40 different characters have been identified on the coins unearthed to date. The following lists the characteristics of the character forms and examples. 1. Same characters but different in writing styles and structures: 半、兩、十、大、千、壯、幼、五 2. Missing characters: 十、半、百、兩、泉 3. Left- or right-shifted radicals: 銖、貨 4. This figures are upside downed characters: 半、兩 5. The official script and the regular script neutralized to similar forms: 平、匱、寅 6. Forms similar to the Warring States script: 千、黃、兩、中 7. Forms with more complexity in strokes than Shuowenjiezi: 十、大 8. Forms with simpler strokes than Shuowenjiezi: 直、泉、寶 Finally, four major reasons are discussed that affected the form of Seal-Characters on the Coinage. 1. Different print formats and casting molds were used. 2. Private casting money was popular during those periods 3. The official script affected the form. 4. Because traditions were highly upheld, the shape of coins and the characters on them did not diverge from the Warring States script.

Many foreigners visited Japan in the 19th century, they would have received any impressions for the Japanese? Foreigners with direct experience in Japan, the Japanese social thought different from the behavior of the Chinese. They appreciate the life norms, such as honesty, courtesy, diligence, kindness, cleanliness of the Japanese. And the behavior of the Japanese has been passed down the tradition of Japanese society. Japan's academic history has interpreted the behavior of the Japanese as a folk morality. Folk morality is a traditional culture and spiritual culture of the Japanese. Japanese are still practicing folk morality. This structure ultimately it is important to note the fact that the action is based on the integration of which enables the state integrated with the spirit. This is the spirit of the traditional culture of Japan. When we researched consciousness structure of Japanese, we could understand what is the most honorable traditional value, which is about national character, to Japanese. The most honorable value to Japanese is diligence and honesty. These two national characters are social expectancy to every job and organization culture established by national characters making behavior standards, which are essential to organization. This mentality has been came from intrinsic behavior. which named taken root in the behavior norm for the common people. This paper has researched logic of singaku based on folk morality and history of folk morality. Furthermore, this paper has been studied that folk morality has caused the limitation of spiritual culture.

Peer learning that focuses on writing and reading has been introduced in Japanese education and implemented in various learning environments. Through various studies, the method has proved its effectiveness on learning and is now widely used and accepted. Peer learning has several pros so is recognized as a learning concept that should be adopted in many areas, not only in English and Japanese education. However, it does not mean that peer learning does not have issues. Issues related to cooperative learning since peer learning was first introduced in Japanese education are still unresolved. Even though successful examples have been introduced in actual practice, the method does not necessarily proceed ideally in the classroom. Studies so far have dealt with some problems in peer learning. However, most of them are limited to speculation from teachers, but only a few are from learners’ perspectives, who are the principle actors in learning. Attention has not been drawn to the state of mind of actual learners, the kinds of problems that occur in peer learning, the quality of effort learners put in, and what measures have been taken to solve these problems. Qualitative research is required to identify in detail the real conditions of peer learning. Therefore, through an interview survey, the kinds of specific problems that occur have been analyzed. Also, research has been conducted into the kinds of effort learners put in to overcome issues when they arise. At the same time, Ishizuka(2016)’s questionnaire survey was conducted for the purposes of confirmation and review. The results of the questionnaire survey were almost the same as those of Ishizuka(2016). However, problems in learner pairs and groups remain unresolved. In the interview, advanced learners and beginners generally gave different answers. Learners pointed to willingness to participate and differences in the language levels of partners or group members as the most difficult hurdles. When forming groups, teachers need to consider intimacy between participants as well as an appropriate balance in language skills between learners. As a result of this questionnaire survey, problems associated with peer learning that learners experience and the real mindset of students have become specific and clear. Peer learning assessment has stood out as a task to be completed, but I aim to find an effective way to improve this teaching method through actual research.

This study analyzed Chinese characters used in business Japanese textbooks (10) and also examined their usage. Major findings are as follows. (1) Among Chinese characters (17117 characters) used in business Japanese textbooks (total of 10), the number of running words used more than 13 times are 14417 characters (84.2%) (2) Running words used more than 13〜20 times are 1551 characters (10.8%), 21-50 times 4151 characters (28.8%), 51〜100 times 3075 characters (21.3), 101〜200 times 3193 characters (22.1%), 201〜300 times 1016 characters (7.0%), and 301〜394 times 1431 characters (9.9%). (3) Different words used 13〜20 times are 97 characters (32.3%), 21〜50 times 130 characters (43.3%), 51〜100 times 43 characters (14.3%), 101〜200 times 22 characters (7.3%), 201〜300 times 4 characters (1.3%), and 301〜394 times 4 characters (1.3%). (4) Chinese characters used the most are 長, 日, 社, 申 (4 characters, more than 300 times), 部, 願, 話, 今 (8 characters, more than 200 times), and 先, 取, 課, 時, 引, 上, 本, 私, 品, 思, 當, 訳, 電, 様, 会, 待, 一, 事, 大, 人, 業, 何 (30 words, more than 100 times). (5) In each of the 30 characters (more than 100 times) the most common example of usage (30 examples) are 部長(195 times), ××日(62), 〇〇社(73), 申し訳〜(137), 部長(195), お願い(258), 電話(132), 今日(51), 〇〇先(115), 取引先(102), 課長(148), ××時(90), 取引先(102), 申し上げる(51), 本日(61), 私(160), 製品(53), 思う(146), 担當(66), 申し訳〜(137), 電話(132), 〇〇様(80), 会社(42), お待ち〜(79), 一度(21), 商事(38), 大変(35), 人(32), 営業(89), and 何(85). It is expected that Chinese characters commonly used in business Japanese textbooks and their example of usage should be utilized in business Japanese conversation training and textbooks.

In the middle of the Edo period江戸時代, the writings of the story crossing the sea of Tokubee徳兵衛 spread widely in Japan. And these are still a lot left in Japan. The story “Tokubee’s Tokai-Monogatari”徳兵衛の渡海物語 is the valuable manuscript on which overseas information were recorded in the early of the Edo period. However, these historical details, remains a mystery, not yet been resolved. And it has been known as a long absurd story. The first purpose of this paper is to clarify the manuscript group writings published after that. And the next purpose of this paper is to clarify how the manuscript writings spread widely in Japan. First of all, by classification of the manuscript writings, it was made clear that there were three kinds. By the classification of the three kinds, next became clear. Story of the group that contains the keyword of Genroku 7元禄七年(1694 A.D.) is the oldest manuscripts. Story of the group that contains the keyword of Genroku 15元禄十五年(1702 A.D.) is a manuscript group that has been presented to the lord of the country. Story of the group that contains the keyword of Hoei 4宝永四年(1707 A.D.) is a manuscript group that the name of Tenjiku Tokubee天竺徳兵衛 appeared in Japan for the first time. And also, by comparing three kinds of the manuscript groups, next became clear. Ⅰ. Story of the group that contains the keyword of Genroku 7 was manuscripts of a possibility that has been edited by Tokubee who lived in Takasago Sendou Machi高砂舟 頭町. And the number of historical sources is small. But on the other hand, Story of the group that contains the keyword of Genroku 15 or Hoei 4 was manuscripts of a possibility that was re-edited third person in Osaka大坂. And the number of historical sources is large. Ⅱ. Story of the group that contains the keyword of Genroku 7 was simple. And a grave of Tokubee who has died in 1695 exists in Takasago Sendou Machi. But on the other hand, there were contradictions in the description contents for the story of the group that contains the keyword of Genroku 15 or Hoei 4. And Tokubee was still alive after Genroku 15. From the above results, Genroku 7, Genroku 15 and the main description contents of the story of the group that contains the keyword of Hoei 4 were same. But it is now clear that depiction of Tokubee for each manuscript group were different from each other. In conclusion, the story crossing the sea of Tokubee has been understood gradually as absurd story. It is because there were the contradictions to the depiction of Tokubee in this story. But still the reason for popular of the story crossing the sea of Tokubee was because people wanted to know the overseas information in the Edo period.

This article has reviewed that pacifism of Japan after World War II has degenerated into anti-pacifism by the Government of history education policy. After World War II, history education policy in Japan is shown clearly in the course of study. Thus, this article analyzed educational goals and contents in detail from the first course of study on 1947 to the current course of study and looked at how the destruction of pacifism of Japan has gone after World War II. By this Japan has overcome anti-pacifism in East Asia and was looking for a way to become a true pacifism. First is teaching pacifism which is based on peace not violence, as history. Then a plan to overcome the anti-pacifism as members of civil society in East Asia will be found. Which the ultimate goal of history education should be and what should be taught to students are important than any others. And right way for history education is not by monopolized history education by government, but by various kinds of civil society, trying to make history education for peace. Finally, based on a critical reflection on anti-pacifism history education policy of the Japanese government reviewed in this paper, the history education policy of peace and coexistence should be the top priority of government. For history education policy to be changed to pacifism for peace, active participation of Japanese citizens, as sovereigns are needed preferentially. However, policies of current Japanese government and conservative right wing forces are exactly opposite to this trend. Also it is fact that nominal pacifism which comes from exemption for Tenno‘s responsibility for war after World War Ⅱ clearly exists. Furthermore, international condition of East Asia where anti-pacifist idea that revision of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution will play positive role in Northeast Asia's order is coexisting is also a task which should be overcame.

This study tries to enclude a efficient methods for teaching for students by linguistic-cultural tandem outside class. For these purposes it's important to define the goal and assignments first of all that these sorts of studies aim for within the frame of tandem. Among those goal and assignments, we could extract three aspects for enhancement of efficiency of results of linguistic-cultural tandem outside class. They are at first, to let students be aqquainted with russian culture, traditions and customs with its linguistic components and meanings. At second, it is for widen lexical and expressional dictionary of individual student who takes part in this tandem project willingly, including proverbs and sayings of russian people and theirs cultural connotations. And at last, it is for to make the depth of knowledge of students deeply in various fields of russian regional studies. We can recommend complex form of power point presentations, consultations with students, monolog, dialog, conversation and poly log etc. in this case. Under this project we chose 5 themes for enlargement of efficiency of linguistic-cultural tandem outside class. 5 themes like ‘traditions and customs of russian people’ ‘holidays’ ‘folklore tales’ ‘proverbs and sayings about love’ ‘russian kitchen, the tee party’ were finally decided. Of course, opinions and preference of students and their interests were well taken at the determinations of themes on the basis of several consultations between participants of project. In conclusion, we can say that we have to at first choose the proper presentation and conversation themes to develop the perception level of students about the linguistic and cultural communicative competence outside class and after that have to distinctly define the goals and assignments of every linguistic-cultural tandem like above mentioned. Of course, the sorts of themes and the methods of presentations are variable in accordance with the desire and level of participants

The purposes of this study are as follows. First, this study aims at investigating about how national image of Korea (economic and non-economic image) in Kazakhstan are affecting on Korean product purchase intention. Also there was conducted empirical analysis of whether Kazakhstan consumer ethnocentrism are affecting on Korean product purchase intention. Moreover, there was analyzed moderating effect of Korean wave (Hallyu) affect on national image of Korea(economic image and non-economic image) and Korean product purchase intention. Finally, there was examined the product competitiveness(brand, price, quality, design) of countries such as Korea, China, Russia and Kazakhstan. There was conducted a survey with random sample of 128 Kazakhstan consumers (Taldykorgan). The collected data were analyzed by statistics software SPSS 18.0. According to the Results, we were found that national image of Korea (both economic and non-economic image) affects positively on Korean product purchase intention. However, Kazakhstan consumer ethnocentrism did not have negative affect on Korean product purchase intention. Also there was no moderating effect of Korean wave between economic country image and Korean product purchase intention. On the other hand, it appears to have moderating effect of Korean wave (Hallyu) between the non-economic Korean national image and purchase intention. Second, the result of examining the differences of national competitiveness such as brand, price, quality, design showed that Korea has the best performance whereas Kazakhstan consumers evaluated low competitiveness of Chinese products. Lastly, the result of product competitiveness of Russia and Kazakhstan were almost the same. The previous researches were mostly focused about the influence of Korean wave on China, Japan, or other East Asian countries but were rarely considered about other Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan.