Earticle

한국의 분노와 동아시아의 미래지향 한국은 동아시아를 향해 좀더 <분노>를 표출해도 좋다. 그러나 그 <분노>의 내실이 내셔널리즘이라는 자국중심 ․ 독아적인 것에 시종일관하는 경우, 한국은 동아시아의 대국주의적, 패권주의적인 국가 사이에 매몰되어 버릴 위험성이 있다. 정조가 복수해야 하는 적에 둘러싸여 원망과 한탄에 몸을 부들부들 떨면서도 미래를 응시하는 개혁을 조용히 시작한 것과 마찬가지로 한국은 복잡하게 얽힌 내셔널리즘의 실타래를 풀고 동아시아 전체의 미래상을 생각해 내어 그것을 내세워야 한다. 한국에는 그것을 시작할 자격이 있고 동아시아의 타국은 그 미래상을 정확히 받아들일 의무가 있다. 그 미래로 향한 메시지는 미야자와 겐지를 사랑하는 일본인의 마음에도 깊이 침투해야 한다. 그리고 한국은 그것에 의해 국가로서의 신뢰를 얻어 20세기형의 대국과는 달리 21세기형의 대국이 될 수 있다. 21세기는 ‘환경’의 시대라고 한다. 그것은 단순히 자연환경을 지키는 것뿐만 아니라 인간과 그 문화를 포함한 광범위한 세계, 그 조화와 밸런스가 필요한 시대에 돌입했다는 의미이다. 20세기 전반, 세계는 내셔널리즘을 적나라하게 드러내어 정치적 패권을 다퉜다. 20세기 후반은 군사력 대신 경제력이 파워 게임을 전개하여 빈부의 차를 확대시켰다. 그 양쪽이 파탄된 21세기인 지금, 유한한 지구환경을 어떻게 유지하고, 팽창한 인구를 어떻게 억제하면서 사회를 계속 유지하는가가 매우 중요한 과제가 되었다. 이러한 상황 하에 국가간, 민족간을 어떻게 원만히, 원활하게 연결시켜 가는가 하는 외교력 ․ 교류력이 군사력과 경제력 대신에 중요시되기 시작했다. 나는 한국이야말로 동아시아에서 그러한 역할을 수행할 수 있지 않을까 생각한다. 그것은 한국이 예로부터 천하의 요충에 있고, 동아시아의 모순을 온몸으로 짊어지고 왔기 때문이며, 또한 요충 = 허브(결절점)으로써의 다양한 경험과 지식을 축적되어 있기 때문이다. 한국은 지금이야말로 동아시아의 요충에 서야한다.

South Korea’s “anger” and future oriented East Asia South Korea should express “anger” to East Asia. In reality, however, if this is nationalistic and self-centered, South Korea will have a risk to be misunderstood wrongly between East Asia’s policy favoring major powers and hegemonic countries. As Chongjo had carried out a reform silently while he had been surrounded by people he should have revenged, Sounth Korea should break free from nationalism, frame a plan of East Asia’s future, and announce it. South Korea is qualified to get the ball rolling and the other countries in East Asia should take the image of future calmly. As Japanese people love Kenji Miyazawa’s literary works, they should penetrate the message for the future. Therefore, South Korea can have credibility and be a great and suitable country for twenty-first century. It is said that the theme of twenty-first century is “environment”. This means not only saving nature environment but also holding the world balance of people and cultures. In the first half of twentieth century, they used to be too nationalistic and contend for hegemony. Then, those desires changed from hegemony to economy in the latter half of twentieth century. They competed one another and caused to widen the gulf between wealth and poverty. Both of them failed at present. We had some new issues; how limited natural environment should be kept, how we control the world population and maintain healthy society. The diplomatic skills and communication skills are being emphasized to maintain favorable relationship between countries in this situation. I have an idea that South Korea can play an important role in East Asia because South Korea has been an important country in the world for a very long time, beard a burden for a discrepancy in East Asia, and experienced various matters and extended the knowledge as the important country and the hub of the world. It is time South Korea was an important country in East Asia.

A Comparative Analysis on Anger in Korea and Japan : Cultural Distinctiveness and Political Economic Reality This article delves into the differences of Koreans and Japanese in their anger and their anger expressions by comparing the two people’s cultural features and political economic variables. The western centered cultural analyses identify Korea and Japan as having a similar cultural pattern, despite some differences. Thus, Korean and Japanese could be expected to have a similar way of feeling and expressing anger. Researches are confirming, however, that the two people differ, that the Japanese control their anger and refrain from expressing anger to others or society whereas the Koreans are relatively more sensitive to anger and express it directly. The two may seem to share a same cultural pattern, but there were quite some number of differences in the behavioral patterns and organizational patterns. Different historical and political experiences and incidents further enlarged the existing gaps. The difference of the severity in anger between Koreans and Japanese, moreover, seems to be the effects of the different political economic environment that they are situated in.

怒りに関する韓日の比較分析文化的な背景と政治経済的な現実 本研究は、韓国人と日本人が怒りを表現するにあたって、それらに見られる相違を、文化的な特徴と政治経済的な変数などで比較分析し、明らかにする試みである。今までの欧米中心的な文化分析によると、多少相違が見られるにもかかわらず、日本と韓国は類似した文化類型に属していると研究されてきた。よって、日本人と韓国人は、憤りを表に出す方法も類似していると解釈されがちであった。しかし、同文化類型に属していても、日本人と韓国人では、怒りを表に出すにあたって、その相違が見られる。日本人は怒りを堪え、他人や社会にぶつけるのは、我慢強く抑える反面、韓国人は敏感に反応し、直接その怒りを表に出す傾向が強いことが、諸研究から確認されている。同じ文化類型に属していると分析されがちであるが、社会構成員の行動パターンと組織構成原理において、歴史的に多くの相違が存在するうえ、各々の歴史政治的な経験や事件等が重なり、こういった違いを拡大してきたと考えられる。なお、最近、韓国人が日本人に比べて、憤りを表に出す度合いが増してきたその背景には、こういった点以上に、現在両国民がおかれた政治経済的な現実の相違が大きく関わっていると言えよう。

The Outer Layer of Turtle Ship and the Inner Side of ‘Nanjung Ilgi’ : Focused on ‘Dong-a il-bo’ and Yi Kwang-su in the summer of 1931 This study focused on the fact that recent studies that make heroes of historical figures have become overly concentrated on critical discussions based on political, ideological, and historical assessment of specific characters and thus pay little attention to the problematic points of ‘modern media, narrative, and principal agent,’ which form the mechanism of hero-making. Thus, this study attempted to empirically reveal the places surrounding the historical incident of the Yi Sun-sin hero-making campaign to draw out multiple socio-cultural and cultural meanings that lie underneath the surface. The hero-making of Yi Sun-sin, which started in 1931 with newspaper articles used as a catalyst, was possible in an era with modern newspaper media, modern novel writers, a class of readers, and a government that either overlooked or supported this phenomenon. This study focuses on media, narrative, and genre to examine how the hero-making of Yi Sun-sin became a nationwide campaign and to observe the core content of the Yi Sun-shin narrative and the course of forming the narrative method. The following presents the critical discussions that this study examined surrounding the media, narrative, and principal agent. First, the modern newspaper media integrated ‘article, literature, and campaign,’ which epitomized ‘fact (narrative), fiction (narrative), practice (project)’ respectively to lead the national hero-making movement of the historical figure. The hero-making project of Yi Sun-sin, which was carried out by Dong-a il-bo and Yi Kwang-su in the summer of 1931, plainly shows that how driving force and literary imagination of modern journalism could generate collective commitment, which was aroused among the public at the time. The newspaper stirred up public interest through the so-called extra/exclusive reporting and national donation campaigns. The characteristics of such media and genre also influenced the hero-making of the historical figure. Second, the historical approach of narratives related with Yi Sun-sin displays the method in which the character narrative is composed and spread, and depicts the dynamic relations between historical, literary, and narrative forms. Character narrative is an appropriate genre for examining the union formed between modern novels and other genres and forms. The transformation of Yi Sun-sin narratives from the biography written by Sin Chea-ho into the novel by Yi Kwang-su involved not only formative changes but also variations in content and emphasis. Free from chronological narrative, modern novels display the inner side of the agonized individual. Such characteristics magnified the feeling of loneliness and the ethical superiority of Yi Sun-sin through the general arrangement of the ‘turtle ship’ and Nanjung Ilgi. The two factors above, which were firmly established by Yi Kwang-su’s novel written from the Yi Sun-sin character narrative, are becoming the core elements of the Yi Sun-sin narrative, which is still being created in the present day. Yi Kwang-su is known as the first writer to write a modern full-length novel. Third, it is important to closely observe the character of the principal agents that supported or exercised caution regarding the narrative of Yi Sun-sin, who is the hero of the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. The differences in stance and practice cannot be wholly shown merely through the competition structure that dualizes the collective identity of colonial Chosun and Japan when conducting research on Japan’s colonial period. It is essential to observe different opinions regarding the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the hero-making of Yi Sun-sin between the Japanese government, the Japanese Government-General of Chosun, Japanese people in Japan, Japanese settlers in Korea, and even members within each group. This will serve as a historical reference point for reflecting on the present reality, where national hero-making is still being carried out.

コブク船(亀船)という外皮と｢乱中日記｣という内面： 1931年夏、󰡔東亜日報󰡕と李光洙を中心に 本稿は、歴史的人物の英雄化に関する最近の研究が特定人物の政治⋅思想⋅歴史的評価という批評的論議に集中したことで、英雄化のメカニズムをなしている｢近代の媒体、叙事、主体｣の問題的地点についてじゅうぶんに注目してこなかったことに着目した。したがって、李舜臣の英雄化運動という歴史的事件をめぐる現場を実証的に示すことで、その裏面にある多層的な社会文化的、文学的意味を引き出そうとした。1931年の新聞記事を触媒に、本格的に繰り広げられた李舜臣の英雄化は、近代新聞媒体と近代小説作家、読者層、そしてこれを黙認、あるいは支持した政権において可能だった。本稿では媒体、叙事、ジャンルを中心に、李舜臣の英雄化における全国民的共有、そして李舜臣叙事の核心となる内容と叙述方法が形成される経路を探った。ここには、媒体、叙事、主体をめぐる以下のような筆者の問題意識が横たわっている。第一に、近代新聞媒体は人物の英雄化を｢記事、文学、運動｣という｢事実(叙事)、虚構(叙事)、実践(事業)｣の領域に統合し、それを全国民的に主導した。1931年夏、󰡔東亜日報󰡕と李光洙を通じて繰り広げられた李舜臣の英雄化事業は、近代ジャーナリズムの推進力と文学的想像力が一般人に喚起した、集団的没入のメカニズムを端的に示している。新聞はいわゆる号外／独占報道および全国的送金運動を通じて全国民的関心を喚起しており、このように媒体およびジャンルの性格は人物の英雄化作業にも影響を及ぼした。第二に、李舜臣と関連した叙事に関する歴史的アプローチは、人物の叙事が構成⋅拡散される仕方と、歴史と文学、そして叙事様式のあいだの力動的関係をあらわにしている。人物の叙事は、近代小説がほかのジャンルおよび様式と交合し形成されたことを探るのに適切なジャンルである。申采浩の人物伝記における李光洙の小説への変貌は、単なる様式的変化だけでなく、内容と傍点の変化をも伴っていた。クロニクル的叙述からとき放たれ、苦悩する個人の内面をあぶりだした近代小説の特徴は、｢コブク船｣の全面的配置、そして｢乱中日記｣を通じた李舜臣個人の孤独感と道徳的優越を浮き彫りにすることを可能にした。最初の本格近代長編小説の作家として知られている李光洙が、李舜臣の人物叙事を小説化することで確固たるものにした前出のふたつの要素は、今日でもたゆまず創作されている李舜臣物語の核心的要素となっている。第三に、壬辰倭乱の主人公である李舜臣の叙事は、これを支持、あるいは警戒した主体たちの性格をもうすこし厳密に探ることを要請する。植民地時代を研究するとき、植民地朝鮮と日本という集団的アイデンティティを二元化した対決の構図だけでは、立場と実践の差異が完全にあらわれ得ない。日本国内、日本国民、朝鮮総督府、在朝鮮日本人のあいだで、そして各集団的主体の内部でも壬辰倭乱と李舜臣の英雄化をめぐる意見が各自の根拠と目的をもって単一に収斂されなかったことを、より細密に明らかにする必要がある。このことは、今日でも依然として、民族的英雄化の作業が持続している現実を反省する歴史的参照地点となるだろう。

The Engagement of the repatriated writers in post-war Japan This article studies the postwar phase of repatriates who are being integrated into Japanese society, and sheds new light on the nationalism of postwar Japan. To this end, this study reviews various discourses surrounding the repatriation project and examines the existential consciousness of repatriates in postwar Japanese society. In particular, it presents an analysis of the meaning of ego identity which Ituki Hiroyuki, Uno Kouitiro, and Miki Taku, a representative writer of modern Japanese literature, began to study after his repatriation from colony to Japan, and defined as a “stranger.” After the defeat, Japan has endeavored to build a “New Japan” by reeducating its people. It can be said that the repatriation project has formed the basis for the great unification of the people. The “Personal Experiences of Repatriation” which record the journey of evacuation experienced by repatriates of the ex-colony act as the history of ordeals of the Japanese people, victims of the war. However, repatriates, while perceiving a sense of incompatibility with the Japanese who were invaders of the colony, also feel discriminated against in postwar Japanese society, as though they were strangers. Furthermore, in the perception of repatriates, there is a sense of disjunction between the identity of colonial Japanese and the identity of “pure” mainland Japanese, causing them to experience an existential confusion.

戦後日本の異邦人たち -｢外地引揚派｣作家たちのアンガージュマン- 本稿は、日本帝国の崩壊とともに旧植民地から帰還した｢外地引揚派｣出身の作家がいかなるアイデンティティを持って戦後の日本社会に定着、または浮遊したかを考察する。論文の前半では、自らを｢内地の異邦人｣｢外地引揚派｣として規定して、｢焼け跡の闇市派｣といった日本の戦後世代の公有感覚から相対化を図った作家である五木寛之の文学を通して, 帰還出身の作家が戦後日本の中で抱いた実存意識を具体的に探った。そして後半では、宇能鴻一郎、三木卓のような帰還出身の作家たちが構想した作品の世界はいかなる構造で把握できるかを簡略に分析し、｢外地引揚派｣出身の作家たちの実存意識を論じてみた。帰還出身の作家は国家的な歴史の過ちを、民族という束縛の中で始終｢原罪｣として背負ってきた。そのため、日本や日本人という枠から外部に向かって警戒する姿勢に嵌らず、その内部から絶えず日本や日本人を相対化しようと企ててきた。これは敗戦の経験を、植民地支配構造の崩壊として認識して受け入れた世代と、現実世界そのものの消失としか受け入れることができなかった世代の間の認識の違いが存在したことを表してもいる。そして、彼らは｢内地の異邦人｣、｢犠牲者であるよそもの｣、｢二つの異質的な世界の境界にまたがる少年｣のように、その形態は異なっているものの共通の実存意識を内包している。帰還者出身の作家たちの存在論的な意識の底流をなしているのは、まさに｢根無しの草｣としての自己認識である。

岳亭春信期인 万延・文久期切附本의 서지학적 연구 －二代目岳亭 관련 편저술서 서목 연표 작성을 위하여- 　 알려지지 않은 작자의 정체를 규명하기 위해서는 원전자료 조사에 입각한 그의 저술활동을 탐색하는 것이 유일무이하면서도 기본적인 연구방법이 될 것이다. 따라서 이대 가쿠테이(二代目岳亭)가 관계하는 편저술서 서목 연표 구축을 위한 토대로서, 본고에서는 岳亭春信期에 해당하는 万延・文久期에 제작된 切附本류 10작에 대해서 서지학적 검증을 실시하였다. 구체적으로는 切附本작자로서의 가쿠테이의 면모를, 『敵討腕野喜三郎一代記』의 稿本과 刊本, 『神稲徳次郎・木鼠孝蔵／武勇水滸伝』의 작자, 『青戸硯雲切仁左衛門』의 서문과 간행연도, 『山崎大合戦』3종의 관점에서 논하고, 위인전그림책(銘々伝絵本)작자・교열자로서의 가쿠테이를 『武者修行巡録伝』화공과의 관계, 『男達銘々傳』작자, 『古戦場誉組討』의 교열자・서문집필자・작자, 『豊臣太平記』서문집필자라고하는 시점에서, 전 페이지에 삽화가 들어간(全丁絵入) 切附本작자로서의 가쿠테이를, 『万国竒談袋』서문, 『敵討高名録』의 초편과 2편이라고 하는 시점에서 논함으로써 지금까지 수수께끼였던 다양한 이름의 작자 및 서문집필자의 정체, 그리고 그들과 화공, 출판업자와의 상호관계, 동명이서(同名異書), 후인본(後印本), 새로운 편(編)의 발견과 같은 서지학적 성과를 얻을 수 있었다.

The study of bibliography about Kiritukebon which was written during the period of “GakuteiHarunobu” - to make the annals of the GakuteiⅡ - It will be the most basic study method to follow writings activity based on the investigation into original document to study the real nature of the unknown author. For 1860 through 1862 when he gave his name “Gakutei Harunobu”, it is the golden age as the author to write a work of 70% in 66 total work products which he wrote on a life. He wrote ten products only in Kiritukebon in spite of the short term called these three years. Therefore, I gave inspection of the bibliography I elucidated his activity as Kiritukebon author and to build a chronological table. As a result, result such as, in fact, three kinds being different books, the discovery of the new book which was not found so far of real nature of “Bunzyaku” “Kyosakudo” “Bunya” and the same title of a book was provided.　

Isemonogatari reviewed through Senryu Cyonin who lived in Edo period took charge of important role of cultural creation and popularization with economics and social improvement of the growth of cities. And he came into a literary work of entertainment with realistic interest. One of them is Senryu. This thesis looked around how to see the Heian period work of Isemonogatari to Cyonin of Edo is found the pieces of Isemonogatari come on the Senryu work. Isemonogatari consists of separated 125 columns around Waka, generally, it is showed the life of Mukasi-otoko to think of Narihira. Japanese loved the work for a long time and influenced on the make a lot of works after age. The work was enough to hold Cyonin of Edo period, Senryu is also provided motive. Tukumo-kami of Isemonogatari is the word to help for understanding Irogonomi of Narihira. Senryu of Tukumo-kami setting is included ridicule and jeer because greatest Irogonomi is faced each other not only beautiful women but also reluctant and hesitated women. And, we could know about Narihira who is respected from people and ideal type of the day at the same time. Also, Isemonogatari is Utamonogatari to be around of Waka. Accordingly, If we see the words of ‘Neyoge’, ‘Siranami’ in Senryu, it is known about following in Waka of Isemonogatari, and we could be able to feel what is stand for in the story. Isemonogatari express light laugh to be extension, change in appearance throughout Senryu but we can confirm the original meaning just as it was lively inside to have Isemonogatari. That is, it is showed the moments of laughter in light writing but it bears in mind inside to have profound meaning of Isemonogatari is living together pungent criticism, satire society.

川柳を通してみた『伊勢物語』江戸の町人は、都市成長と共に經濟的⋅社會的地位を高め、文化創造․普及の重要な役割を擔當した。そして、主に娛樂の文學作品を誕生させた。その一つが川柳である。本稿では川柳のなかに登場する『伊勢物語』を通して、江戸の町人が平安時代の作品である『伊勢物語』を如何に理解していたかを調べた。 『伊勢物語』は、和歌を中心とする獨立した125個段の作品であるが、全體的には業平と思われる｢昔男｣の生涯を描いている。日本人に永く愛された作品であり、後代多くの作品の形成過程において影響を及ぼした作品である。この作品は江戸時代の町人に魅せられ、川柳のモチーフにもなった。『伊勢物語』の｢九十九髪｣は、業平の｢色好み｣の代表的な內容である。｢九十九髪｣をベースにした川柳では、天下の｢色好み｣も美しき女ばかりでなく人が避ける女とも関係をしたと、嘲笑や揶揄を含めている。そればかりでなく、業平の理想的な人物像としての｢色好み｣も確認できる。 また、『伊勢物語』は和歌を主とする｢歌物語｣である。従って、｢ねよげ｣、｢しら波｣等の單語のある川柳があるならば、それは『伊勢物語』の和歌と関わりあることを知り、物語の中からその意味を探さなければならない。 『伊勢物語』は川柳を通して擴大⋅變容され、軽い笑いとして表現されるが、川柳の作品の中には『伊勢物語』の元の意味が息ずいていることが確認できる。即ち、5・7・5の短い川柳は軽い瞬間の笑いを導くが、その中には鋭い批判と諷刺が共存し、『伊勢物語』の深き内容をそのまま抱いている。

임술 신사기록의 거짓과 역사적 사실 1682년 통신사에 관련된 대마번(対馬藩) 기록인 텐나신사기록가운데, 에도(江戸) 왕래 기록류에는 보이지 않는 내용인 『고나이쇼아츠메가키(御内所集書)』라는 자료가 있다. 이것은 에도에 보내서는 안 되는 내용으로, 일본 국내에서조차도 비밀에 속하는 내용이었는데 그 내용은 전례와 예법의 변경, 화가를 부르지 말 것, 통신사는 표면적으로는 성신의 사자이지만 실제로는 일본의 위세를 국내에 보여주기 위함 등과 같은 것이 있었다. 또 대마번이 자신들의 입장을 증명하기 위한 문서, 예를 들면 경도(京都) 혼코쿠지(本国寺)에서 통신 상관까지가 오층탑에 오른 것을 일절 막부에 보고하지 않아 비밀로 한 사실 등이 기술이 되어 있고, 통신사가 니시노마루(西之丸)에 갔을 때의 기록을 막부의 로쥬(老中)인 홋타 마사토시(堀田正俊)의 체면을 생각해서 대마번이 스스로 조작하는 등, 공개하면 안 되는 내용이 들어 있다. 대마번의 통신사기록은 기초적인 사료이지만 통신사 호행(護行)의 기록에는 스스로 허위임을 대마번이 인지하고 있는 기록이 포함되어 있다는 것을 『고나이쇼아츠메가키』에 의해 알 수 있다. 대마번 통신사 기록에는 허위가 포함되어 있음에 주의해야 할 것이다.

A lie and fact in “Shinshi kiroku” of 1682 Among “Tenna-Shinshikiroku” which is the document of the Korean diplomatic corps of Tsushimahan in 1682, there is a document titled “Gonaisyoatumegaki”. The contents of “Gonaisyoatumegaki” are not seen in the Edo exchange document type. This is a content which is not supposed to be sent to Edo, and even the contents were under secret in the country. The contents were such as the change of the precedent and courtesy. Also there were contents that must not be opened to the public such as the superior of The Korean diplomatic corps climbing the Five Storeyed Pagoda in Honnkokuji. Tsushimahan manu- facturing the document of The Korean diplomatic corps entering Nishinomaru by themself considering Hotta Masatoshi. The document of the Korean diplomatic corps by Tsushimahan is a basic historical document, but “Gonaisyoatumegaki” shows that the record of The Korean diplomatic corps includes the fact that Tsushimahan being aware of the falsity themselves. Therefore we have to be cautious about the falsity of the Korean diplomatic corps document by Tsushimahan.

야마다 에이미(山田詠美) ｢베드타임 아이즈｣에 있어서의 흑인남성 이미지와 그 의미 야마다 에이미(山田詠美)의 ｢베드타임 아이즈(Bedtime Eyes)｣(1985)는 일본인여성과 흑인남성의 연애를 그린 소설이다. 이 작품은 남녀 간의 성애를 직설적으로 과감하게 묘사하면서도, 한편으로는 단 한 사람의 진정한 상대를 추구하는 순애보적인 주제를 담고 있다. 나아가 작품을 통해 나타나는 이국적인 분위기와 독특한 언어표현, 오감을 통해 묘사되는 연애감정은 작자 야마다 에이미의 특징을 잘 보여주고 있다고 할 수 있겠다. 본고를 통해 필자는 작품 속에 등장하는 흑인남성 <스푼>의 이미지를 분석함으로써, 마이너리티로서의 흑인남성상과 그것이 작품에 끼치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 고찰한 결과 <스푼>으로 상징되는 흑인남성은, 불운한 운명의 소유자이자 화자인 일본인 여자 친구의 보호 하에 놓인 야수와 같은 존재로 묘사되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 마이너리티로서의 흑인남성의 이미지가 강화된 이러한 설정에 의해, 여주인공 킴과 스푼의 유대관계는 강화되고 그들의 사랑은 순수하고 절대적인 것으로 묘사되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

A study about the image and meaning of Black man in Amy Yamada's “Bedtime Eyes” Amy Yamada’s “Bedtime Eyes”(1985) is known for the love between a Japanese woman and a black man. This novel depicts sexual love, but at the same time, pure love that one look for in a real partner. Then Amy Yamada’s distinguishing mark has been shown by exotic atmosphere, unique words, and romantic expression through the five senses. In this paper, I discussed about the image of a black man by analyzing the feature of ‘Spoon’ who is a character in the workplace. In my analysis, I found that the black man was described as an unfortunate person, and a brute that was placed under the protection of his Japanese girl friend. Then the relationship was strengthened between Kim and Spoon, and their love was described pure and absolute by the image of a blackman as a minority.

A Stady of partnership literature of Yamanoueno Okura and Otomono Tabito “Manyoushu” is the oldest collection of Japanese poetry which contains most important literary works on ancient Japan. The compiler is widly believed to be Otomo no yamamochi. In this collection. Many people appear in this collection, especially two people, Otomo no tabito who is the father of Otomo no Iemochi and YamanoUenoOkura. They was active as poets, intellectuals as well as government officials on third period of Yamato. They were born about the same time and both are very important person in terms of the histrical and literary of ancient Japan. This paper roughly aim to examine 3 points given below. 1.How Ottonotabito and YamanoUenoOkura who are important person on third period of Yamato play an active part in the literary world those days? 2. How did their relationship develop and the relationship? 3. How much did the relationship affects the compilation of Manyoushu?

大伴旅人と山上憶良の同伴者的文學 『万葉集』は、古代日本において最も貴重な文学作品を収録した歌謡集である。大伴家持を中心にして編纂されたものと推定される『万葉集』には、多くの人物が登場する。その中でも特に万葉第3期に代表的な歌人として活躍した人物に家持の父である大伴旅人と山上忆良がいる。この二人は万葉第3期に、大和政権の中心である官人としてだけでなく、知識人として、そして歌人として活躍した。二人はほぼ同時期に生まれて同時代に活躍した人物として、二人の関係は、歴史的な側面だけでなく、日本の古代の文学史的な側面からも非常に重要な人物である。本論文は『万葉集』第3期の中心に立っている二人の人物がどのようにその当時の文学的世界で活躍してきたのか、『万葉集』にどのような文学的価値を含むいくつかの関係に発展しているのか、そして二人の影響が『万葉集』の編纂にどのような影響を及ぼしたかを概略的ではあるが考察しようとする論文である。665年に生まれ、67歳の生涯を全うして活躍した大伴旅人、そして660年に生まれ、74歳で命を終えた忆良。二人は万葉3期に同時代を生きた親友だった。九州での大伴旅人の望郷の歌と妻を思う歌などは、私たちに多くの感動を与えている。賢く、貴族の家に生まれ、朝廷の中心で活躍した旅人と庶民的な生活をした忆良が、万葉という共通の枠組みの中で文学を通じて親しくなった。旅人と忆良の関係は万葉史にとっても非常に重要な人物である。二人とも万葉3期の代表的な歌人として遜色のない人物である。特に旅人は家持の父として、そしてもう一人の忆良は、父の親友で家持の成長過程を見ていた。二人に受けた人生の多くの経験が文学の世界に大きな影響を及ぼした。これらの影響こそ『万葉集』を編纂する一つのきっかけになったと思われる。このような観点から、『万葉集』編纂を考えて二人を評価すべきである。旅人は多くの渡来人たちと交流した。忆良と旅人のこのような関係は、結局『万葉集』という優れた歌集の中に収録されて永遠に私たちの胸の中にずっと残っている。

설명적장면에서 사용되는 담화표지 ｢Hora｣의 사용경향 -도쿄・오사카・센다이방언의 지역차를 중심으로- 본 논문에서는 회화에서 정보의 공유를 환기하여 상대와 정보공유 하에서 이야기를 진행시키기 위해 사용되는 담화표지인 ｢Hora｣를 대상으로 지역차에 주목하여 도쿄방언, 오사카방언, 센다이방언의 사용경향의 차이를 밝혔다. 검토 결과, ｢Hora｣의 사용빈도는 도쿄방언에 비해 센다이방언에서 약간 높게 나타났고, 오사카방언에서는 전혀 사용되지 않는다는 것을 알았다. 이것은 바꿔 말하면 도쿄방언과 센다이방언에서는 상대에게 정보의 공유를 환기하여 상대와 정보공유 하에서 이야기를 진행시키려는 경향이 강하고, 센다이방언에서 그러한 경향이 도쿄방언보다 좀 더 강하다는 것을 나타낸다. 또한 오사카방언에서는 그러한 경향이 인정되지 않는다는 것이 밝혀졌다.

Usage Tendency of the Discourse Marker, ‘HORA’, in the Explaining Situation - Focusing on the Regional Difference in the Tokyo, Osaka and Sendai dialect - The discourse marker, ‘HORA’, is used in communication to remind the listener of their shared information and lead the communication based on it. In this paper, usage pattern of the discourse marker, ‘HORA’, on the explaining situation was analyzed focusing on the regional difference in the Tokyo, Osaka and Sendai dialect. It was found that the discourse marker, ‘HORA’, appeared in Sendai dialect more often than in Tokyo dialect but it did not appear in Osaka dialect. As a result, communication tendency of Tokyo and Sendai dialect is that speakers are to remind listeners of their shared information and to lead the communication based on it. This tendency is a little stronger for Sendai dialect than Tokyo dialect. However, Osaka dialect does not have the tendency.

A Study on the general language use of OTOKO : in Headline Database of Newspaper Articles by KOKKEN Newspaper articles included the vocabulary related to OTOKO were 1,064(0.75% of the data) and showed a rapid increase because of topics such as <gender discrimination> in 1975, <male language> in 1980, <Gender Equality Act> in 1986 and 1999, <separate surnames for married couples> from 1986 to 2004, <mixed attendance books> in 2004, <join participation of men and women> and <gender> in 2005. The vocabulary related to OTOKO appeared 1,072 times. Their representative forms were <OTOKO> <DANSEI> and <DANSI>(729 times / 68%). <OTOKO> showed the most high frequency by appearing 454 times. There were a lot of examples of a form of <**OTOKO> that described what kind of man a person was. <DANSEI> appeared 236 times. A form <DANSEI**> expressed the vocabulary related to an androcentric society had many examples. A form <**DANSEI> were frequently related to <age> or <evaluation>in case of modification. <DANSI> appeared 49 times.

｢男｣関連語彙の使用実態ー国研｢ことばに関する新聞記事見出しデータベース｣を分析の対象にー ｢男｣が含まれている｢ことばに関する新聞記事見出しデータベース｣の記事は1,064件(0.75%)である。｢男｣関連記事は、1975年<男女差別> 1980年<男の言葉> 1986․1999年<男女均等法> 1986~2004年<夫婦別姓> 2004年<男女混合出席簿> 2005年<男女共同参画> <ジェンダー>などの主題により、急増する様相が見られる。｢男｣関連語彙は1,072回の提示がある。代表的な提示形態および回数は、<男><男性><男子> 729回(68%)である。もっとも頻度数が高い454回<男> 関連語彙は、<**男>の形態でどういう男であるかを形容する例が多い。236回<男性>関連語彙は、男性の職業を現わす<男性**>形態は少数にとどまり、｢男性優位 男性上位｣等男性中心社会に関わる意味を現わす例が多い。<**男性>形態は，修飾の場合<年齡><評價>関連が頻度が高く、｢すばらしい男性 理想の男性｣などプラス評価が多い。<男子>関連語彙は49回で<男><男性>より少ない。

A study on the phase letter of the stage name This study considered analysis how a kanji, a hiragana letter, katakana, a letter class used for the notation of the name of the entertainer such as the Romaji were related to the social attribute of the entertainer. Specifically, I classified Japanese entertainers various social attributes and I analyzed it and considered a letter class and the relations with various sociolinguistic factors used for the name how a Japanese letter class functioned as outcome, what kind of phase by the internal and external attribute of the entertainer. The consideration result is settled as follows. ① The letter class in the entertainment’s name and the sex of the entertainer have mutual linkage characteristics. It is thought that it is the result that expressed the gender characteristics that an entertainer has this and is going to express through phase that each letter was given. ② The letter class in the entertainment’s name and the age of the entertainer have mutual linkage characteristics. It may be said that this is a social background rotating for the christening of each time and the result that the phase difference between the letter influenced. ③ The letter class in the entertainment’s name and the fields of activity of the entertainer have mutual linkage characteristics. It may be said that this is the result that custom and the tradition in the applicable field, the activity stage and the characteristic of the medium influenced. ④ The letter class in the entertainment’s name and the debut time of the entertainer. It may be said that it is the result by a phase change of letter representation in itself at the same time as this is the result that a change of an image and the recognition for the entertainer was expressed by letter notation. It may be said that it became clear to function as an element that images such as “the heterogeneity”that“modernity”and“internationality”,otherletterswhich“tradition characteristics” and “the conservatism” that kanji notation has for the name notation of the entertainer conclusively, “friendship” and “the softness” that a hiragana letter has, “the freshness” that katakana has, a Romaji have have form the identity of the entertainer.

芸能人名の位相文字に関する研究 本研究は、芸能人の名前の表記に使用されている漢字、ひらがな、カタカナ、ローマ字といった文字種が芸能人の社会的属性とどのように関連しているのかについて分析・考察したものである。詳しくは日本の芸能人を様々な社会的属性よって分類し、その名前に使われた文字種と多様な社会言語学的要因との関係について分析し、日本語の文字種が芸能人の内的⋅外的属性によってどのように現れ、どのような位相として機能をしているのかについて考察した。考察結果は、以下のようにまとめられる。一つ、芸能人名における文字種と芸能人の性別は相互連関性を持つ。これは芸能人が持っていたり表そうとしたりするジェンダー性を各文字に付与された位相を通して表現した結果であると考えられる。二つ、芸能人名における文字種と芸能人の年齢は相互連関性を持つ。これはそれぞれの時代の名づけにめぐる社会的な背景や文字間における位相差が影響した結果であると言える。三つ、芸能人名における文字種と芸能人の活動分野は相互連関性を持つ。これは該当の分野における慣習や伝統、活動舞台と媒体の特性などが影響をした結果であると言える。四つ、芸能人名における文字種と芸能人のデビュー時期は相互連関性を持つ。これは芸能人に対するイメージや認識の変化が文字表記によって表された結果であると同時に、文字表象自体の位相の変化による結果であると言える. 結論的に芸能人の名前表記には漢字表記が持っている｢伝統性｣や｢保守性｣、ひらがなが持っている｢親しさ｣や｢柔らかさ｣、カタカナが持っている｢フレッシュさ｣や｢洗練した感じ｣、ローマ字が持っている｢現代性｣や｢国際性｣、その他の文字が持っている｢異質性｣などのイメージが芸能人のアイデンティティーを形成⋅強化する要素として機能していることが明らかになったと言える。

“~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”의 의미・기능의 차이점에 대하여 현대일본어에서“~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”는 “~ハジメル”, “~ツヅケル”, “~オワル” 등과 같이 국면 동사의 하나로　간주되고 있는데 일견 “~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”는 의미상 별로 큰 관계가 없는것 같다. 그러나 실제 문중에서 보면 이들은 같은 뜻으로 쓰일 때가 많고 서로 교체도 되며 상황에 따라 같은 한국말로 번역될 때도 적지 않다. 본고에서는 “~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”가 실현하는 의미 관계와 교체 가능성 및 이들과 결합하기 쉬운 동사의 유형에 대해 고찰, 분석했다. 그 결과 아래와 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. (1) “~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”는 앞에 오는 동사와 결합하여 “동작의 미실현”을 나타낸다. (2) “~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”는 ① “동작의 미실현”, ②“동작의 개시에 무관심함”, ③ “불완전한 실현”에 있어서 실현하는 의미가 기본적으로 같다. (3) “~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”가 ①~③의 뜻을 실현할 때 의미적 제약에 의한 일부 동사를 제외하고 서로 교체가 가능하다. 단 문중에 명확히 동작의 개시를 나타내는 성분이 있을 때는 “~カケル”의 대신에 “~ヨウトスル”를 사용할 수 없다. “~ヨウトスル”는 개시의 뜻이 없기 때문이다. (4) “~カケル”가 실현하는 “불완전한 실현”의 뜻을 “~ヨウトスル”도 실현하며 상호 교체도 가능하다. (5) “~カケル”와 “~ヨウトスル”는 계속동사와 순간동사와는 결합하지만 상태동사와 제4종동사와는 결합하지 않는다. 또한 전체적으로 보면 “~ヨウトスル”는 거의 모든 의지동사와 변화를 나타내는 무의지동사와 결합하지만 “~カケル”는 의미 제약상 결합하지 않는 동사가 많다. (6) “~カケル”는 히메노(1978)에서 지적한 6개 종류의 동사와 결합되기 어렵지만 “~ヨウトスル”도 그 중의 많은 동사와 결합되지 않는다.

About the differences between meaning and function of “~カケル” and “~ヨウトスル” In modern Japanese, “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル” are considered as one of the situation verbs such as “~ ハジメル”, “~ ツヅケル” and “~ オワル”. At one view, “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル” do not seem much related in meaning. But in an actual sentence, they are used to mean the same thing frequently and are interchangeable with each other and can be translated into the same Korean expressions situationally. In this paper, I investigated and analyzed semantic relationship of “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル”, possibility of interchange and the types of verbs that are easy to combine with them. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained. (1) “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル” in conjunction with the preceding verb represent “unrealized behavior”. (2) “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル” basically realize the same meaning in the sense of ① “unrealized behavior”, ② “regardless of the commencement of action”, ③ “imperfect realization”. (3) “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル” are interchangeable except for some verbs by semantic constraints when realizing the meaning ① ~ ③. However when there’s a clear component indicates the start of an action, “~ ヨウトスル” can not be used instead of “~ カケル”. This is because “~ ヨウトスル” doesn’t involve the meaning of “start”. (4) The meaning “incomplete realization”, which is realized by “~ カケル” can also be realized by “~ ヨウトスル” and they are interchangeable. (5) “~ カケル” and “~ ヨウトスル” combine with continuous verbs and momentary verbs, but they don’t combine with state verbs and verbs of the 4th kind. As he whole, “~ヨウトスル” combines with most agentive verbs and non-agentive verbs that shows changes, while there are many verbs “~ カケル” cannot be combined with for the constraints in meaning. (6) Though “~ カケル” is difficult to be combined with six kinds of verbs that pointed out in Himeno(1978), “~ ヨウトスル” also does not go with many of them.

Experiment phonetic study on vowel devoicing and Speech rate in Korean and Japanese This paper performed a sound experiment to find out how the devoicing of the vowel sound was influenced by utterance speed in Korean and Japanese. As a result, an occurrence rate of the devoicing was about the same by fast utterance and the slow utterance, but was low by the normal utterance. In addition, a lot of devoicing occurs so that the length of the vowel sound is short. Therefore, what I was concerned with closely was identified as duration of the vowel sound. If utterance speed becomes fast, by this experiment, the devoicing of the vowel sound is affected a little, but an occurrence rate of the vowel sound is low and is judged from the person of utterance to have at random when it is not a decisive factor.

韓⋅日両言語における母音の無声化と発話速度に関する実験音声学的研究 この論文は韓·日両言語における母音の無声化が発話速度によってどのように影響されるかを調べるために、両言語の母語話者の発話を対象として音声実験を行ったものである。その結果、速い発話と遅い発話とでは無声化の生起率においてあまり差がないが、普通発話はこれらと遥かに離れて低い生起率を見せている。これは藤本(2012)で無声化の少ないとされる西日本方言話者を対象として実験した結果、普通速度と速めの発話ともに2発話が無声化し、発話速度による無声化の促進効果は明らかでなかったと述べたことと一致するものである。こういうことから発話速度が速くなれば母音の無声化率にある程度影響を与えるが、無声化率が低くランダムに起る発話者では発話速度が決定的な要因ではないと判断される。また、母音の長さが短くなればなるほど無声化が多く生じる負の相関関係を見せており、無声化には発話速度より母音の持続時間のほうが密接に関わっていることが分かった。

사역문이 표현하는 인과관계에 대하여 -비정물주어 사역문을 중심으로- 종래의 사역문의 선행연구는, 연구대상이 사람주어 사역문에 편중되어, 비정물주어 사역문에 대해서는 주어가 결과사태에 대하여 (사역주체가 아닌)원인의 의미를 나타낸다는 지적에 그치고 있었다. 이러한 기존 연구의 미비점을 보완하고자, 본고에서는 비정물주어 사역문이 표현하는 인과관계의 특징과 원리에 대하여 구체예에 근거하여 상세히 고찰하였다. 먼저, 인과관계는 물리적인 인과관계와 인식적인 인과관계로 나눌 수 있었는데, 비정물주어 사역문이 표현하는 결과사태와 대응시켜 보면, 물리적인 인과관계는 사람의 생리적인 변화를 일으키는 타입에, 인식적인 인과관계는 기본적으로 사람의 심리적인 변화를 일으키는 타입에 해당된다고 볼 수 있다. 사역문이 표현하는 물리적인 인과관계와 인식적인 인과관계의 차이점을 살펴보면, 첫째, 물리적인 인과관계에서는 원인과 결과가 시공간적으로 인접해 있는데 반해, 인식적인 인과관계에서는 시공간적 인접성이 필수적이 아니라는 점. 둘째, 물리적인 인과관계에서 원인으로 작용하는 주어의 성질은 물리적 성질에 한정되어 있었지만 인식적인 인과관계에서 원인으로 작용하는 주어의 성질은 물리적인 성질도 비물리적인 성질도 관찰된다는 점. 셋째, 물리적인 인과관계와는 달리, 인식적인 인과관계에서는 원인과 결과의 인과적인 결합성이 강한 경우도 상대적으로 약한 경우도 보인다는 점을 들 수 있다. 출현 빈도면에서 보면, 물리적인 인과관계를 나타내는 타입은 67예에 그치는데 비해, 인식적인 인과관계를 나타내는 타입은 1298예나 관찰되었다. 인식적인 인과관계를 나타내는 예가 대다수를 차지하는 이유에 대해서는, 위에서 언급한 세가지 차이점을 중심으로, 인식적인 인과관계를 나타내는 타입이 보다 다양하고 광범위한 관계를 커버하고 있기 때문이라고 지적하였다. 비정물주어 사역문에서는 비정물이 사람의 변화를 일으키는 타입이 중심이었으나, 드물게 변화가 아닌 사람의 동작을 일으키는 경우도 관찰되었다. 이러한 동작은 계획적인 동작이라기 보다는 무의지적인 동작 또는 제어하기 힘든 어떠한 심리에 이끌려 행하게 되는 동작으로서 각각 사람의 생리적인 변화, 심리적인 변화의 연장선상에 있음을 알 수 있었다.

A study about causality that causative senctence represent -Focused on inanimate subject sentences- In previous studies about causative sentences, reserch topic is given too much importance about animate subject sentences not inanimate subject sentences. To complement this point, this study reserched about features and priciple of causative sentences with inanimate subject. First of all, the causality inanimate causative sentences represent can be divided into two types, one is the physical causality type and the other is cognitive causality type. The former is corresponded to the physiological change type and, the latter is corresponded to the psychological change type. It is pointed that there are three differences of physical causality type and cognitive causality type. First, though physical causality type has time and space adjacency, cognitive causality type has not. Second, though in physical causality type the feature of cause is limited to physical, in cognitive causal type the feature of cause is not limited to psychological. Third, unlike physical causality type, it is seen varieties of causal cohesion power in cognitive causal type. In the viewpoint of occurrence frequency, physical causal type is accounted 67 and cognitive causal type is accounted 1298. The reason physical causal type is accounted for the majority is explained by three differences aforementioned. And there are rare cases that cause human′s behavior not physiological or psychological change. But as they are unconditional behavior or involuntary behavior, we can say they have related to pysiological change type and psychological change type.

The Influence on Semantic Memory of Japanese Sign Language by the Similarity Degree Of Korean and Japanese Sign Language - for senior high youth group learning Japanese in korean school for the deaf - Targeting korean japanese learners with hearing impairment, this study put a focus on measuring memory records about vocabulary expression of japanese sign language and looked into what kind of effect chereme's similarity degree among vocabulary expressions in korean sign language and japanese sign language has on the memory records of vocabulary expression in japanese sign language. As a result, according to the consequence of this study's test, it turned out that the more expression between korean and japanese sign language is similar, the higher the memory records of hearing impaired koreans become in a sense of expressing vocabularies in japanese sign language. Also, vocabularies such as ‘いい、寝る、安い、写真’ which are often used in daily life relatively got higher grade in memory records while the vocabularies related directly and indirectly to academic performance or expression of assessment such as ‘下手だ、よくできました’ got low mark. Therefore it is analyzed that hearing impaired korean japanese learners in a school for the deaf are more likely to gain good grade in memory record when they use vocabulary closely related with their daily life as it helps increasing interest in memorizing vocabulary.

韓國手話と日本手話の類似性の程度が日本手話の意味記憶に及ぼす影響 -日本語を學習する韓國のろう学校の高等部學生を對象に- 韓国の聴覚障害をもった日本語學習者を対象に日本手話の語彙表現の記憶成績を測定し、韓国手話と日本手話の語彙表現の中で、手話素(chereme)の類似性の程度が日本手話の語彙表現の記憶成績にどのような影響を及ぼすのかを調べた。 本硏究のテスト結果から、韓國手話と日本手話の表現が類似すればするほど、韓國人の聽覺障害者は日本手話の語彙表現の記憶成績も高くなった。さらに、｢下手だ、よくできました｣のように評價または、學業の遂行と直接的かつ間接的に関連性のある語彙であるほど、低い記憶成績を記錄した反面、｢いい、寝る、安い、写真｣のように日常生活においてよく接する使用語彙の場合は多少高い點數を得ていた。この結果は韓国のろう學校の聴覚障害をもつ日本語學習者は自分の日常と密接した語彙であれば、その必要性と關心度が高くなるため、記憶効果の面でも好成績を記録したと考えられる。

A Study on the Integration of Language and Culture in Japanese Education - Focused on Japanese precedent researches and questionnaire survey analysis - This study aims to identify the efficient way to integrate language and culture in Japanese class for Korean college students. For this purpose, based on socio-cultural theory of Vygotsky, two opposite types were introduced as a way of integrating language and culture: “the internal integration” and “the external integration”. This study focused on the former between two types of integration; therefore, in terms of internal integration, this study found that there were limitations when learning target language in the target culture, through the review on Japanese studies. In addition, this study contains the result of a questionnaire answered by 57 Japanese language instructors from 22 countries, in 2012. They were asked about the culture gap they felt while talking with Japanese people, including its cause and specific examples. With the analysis of above results, the key conclusions this study arrived at are as follows: First, Japanese culture, or the target culture in language teaching, can be presented to language learners with a type the target culture has. Second, this presentation is more useful in the classroom where the teacher and the students share common mother language and culture, rather than in Japan where the native speaker teacher teaches the students from different countries.

日本語教育における文化と言語の統合形態に関する探求　ー日本での先行研究とアンケート調査を中心にー　本研究は、韓国の大学の教養日本語授業で、文化と言語の統合的提示方案を探るため、ヴィゴツキーの｢社会・文化的理論｣を応用し、考察したものである。　文化と言語の統合の方式として、｢文化の言語内的統合｣と｢文化の言語外的統合｣の二つの方式を想定した。本稿は前者に当ると思われる日本の研究を検討し、日本の日本語教育の現場での、この方式の限界について考察した。　なお、2012年、世界22ヶ国からの57名の日本語教師を対象に実施したアンケート調査を報告した。その内容は、回答者が日本人との会話から感じた文化的な違い、その違いの原因、具体的な例などである。　 日本での先行研究とアンケート調査の結果を持って本稿は、一つ、日本の文化は、｢類型的｣に言語の意味内から学習者に提示できるということ、二つ、日本語・日本文化の類型化は、学習者の母語⋅母文化との比較から浮彫りになるものだという点において、母語と母文化を共にする教師と学習者からなる教室で提示できる方法だという結論を得た。