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Das erneuerte FamFG verabschiedet 10 Juli 2008 in Deutschland und das hat am 1. 9. 2009 in kraft getreten. Eigene Wege geht die FG insbesondere im Beweisverfahren. Die h.M. läßt hier dem Richter nach pflichtgemäßen Ermessen wählen, ob er die Entscheidungs erheblich Tatsachen im Wege des Strengbeweises oder des Freibeweises feststellt. In den anderen Prozeßordnung läßt man den Freibeweis nach h.M. zum Nachweis von Zuläßigkeitstatsachen zu, grundsätzlich nicht aber zum Nachweis von Begründetheitstatsachen. Ist es richtig, die FG hier anders zu behandeln? Diese Frage werden die hier untersucht. Nach h.M. darf das Gericht bei der Feststellug des Sachverhalts nach pflichtgemäßem Ermessen zwischen Streng-und Freibeweis wählen. Dieses Ermessen soll jedoch in zahlreichen Fallgruppen dahin gehend reduziert sein, daß nur die Anordnung einer förmlichen Beweisaufnahme ermessensfehlerfrei ist. Dagegen ist Brehm und Wütz darin zu folgen, daß das sammeln des Verfahrensstoffs und die Überprüfung des gesammelten Verfahrensstoffs auf seine Richtigkeit zu unterscheiden sind. Selbst wenn tatsächlich beides zusammenfallen kann, ist die theoretische Trennung beider Stufen von Nutzen. Sie verdeutlicht, wann sich die Frage nach dem richtigen Beweisverfaren stellt. Immer dann, wenn das Gericht sich eine Überzeugung von einer Tatsache bildet, müß es sich fragen, ob es dies schon aufgrund der formlosen Ermittelung tun darf oder ob es förmlich Beweis erheben muß. Schlüßlich werdet neues reformierte FamFG mehr deutlicher Strengbeweis zu machen in Deutchland. Ich meine, daß Familienverfahren und FGG zu vereinheitlichen regeln und Strengbeweisbereich in der FGG verdeutlich machen soll. Zuletzlich denke Ich, daß es durch diese deutsche Rechtsregelung die Vorteile für die Reform des unseres FGG gefunden werden kann.

Korean Commercial Law(KCL) Draft was revised Oct. 2008. The contents of revised regulatory is the protection of investors to the open-large scale corporation and the protection of shareholders to the closed-small company. Therefore, we need to survey whether the revised KCL Draft is fitful with the interests of investors and debtors or the scales of corporations. First, in relation to international adjustment, it is necessary that korean Commercial Law(KCL) Draft should introduce international accounts regulations according with International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS). KCL Draft has been drawn up ‘Introduction Road-map of IFRS’ Mar. 2007 and it is expect to apply in 2011. According to IFRS, corporations must draw up adjusting financial standards. However, it is reasonable that KCL Draft should regulate the scale of corporations explicitly. Second, in relation to financial consolidation, korean Commercial Law(KCL) Draft has regulated accounts principles, capital, financial statements and dividend so on in corporations except to limited partnership. In particular, KCL Draft need to regulate the covering a scope and an applicable object. Furthermore, I think that korean Commercial Law Draft must regulate to corporation and limited company, limited liability company respectively and it should be required to more strict standards and more financial statements to corporations.

Die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers in der Schule zielt darauf ab, den Erziehungszweck in der Verfassung und die persönlichkeitsbedingte Entfaltung des Schülers zu verwirklichen. Allerdings steht sie unter der Aufsicht des Staates. weil Hauptziel der Schulaufsicht des Staates es stets ist, zur Persönlichkeitsentwicklung des Schülers und zu seiner Eingliederung in die Gesellschaft beizutragen. Unter dem Begriff der staatlichen Schulaufsicht in Art.7 Abs.1 GG in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland steht man den Inbegriff der staatlichen Herrschaftsrechte über die Schule, nämlich die Gesamtheit der staatlichen Befugnisse zur Organisation, Plannung, Leitung und Beaufsichtigung des Schulwesens. Die Schulaufsicht des Staates wird jedoch durch verfassungsrechtliche Garantien wie das Elternrecht, Privatschulfreiheit und die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers begrenzt und eingeschränkt. Es ist nicht einstimmig, ob die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers ein Grundrecht oder nur eine verfassungsrechtliche Forderung ist: Auf der einen Seite gibt es die Auffassung, die die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers sich als nicht ein Grundrecht sondern ein Rechtsgut darstellt, das der Schulhoheit gegenübersteht. Auf der anderen Seite gibt es die Ansicht, die sie ein Grundrecht ist, das ihre verfassungsrechtliche Grundlage in der Wissenschaftsfreiheit(Art. 5 Abs.3 GG) oder Persönlichkeitsentfaltung des Schülers(Art. 2 Abs.1 GG) findet. In Korea ist die Situation im Zusammenhang mit der pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers ähnlich wie in der Bunderepublik Deutschland. Das koreanische Verfassungsgericht nimmt sie als ein Grundrecht an, die ihre verfassungsrechtliche Grundlage in dem Lernensrecht des Schülers(Art.31 KV) findet. Meiner Meinung nach ist die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers ein Grundrecht, das sich aus dem Art.31 Abs.1 KV(Lernensrecht des Schülers) ergibt, weil sie das Lernensrecht des Schülers verwiklicht. Nur die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers ist ein Funktionsgrundrecht, das der Verwirklichung des Lernensrechts des Schülers und des Erziehungsziels in der Verfassung dient. Ähnlich der Rundfunkfreiheit, der aber eine dienende Funktion attestiert wird, wird die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers als Grundrecht eingeordnet, das nicht ohne weiteres mit den klassischen liberalen Freiheitsrechten vereinbar ist. Die pädagogische Freiheit des Lehrers ist deshalb im Rahmen der Verwrklichung des Lernensrechts des Schülers gesichert.

There exists a clear limitation in understanding Hobbes' legal theory just by reading 「Leviathan」, because it just presents abstract legal propositions in the context of his political theory. Although 「Dialogue」, which was a late writing of Hobbes, has been little known to legal scholarship, it fully shows his legal doctrine regarding reason, sovereignty and courts. Therefore, to understand the historical and philosophical background of English law(common law) in the early modern period, it is necessary to read 「Dialogue」. In 「Dialogue」, Hobbes reveals the apparent tension between medieval philosophy and modern one as he did in 「Leviathan」. However, he also tries to mitigate it by mixing natural law theory and positive law theory in the argument on law. For establishing a coherent legal theory, he systematizes these conflicting concepts of law by locating King's sovereignty in the middle of them. That means because King of England receives the sovereignty by social contract and the law of nature, he is able to make law and the positive law should be respected by people. In sum, in order to make the people obey the sovereign, Hobbes focuses on reflections of the relation between reason and law depending on complicated legal doctrines.

Child Allowance is defined as Family Allowance or Family benefit. At first, although this Child Allowance system was introduced for the way of poverty-precautionary measure in the needy but more children family, currently, this Child Allowance is being paid for the pronatalism as a step for the nationwide population policy. Among OECD countries, 26 countries including other 90 countries are performing the Child Allowance system except Korea, USA, Turkey, Mexico. Unlike the northern America or EU countries, Japan showed the vital example that how they introduced this system and how this system is being performed to other Asian countries. Also, in that Japan makes use of the selection policy as a consistent income restriction, the policy can be also significant to Korea, and especially the population increases and social economic changes on the introduction background seem to be very similar to the current Korean situation. In other words, in spite of Low fertility, Population aging, skilled labor shortages, Decreases the number of children, the phenomenon similar to the 1960s of Japan or more severe phenomenon such as the rising cost of bringing up children is coming out. Therefore, Japan's Child Allowance System can help the introduction of korea's Child Allowance System. In this study, the idea of Japan's Child Allowance System, it's transition, and Current problems will be scrutinized. On the bases of this job, we are going to find some implications in the course of the introduction of Child Allowance System.

World LNG market has a rigid unique feature which is very different from that of oil market. Nevertheless, LNG has several merits comparing with Pipeline Natural Gas(PNG) and LNG will enlarge the market share in total Energy market of the world from 25% in 2008 to 50% in 2030. Even natural gas is also a kind of fossil fuels, it is very environmental-friendly energy which produces carbon dioxide emissions significantly lower than coal or oil. Many energy specialists expect that the demand on natural gas will increase more and more. But LNG market has still several factors which should be improved on the conditions of contract so far. More than 85% of contracts volume is consist of long-term contract more than 20 years. And there are TOP(Take Or Pay), quality, delivery point and transportation, destination clause etc. Those are the constraint conditions in LNG market development. Meanwhile, the main factor which will determine the contract conditions is the balance between world supply and demand volume. Generally speaking, the forecasting of supply and demand balance in LNG market depends on recovery speed of world economy. According to the several forecasting data, at first it will be better for buyers on LNG spot and short-term market than sellers within one or two years. Therefore gas price will be very low in LNG spot market. But It will change from buyer's market to seller's market in 2015 because of over-demand. Although the demand will recover after global economic crisis, the supplying time will be postponed for delaying of FID(Final Investment Determine). As a general sale and purchase agreement, the contract conditions of LNG contract have been determined by the negotiation power between buyer and seller, and the time when the contract is finalized has been very important factor in LNG contract. And seller's market will continue in long-term LNG contract market till 2015.

Our country has been recognized as a nation that is relatively less serious in the drug abuse compared to other countries such as America and Japan. Just in the early 20th century, the drug abuse was nothing but a problem that is restricted to a small minority of the whole population. However, due to a rise in the drug abuse and the smuggling deal such as having been exceeded 10,000 regulation personnel of drug-concerned criminals from 1999 to 2002, it is being emerged now as a serious social issue. Especially, according to the trend of the rapid opening and internationalization since 2000, the human & material exchange with foreign countries was expanded. In the meantime, from the 2000s, the new drugs were smuggled to a country, such as YABA and ecstasy, which are widely used in the advanced countries like Europe and America, starting from Philopon, which had been used traditionally, thereby being broadly used in foreign students, foreigners, and university towns. Also, an international drug organization, which uses Korea as a middle route for the smuggling export of drugs, started to increase recently. Thus, drug criminals by way of Korea is growing. Number of drug criminals, whom were caught for one year in 2008, dropped by about 7.1% year-on-year with 9,898 people. This is the numerical value that was limited merely to the number of the controlled criminals. Given trying to estimate the actually potential users, it is an established theory to see from 10 times to as much as 20 times. Given trying to analyze cases of being used recently, it is a situation that even the number of new drug criminals is gradually increasing such as YABA, ecstasy and benzylpiperazine from drugs such as the existing Philopon and marihuana. This study examined about a concept and characteristics in drug crimes and about the current regulation & legislation of drugs, and examined about tendency of domestically drug crimes and about a system of investigation into drug crimes. Based on this, the control of the police against drug crimes were proposed such as, first, the substantiation of educational training for the police, second, the reinforcement in preventive function of the police, third, the strengthening in the investigation system of the police, and fourth, the implementation of a cooperative system with residents through the community policing.

The Constitution in every nation has Equal Right Clause and it is considered as one of the most important and fundamental rights. In Article 11 of our Constitutional Law, equality before the law is mentioned. And in Section 4 of Article 32, special protection of female labor and in Section 3 of Article 34, female Welfare and elevation of interests is indicated. But throughout history, the social and structural discrimination is endured to women. though the contemporary democratic constitution includes legal protection of equal rights, traditional value-neutral interpretation of equal rights such as Gender-blindness was not sufficient to embody substantial equality. To solve the problem of the discrimination like this, the gap between legal or mechanical ideology of equality and substantial equality appears to be reduced by ‘gender affirmative action’ in present discriminatory situations. The effectiveness of gender affirmative action in eliminating discrimination and achieving substantial equality for women is obvious, but it is double-edged sword with the potential to violate the rights of men since it is a form of inequal treatment privileging the disadvantaged on the one hand, while causing reverse discrimination on the other hand. Affirmative action is an object of dispute in association with reverse discrimination and merit system. To solve this problem in the interest of social unification, This study discussed the constitutionality and constitutional limits of gender affirmative action programs in Korea. Finally to settle the problem of the reverse discrimination and unconstitutionality of affirmative action, the preparation of constitutional basis of affirmative action is required.

In this paper, I'll discuss about the relation between Administrative Penalty and Administrative Order Punishment under the premise that a new consideration about Administrative Order Punishment, which is one of the accepted sanctions as means of achievement of Administrative Effectiveness, is needed. Administrative Order Punishment has been increased because of the side effects like mass-producing more ex-convicts that had been produced by levying Administrative Penalty on the trivial Administrative Law violators. A large amount of fine for default that is prescribed as Administrative Order Punishment in the particular laws has a character as a penalty. Regulatory Offense Law is produced to consolidate the execution process that had been spread in particular laws. As I consider the necessary subjective conditions and the statute of limitations, which are demanded when Administrative Order Punishment is levied by Regulatory Offense Law, I think Administrative Order punishment must not be levied on a trivial administrative law violator as before and must not be considered as an easier sanction than Administrative Penalty.

The harmful effects of long time working hours are the possibility of deteriorating employee's physical and mental health and increase in defective rate and it also invites disrupts in works and family relations. To solve these problems, it is needed to take a closer look to see what kinds of working hours type will bring the most effective productivity to the company with the reduction of working hours. In regards to reduction of legal working hours, the gap of working hours cutting speed has widened between one group which reduce the working hours and other group which does not reduce the working hours. In addition, as small and medium sized companies are not adopting reduction of working hours and abiding by the labor standards law, the risk of widening gap between workers of big conglomerates. So to boost the trend of reducing working hours through legal working hours, government should make enormous efforts to improve systems to guarantee working conditions for part time employee's with the policies of letting employers abide by labor standards law. However, until now, there are many employee's who have a thought of working more for additional income in Korea. So it is hard to escape form that kinds of systematic environment where income and working hours are closely related in over works, night time works, holiday works and compensation for not choosing vacations. If this trend unchecked, it is very hard to change the form of long time works for acquiring high income. The reason why Korean employee's work more than employee's in OECD member countries is that Korean employee's work in Saturday and many companies do not recruit new human resources or they choose over works with existing employee's. Accordingly, to relief long time working hours, it is helpful to restructure system including change the way of work, revision in income system including overtime works, relief in increase elements of new recruits and nullification of connections with vacation system and income. All in all, to enhance long time works, systemic and custom elements which bring long time works should be changed but the hard part in reality is that status of Korean employee's income is not in position of replacing income to vacation. Theoretically, it is desirable to find the way of achieving the three aspects(reduction in real working time, improve in labor productivity and enhancement and increase of existing income level) and enhance long time works by not giving burdens to employee's and companies. For this, labor and management should find the cooperate each other for various aspects which consist labor conditions.

This thesis aims to identify the issues with the current probation system and provide directions for reform. The study was undertaken on the basis of the necessity of the probation system gaining status within the criminal policy. In reality there are varying interpretations on the legal characteristics of the probation system, this thesis regards the examination and judgement by the judiciary as an appropriate approach to examine the legal characteristics of the probation system and solidify its status within the criminal policy. For probation at the criminal prosecutorial level, legal evidence on the guidance-conditioned suspension of indictment system must be presented, in addition, the divided process of the prosecutor in charge entrusting the guidance of the disposed directly to either a non-government volunteer organization, crime prevention committee, or to the probation office must be reformed into a single unified process. For probation at the sentencing level, a more efficient scheme must be devised to better utilize the current deferred sentence system suspension of sentence system in order to ensure that the probation, given when the sentencing is deferred, achieves the desired goal. For probation on parole it is more appropriate to delete the proviso clause and opt for conditional probation, this would be more beneficial for rehabilitation into society and prevention of secondary offences. In addition, additional sentences of community service or must be enabled for those on parole. Conditions for probation are treated differently for deferred sentencing suspension of sentence and suspension of execution and the parole system is different again in terms of legal characteristics. Therefore it is inappropriate to disregard these differences by regulating the conditions for probation uniformly and the current legislation cannot be considered as reasonable. It is necessary to regulate in detail and with specificity. For example, conditions for probation generally prohibits entry into a specified area, however the details for the prohibited areas are often unclear and therefore has the potential to over-infringe on freedom. If the security measure improves through the mentioned reform schemes, it will be possible to achieve the goals of efficient management of crime and the protection of human rights.

(1) Die Geltenmachung eines Leistungs- und Haftungsanspruchs als eines fälligen, d.h. ohne Frist zu verwirklichenden, ist in der Regel stets und ohne weiteres zulässig. Insbesondere wird eine Rechtsverletzung nicht vorausgesetzt. Denn selbst, daß der Beklagte nicht veranlaßt hat, verhindert seine Verurteilung nicht, sondern hat nur die Überbürdung der Prozeßkosten auf den Kläger zur Folge. (2) Die Geltenmachung des Anspruchs dagegen einer erst künftig fällig werden ist nur bei Vorliegen der besonderen Voraussetzung der § 251 koreanische ZPO zulässig. Diese sind die Klagbarkeit des Anspruchs und das Rechtsschuzbedürfnis. Die Klagbarkeit des Anspruchs ist Prozeßvoraussetzung des geltend gemachten Anspruchs. Fehlt sie, ist die Klage durch Prozeßurteil als unzulässig abzuweisen. Selbständige Ansprüche sind klagbar. Die Geltenmachung eines Leistungsanspruchs ist unzulässig, wenn das Rechtsschuzbedürfnis fehlt. Das für die Klage auf künftig fällige Leistunganspuch zur positiven Voraussetzung der Zulässigkeit der Klage gemacht worden. Für ihrer Vorliegen trägt der Kläger die Beweislast. Das Gesetz ermöglicht auf diese Weise bereits jetzt die Verurteilung zu einer künftig Leistung.

There are the objective litigation and the subjective litigation in the administrative litigation. The subjective litigation relates to the regal right in person. On the other hand the objective litigation relates to the social interest. The subjective litigation contributes to protect the regal right in person. On the other hand the objective litigation contributes to control administrative power. The revocation litigation of the administrative law in Korea is the subjective litigation. On the other hand the agency litigation and the public litigation belong to the objective litigation. Recently the revocation litigation extends the standing to sue. This is the objectification of the revocation litigation.

This paper examine on the Lawyer Selection system in Japan and Korea. The law school system in Japan started on April 1, 2004 and carried out lawyer selection examination at first time on May 18, 2006. In Korea, the law school system started on March 1, 2008 and the lawyer selection examination will be carried out in 2011. This paper examine the type of exam questions in Japan system conducted more than 4 years ahead and looks to anticipate appearance of the test conducted in our country. I think that the looking at th Japan's exam questions will give us considerable suggestions in many respects.

Even though we recognize the importance of taxation role in activating contribution culture and the necessity to extend the tax benefits, it needs to suggest orientation for the contribution deduction on the base of theoretically substantial review. In advance, it can be organized as three when we seek the reason for the contribution to get tax deduction. First, even though it is not compulsory for the contribution to be exempted from income originally, there needs contribution deduction to induce contribution culture by offering benefits for the desirable contribution. Second, when people get to offer contribution, there is necessary reduction of income as much as the amount so it needs contribution deduction to calculated income accurately. Third, it needs contribution deduction in the aspect of emphasizing the role of the charity organization which is the social basement for the person to pursue various kinds of values and desires. On the basement of the theory above, I suggest an orientation for improving our contribution deduction system as following. First, Matching Grants that have been claimed by McDaniel can be more effective with the same amount as it enables the government to aid the needy organization in a direct way not by offering to donators in the indirect way. Second, it has significance in the view when the system is converted from income deduction to tax deduction, the people with low income who have not benefited from the contribution deduction system can get the profit as well. Third, it deserves to refer American theory of legislation and pluralistic views in determining organizations to grant contribution deduction.