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The concept of just compensation from federal constitution or State constitution of the United States was not established accurately. The interpretation and the concept of just compensation depended on judicial precedent and theory of the court of justice. Today the principle was established in the United States since the concept of fair market value started to be used as standard of the just compensation in the Judicial precedent for the case of Monongahela Navigation Co. v. United States in 1893. Fair market value is recognized by the federal Supreme Court and each State court of justice as the bargain price that the willing seller who is not exacted a disposal will pay for the willing buyer who is not exacted to buying. Even though fair market value is not the only standard for just compensation, the court of justice has applied and interpreted it as the standard of just compensation. This article observes the fair market value recognized by the court of justice and the things which are included and excluded in the fair market value for the just compensation through the leading case. And this article also considers the proper compensation standard of a land property right and issue related with that.

Acquisitive prescription refers to where a person occupies a real property for a certain period of time and law recognizes his act of occupation and eventually recognizes the right to take ownership of the property by the occupant. The Clause 1 in Section 245 of the Civil Law provides that a person who peacefully occupies a real property for twenty years with the intention of ownership may register the property and take ownership thereof." and the Clause 2 in Section 245.2 provides "If a person who peacefully occupier property for ten years with no defect with a good intention of owning it, then he may take ownership of the property by registering it." that it authorizes the acquisitive prescription by occupation of real property. The acquisitive prescription referred to the Clause 1 in Section 245 of the Civil Law is different from the legal effect that begins to take place as of the time of acquisition, which is evidenced by registration on the registry. The section provides that a passage of time only gives the occupant the right to request for registration and based on this right to register, the legality of the cquisition of ownership is recognized. There is a legal theory with regards to the acquisitive prescription, which is earning ownership of real property by occupation – that based on Civil Law Section 245 the right to request for registering is generated. There is a different theory that completion of the acquisitive prescription gives rise to an expected right to ownership and consequently a right to request for registering the property is generated. There have been legal precedents that even after the acquisitive prescription, if there is a change in theregistered ownership per registry, the acquirer by the act of the acquisitive prescription cannot defend against the third party, who is the new registered owner per registry. The judicial decision takes the approach of interpreting the case as a situation of creditor and debtor in their interpretation. The intent in the acquisitive prescription is to legalize the occupation. However, the legal precedent does attempt to protect the right of the interested third party in interpreting the acquisitive prescription. In the acquisitive prescription, when the owner of a real property disposes of the real property when home steading is perfected, he will be liable for damages. The occupant will have difficulty in taking ownership by reason of perfecting the acquisitive prescription. In this situation, to stabilize the lawful order of the society and to resolve the conflict among the parties, this study aims to compare and examine the conditions for the acquisitive prescription, legal relationships, and legal relationship with a third party.

Contemporary African governmental system is presidentialism featuring clientelism, the use of state resources, and the centralization of power. In African presidentialism, the presidential power is unlimited, unopposed and unchecked. Here, formal institutions in the Constitution, such as parliament and the judiciary exist, but are merely symbolic rather than democratic. Post independence examples of presidentialism include Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Uganda. Most presidents in Africa enjoy absolute power and disallow any political opposition. Thus, presidentialism in Africa establishes imperial presidencies and creates strong presidents centralizing all power in the office of the president. Presidential power is insufficiently checked in most African states. In consequence, presidents are superior to any other governmental institutions, such as parliament and the judiciary. Besides the function of other governmental branch, most African states lacked effective control of presidential powers by an opposition party and civic groups. These outside institutions are needed in order to settle liberal democracies. An opposition party controls presidential ambition in parliament. Civic groups collect public opinion and speak for the public. Therefore, an opposition party and civic groups contributed that the president properly exercises his constitutional powers. Also, the majority of the people in Africa are not inclined to challenge the presidential dominant position because of low education standards, poverty and the tradition of the chief.

Seit längerer Zeit werden Verantwortung sowie Gerechtigkeit nicht nur vonder Rechtswissenschaft bzw. Rechtsphilosophie, sondern auch von der Moral- und Sozialphilosophie als eins der wichtigsten Probleme behandelt. Dies bestätigt dadurch, dass sich manche Rechtswissenschaftler sowie Sozialphilosphen mit diesem Problem beschäftigt haben, und damit dass sie ihre jeweilig eigenen Theorien aufgestellt haben. Bei der Verantwortung gab es z. B. einen heftigen Streit darum in der deutschen Strafwissenschaft, was das Wesen der Verantwortung und der Grund ihrer Notwendigkeit seien. Zugleich gab es auch Auseinandersetzungen um das Thema der Willenseiheit bzw. der Handlungsfreiheit in englisch-amerikanischer Philosophie. Zu der Gerechtigkeit gibt es den Beleg, dass es einen Streit darum zwischen der Naturrechtslehre und dem Rechtspositivismus gab, ob die Gerechtigkeit ein materialer Begriff oder nurein formaler sei, und dass es auch einen Streit zwischen dem Liberalismus und dem Kommunitarismus gab. Wenn wir aber die bisherigen Auseinandersetzungen über die Verantwortung und die erechtigkeit analysen, dann könnten wir die Tendenz erblicken, dasssie sich zwar auf die ihre eigene Frage, d. h. die Verantwortung bzw. die Gerechtigkeit konzentriert haben, aber dass sie das Verhältnis von der Verantwortung und der Gerechtigkeit nicht behandelt haben. In diesem Zusammenhang hat aber ein englischer Rechtsphilosoph Tony Honoré so behauptet, dass die Verantwortung Selbstachtung (self-respect), individuelles und soziales Wohl befördere. Wenn man diese Behauptung gut untersucht, dann liegtes auf der Hand, dass es einen gewissen Zusammenhang von der Verantwortung undder Gerechtigkeit gibt. Was ist dann der Zusammenhang überhaupt, wenn dies derFall ist? In diesem Zusammenhang möchte sich die vorliegende Arbeit damit beschäftigen, einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Verantwortung und der Gerechtigkeit zu skizzieren: Konkreter gesagt, ob es einen gewissen Zusammenhang zwischen ihnen gibt, was der Zusammenhang ist. Jedoch bleibt diese Untersuchung wegen des Charakters der vorliegenden Arbeit als eine unvollständige Skizze.

Extradition designates the official surrender of a fugitive from justice, regardless of his consent, by the authorities of the state of resident to the authorities of another State for the purpose of criminal prosecution or the execution of a sentence. Extradition is the most important aspect of mutual legal assistance between States in criminal matters. The origins of international cooperation in criminal area is back to the very beginnings of formal diplomacy. Extradition Treaties or provisions were concluded in peace treaties and treaties of alliance. Sources of contemporary extradition law are bilateral agreements and multilateral conventions on the one hand and national extradition acts on the other.

Art. 35 UN-Kaufrecht legt den Maßstab fest, nach dem sich im Einzelfallfest, ob die Wahre von vertragsmäßer Beschaffenheit ist. Von Zentrale Bedeutung für das Mekmal der vertragsmäßen Beschaffenheit aus dem UN-Kaufrecht ist ein einheitlicher Begriff 'Vertragswidrigkeit'. Darunter fallen nicht nur Qualitätsabweichungen, sondern auch Quantitätsabweichungen, die Lieferung eines aliud und Verpackungsfehler. Nach Art. 35 Abs. 1 sind zunäst die vertraglichen Vereinbarungen zu berücksichtigen. Wurden ausdrückliche oder implizierte vertragliche Vereinbarungen hisichtlich der Beschaffenheit der Ware nicht getroffen, ist auf die ergänzenden Vorschriften des Art. 35 Abs. 2 zurückzugreifen. Weicht die gelieferte Ware zum maßgeblichen Zeitpunkt von der vertragsgemäßen Beschaffenheit ab, so kann der Käufer einen Rechtsbehelf wegen vertragsverletzung ausüben. Hier befindet sich die Begriff des ‘wesentliche Vertragsverletzung’in einem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Vertragswidrigkeit der Ware und den Rechtsbehelfen des Käufers. Die Arbrit soll einen Beitrag dazu leisten, internationalisierungsfähige Lösungsansätze zu entwickeln und damit einer möglichst einheitliche internationalen Anwendung des Art. 35 UN-kaufrecht zu dienen. Einem Verständnis des Art. 35 UN-Kaufrecht kommt aber auch Bedeutung hinsichtlich des Rechtsbehelf des Käufers im Zusammenhang mit dem Bgriff ‘wesentliche Vertragsverletzung’.

The criminal code of South Korea and Japan has specified the crime in which a fixed social position relation affects criminal enactment and the gravity of criminal punishment under a cover called complicity and a status, respectively. The 1st clause of Japanese Article 65 of a criminal code “It is specified "When the criminal act constituted by a criminal's status is processed, a person without a status also makes it complicity", and is specified "When there is a gravity of punishment especially by a status, it burdens a person without a status with the usual punishment" in the 2nd clause again, respectively. Of the accepted theory about this regulation, the 1st clause is concluded that the joint action of genuine status was specified, and the 2nd clause is concluded that it is formal distinction of having specified the individual action of a false status. However, the view of such accepted theory is criticized at various angles. In Japan was the question on an interpretation to state and to interpret Article 65 of a criminal code systematically between the 1st clause and the 2nd clause, and Although various theories to the present have been developed, no theories asserted until now can present appropriate solution. Therefore argument must be faithfully realized rather than this. From such views, because it is discussed from the unnecessary theory, the deletion theory, and the trifling examination to this, an investigation is required about the regulation to complicity and a status of Japan. It is a well-known fact that the argument about such complicity and a status is the portion currently most actively discussed of the argument about a complicity theory in the interpretation and application on the South Koreancriminal code. I hope this paper to be considered the interpretation and application about the complicity on a Japanese criminal code, regulation of a status now and re-illuminating the argument about complicity and status in the South Korean criminal code on a basis.

A claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property provide the clause 281 in section 1 of the German Civil Act and the clause 1303 of the France Civil Act. but claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property don't provide in the Korean Civil ct. therefore, whether or not claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property admit, the dispute exist. But, the admit of claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property in interpretation are the large number view and the Supreme Court view on the ground that the reversion to the authentic rightful person of the property worth of the self-not reversion was based on the fairness principles flowing the whole civil act. but I doubt the propriety of admit for the claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property in not only the effect of the fulfillmentimpossible but also the effect of the completion of the acquisitive prescription by Supreme Court. For claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property provide, the fulfillment of debt have to be impossible post factum because the existence of the credit and the debt between the parties was premised. but I have a doubt for the whether or not the credit and the debt in the parties exist in the acquisitive prescription of real property. Therefore, in thesis, I try to study the propriety of admit for the claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription ofreal property by Supreme Court. In studying these problems, first, I try to study the general theory of claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property, next, I try to study the legal position of the possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property. last, I try to study the supreme court attitude for the admit of claim to compensation in substitutes by possessor's acquisitive prescription of real property.

Zur Zeit lassen sich die zivilrechtlichen Beweisprobleme beim ärztlichen Behandlungsfehler mit der Erleichtertung der Beweislast des Klägers beikommen. Des weiteren möchte man letztens beim solchen Fehler auch die strafrechtliche Verantwortung verfolgen, weil erstens der Kläger(also der Patient), die Beweislast dem Staatsanwalt(also dem Staat), aufgelegt werden, zweitens er den Schadensbetrag erhöhen möchte, usw. Aber die strafrechltiche Verantwortung ist üblicherweise im Gegensatz zum zivilrechtlichen sehr streng. D.h., dass der Zweck der strafrechtlichen und zivilrechtlichen Verantworung jeder anders ist. Also, die Funktion des Zivilrechts ist, den Schaden vom Einzelnen auszugleichen, während die Aufgabe des Strafrechts ist, die gasamte Gesellschaftsordnung zu schützen. Deshalb darf das Strafrecht beim ärztlichen Behandlungsfehler nicht als Mittel für den Schadensersatz benutzt werden, und soll vielmehr in Frage kommen, ob eine zutreffende Behandlung des Ärztes gegen die gesamte Gesellschaftsordnung verstößt, und ob sie die Rechtsgüter anderer verletzt. Wenn die strafrechtliche Beweislast beim ärzrtlichen Behandlungsfehler ausnahmsweise erleichtert wird wie im Zivilrecht, wird die defensive Medizin, und des weiteren die Ablehnung Medizin erregt. Dies erfolgt die qualitative Wertminderung der medizinischen Bedienung. Folglich darf die strafrechtliche Beweislast beim ärztlichen Behandlungsfehler im Gegensatz zur zivilrechtlichen nicht erleichtert werden, und der strafrechtliche Rechtstaatsprinzip soll auch hier grundsätzlich festhalten werden. Davon soll das erlaubte Risiko als Rechtfertigungsgrund im Strafrecht im Bereich der ärztlichen Behandlung und auch der Schuldgrundsatz hier ohne Ausnahme festhalten werden.

07.12.2007 in Korea bekam der Oeltanker "Hebei Spirit" aufgrund der Kollision mit einem Abschleppschiff eine grosse Havarie, die den Menschen und der Meeresumwelt grosse Schaeden zugefuegt hat. Nach erstaunlich schnell fertig gewordener "Clean-up"-Arbeit sind jetzt uns durch die unfallbedingte Oelverschmutzung im Kuestenmeer im Hinblick auf den Schadensersatz, das Unfallmanagement-System, die Restauration der Natur und den wirtschaftlichem Rueckgang der Betroffenen etc. zahlreiche Aufgaben geblieben EU hat bis jetzt fuer die Meeresumwelt noch nicht einheitliches Gesetz erlassen. Sie versucht, durch die Ratifizierung der zahlreichen internationalen Vertraegen das Ziel der Meeresumweltschutz zu erreichen. Zu diesen internationalen Vertraegen sind vor allem UN-Seerechtuebereinkommen(SRUE), International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship(MARPOL), Uebereinkommen zum Schutz der Meeresumwelt des Ostseegebietes(HELKOM), Uebereinkommen zum Schutz der Meeresumwelt und des Nordatlantiks(OSPAR) zu zaehlen. Vor der unfallbedingten Oelverschmutzung schuetzt EU Meer im Zusammenhang mit dem Katastrophenschutz. Um die Zusammenarbeit von Mitgliedstaaten in diesem Bereich zu foerden, stellt sie seit 1978 "Aktionsprogramm". Nach der Havarie des Tankers Erika kann man ersichtliche Aenderung der Meerespolitik und die Meeresschutzstrategie der EU sehen. Naemlich verstaerkt EU die Massnahmen fuer die Schifffahrtsicherheit und Meeresumweltschutz nach Erika-Tankunglueck mit den Erika-I, II, III-Paket, von denen wir im Zusammenhang mit der Hebei Spirit-Havarie eine Lehre ziehen koennen.

The infertile married couples are the number of about 13.5% of all married couples by research of the Korea Institute of Healthful and Social Study. By Houses and Population Census in 2000, Infertile married couples are about 635,000 couples. The artificial insemination made the number of 21,154 by those infertile married couples. The number of 971 of all those artificial insemination made by non-spouse's sperms or opiums. The fertile surgical operation be practiced after the evaluation and diagnosis for a infertility through consult with doctor in medical center in sterile surgical operation contracts. namely, if it is diagnosis the infertility. the survey for the ovulation, the ovary, the oviduct and the sperm made. therefore, the causes for infertility made explicated. If the causes for infertility made explicated, the doctor have to explain the curative means and the dangerous elements for health to the infertile couple. then the infertile couples will choose the curative means and the duration of medical treatment for themselves. In cases of infertility by the ovulation and the ovary the treatment means is a fertility drugs. In cases of infertility by sperm-deficiency disease or sperm-asthenia disease the treatment means are artificial insemination, external fertilization and microfertilization. In cases of infertility by the oviduct or the womb the treatment means are the external insemination and the laparoscopy. The fertile surgical operation is not the medical practice in a emergency circumstances. therefore, it doesn't to burden or infringe for the patient'sbody. Also, the choose of diagnosis and treatment for infertility have to ensure the patient's self-determination because the methods of diagnosis and treatment for infertility are various. therefore, the doctor have to explain or acquire the patient's consent for the treatment means, the treatment contents, the treatment effect, the a expected side effect and the danger. The legal dispute for the artificial insemination are the regulation of behavior and the filiation. but in cases of the offer of sperms and the freezing storage, the contractual explanation is not almost disputed. The between the patient and medical center make medical contract. In cases of oviduct-exfoliation operation or clomiphene, this contract is not difference the general surgical medical contract. But in cases of using the sperm, opium and the fertilized eggs by third party's offer(the sperm offering contract), in cases of the third women's pregnancy and birth, the various problems come about. that is, the problems of the filiation and the regulation for behavior come about. whether or not these treatment is the medical act. the fundamental doubt exist. Therefore, in this thesis, I try to study the necessarily occurring problems in the process of the artificial insemination. in the side of contract law.

In general, there should be the tripartite relationship including a donor, a recipient, and a doctor to fulfil the organ transplant, in this case, it is widely accepted that the donor could not demand the direct damage from the doctor over the medical fault caused the failure of transplant operation, because the donor is not the direct contract parties to the medical contract on the transplant operation. However, if the organ transplant operation is regarded as the articulated relationship of three parties including a donor, a recipient, and a doctor, it is necessary to protect the donor's profit of trust on the transplant operation called the expectant profit. Thus, especially, the donor of living body organ could demand the damage from the doctor over the failure of transplant operation, in this case, the legal principle admitting that the donor could demand the damage happens from the native profit of the donor, not from the Civil Law Clause 752. In addition, the legal character could be admitted as donation on the organ offering behaviour, however the donations by a third person except family are judged as general donations and then it would be solved as general medical fault problems, but the donation by family or close relationship could be a bit different, in this case, the doctor has responsibility to the end of transplant operation, ultimate aim of contract, on the assumption of donation although the transplant operation has been finished, and furthermore, the doctor has obligation to do medical behaviour which is appropriate to medical lege artis.

In the Democratic and Capitalistic Society, the Right of Property is supposed to be protective, but it could be limited through the lawful contents and process under the purpose of Public Welfare. For the purpose like this, under our unique historical background and experiences, the restriction of land utilization has formed and improved in the flow of "First is Public Welfare, Second Private Right of Property". Also as Korean restriction of land utilization has had the character of Public Law depended on the strong government-centered power, when the interpretation of "Public Welfare", that is the core in the restriction of land utilization, is needed, national needs have been considered as Public Welfare. If we consider only Article 23, the Constitution, unlike in Germany and United States, Korean Constitution seems to guarantee the Right of Property even wider because it is stipulated that the infringement's range, that must be compensated, about the Right of Property includes the use or the restriction as well as the general expropriation. In fact, however, the Restriction, although there is no concrete compensation provision, is enforced because it is just thought as the reasonable obligation like in the Restriction of land utilization by Act of the Planning and Utilization of the National Territory. Recently, the Constitutional court has decided that, if the Restriction on the Right of Property exceeds the simple social restriction, the expropriation effect must be admitted. This is a big step in point of the balance and the harmony between the Protection of Private Right of Propertyand Public Welfare. There are still many things to be done. In this paper, I will suggest some alternative plans on the balance between the Right of Property on Constitution and the Restriction of Land Utilization for Public Welfare.

The freedom of the assembly, guaranteed by §21 of the Constitution, is the most important basic rights for its realization of democracy. Especially, for the small groups or lower classes who have relatively Fewer opportunities to access the opinions or been restricted in the ways such as expression of their rights, thoughts, the assemblies and demonstrations are the most effective legal ways of making up their rights. To the assemblies and demonstrations of political issues, the police had no choice but to suppress those activities. Because of the reactions to those suppressions, the assemblies and demonstrations would be getting intensely and unlawful and public denounced the police for their repressive measures against these activities. The purpose of this research was to find out problems in exercising the police powers restricting the freedom of assembly by considering the basis and limits of the exercising the police power, and the exercising the police authorities.

The recent Supreme Court of Korea ruling about fetus in some case. The focus of the case were when a fetus becomes human being, whether the to-be-born have virtually no protection in law against abuse, neglect, assault or injury. There is an article about fetus in criminal law of Korea. But the Criminal Code §269-270 are regulating the act that are committed on purpose. The one who don't convict violence to fetus on purpose, if he(she) do it with gross negligence, he(she) is not in charge of criminal liability as professional negligence resulting in death. But, recently, with progress of medical science and biotechnology, the protection of fetus as alive being or potentiality of human being to be protected by law are under debate. Should the legislature enact new legislation providing some form of legal protection to the fetus. What is required to begin to deal with the issue is new legislation. Without legislation the Supreme Court does not have a constitutional issue to consider.

2007년 4월 1일 미국과 한국은 한미 FTA 최종안에 합의하였다. 합의문은 2007년 6월 30일에 서명되었으나 한미양국의 국회에서 비준을 얻지 못하고 있다. 한미 FTA는 양국간의 투자, 기업활동, 그리고 수출입에 중대한 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다. 미국에 투자를 원하는 한국의 기업 또는 개인이 어떠한 기업형태를 취하는 가에 따라 미국 조세당국에 의한 과세형태가 달라진다. 본 논문에서는 특히 연방소득세법 하에서 파트너쉽에 해당하는 과세대상이 되기 위한 외국 투자기업형태에 대하여 집중적으로 살펴본다. 먼저 미국에서 외국기업에 대한 과세제도의 개관을 간략히 언급한 후, 외국인이 취할 수 있는 기업형태 및 투자기업으로써 파트너쉽과세제도의 혜택을 받을 수 있는 기업형태를 살펴본다