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Legal Issues on Restriction of Repurchase Right - Focusing on the provisions of "Alteration of the Public Works" - Kim, Sung-Won This paper study legal issues on "Restriction of Repurchase Right" according to Article 91(6) of 「Act on the Acquisition of Land, etc, for Public Works and the Compensation therefor」(hereinafter "the Act"). The act has been admitted repurchase right. However, there are some restriction about the exercise of repurchase right. From the time of the introduction of this provisions sparked off a debate among the judiciary and legal scholars. In cases of the 96Hun-Ba94, June 26, 1997 and 2001Hun-Ba49, November 29, 2012, the Constitutional Court decided that Article 91(6) of the Act which admits the "Restriction of Repurchase Right" is constitutional. Nevertheless, even today, there is divided pro and con on the provisions of "Alteration of the Public Works". In this paper work to confirm the abuse of this provisions on the part of the government including excessive expropriation and alteration of the public works after expropriation due to voiding the repurchase right. Therefore, it is impossible toexercise complete repurchase right. In order to reduce the potential nefarious scheme by the State, local governments or public agencies in various public works, Article 91(6) of the Act which restricts of the repurchase right in the case of the "Alteration of the Public Works" for public needs should be revised. This is an effective way to ensure "the Continuance Guarantee of the Property Right".

A legislative Study on Public Interest Litigation Kim, Hak-Ki Regarding public interest litigation, despite the variety and abundance of diffused interest which is small damages of many and unspecified persons not properly protected by law, there are cases when damage per victim is not large and the degree of reward is negligible compared to the time and effort spent for litigation performance and therefore the lawsuit is abandoned; social justice will be realized if the case above is protected by filing a lawsuit based on the tentatively named public interest litigation law. Public interest litigation is a meeting place where public service activities to remedy these diffused interest meet law, and it can serve to fill empty space in our legal system. Although it seems vague and distant now, the enactment of public interest litigation and such lawsuit to remedy small harm of the socially disadvantaged will give great power to social system reform and protection of rights of altered consciousness. There are points to consider if the public interest litigation is enacted in the future: there is a need to relieve the plaintiff eligible by limiting the number of victims that file public interest litigation to 10 to 30 persons and to recognize the plaintiffs eligible to sue for a certain group that can file consumer’s representative party litigation. Yet, there also exists the need to limit the amount of damage to more than 5 million and less than 10 million won per capita, although it is not necessary to limit the defendant companies or individuals. The matter of a lawsuit of public interest litigation should recognize the prohibition of the act of infringement and claim for damages, and public interest litigation, which is different from general litigation, requires expanded role of the court and judicial activism where Offizialprinzip is considerably included should be applied. Because the damage of every victim cannot be proven specifically, several parties deemed as standard, the act of operator, and a causal relationship should first be logically proven; reasonable ways including statistical methods needs to be introduced for the calculation of the total damage and strengthening evidence disclosure to correct evidence omnipresence is needed. For burden of proof, mitigating or switching the burden of proof and the execution of distribution manager under the supervision of the court is necessary. The effect of excluding further litigation should be carried out with the opt-out method; however, there is a possibility that other victim might not be able to recover from damage in the future if the same victim is influenced by the effect of excluding further litigation, especially if the suit is lost due to legal practitioners performing the lawsuit incorrectly. Therefore, it is necessary to stipulate that the effect of excluding further litigation applies to the third party only when the public interest litigation is won. Moreover, planning of public interest litigation and securing management funding from sources such as government support or contribution of public interest group is required; and to expand the participation of lawyers and other experts in public interest litigation, mandatory training for attorneys and other institutional support is needed.

숙박계약상 숙박업자의 의무 김 서 기 채무자의 의무는 급부의무, 부수적 의무, 보호의무로 나눌 수 있으며, 급부의무는 다시 주된 급부의무와 종된 급부의무로 구별할 수 있다. 주된 급부의무는 계약의 유형을 결정지으며, 만약 계약 당사자들 간에 주된 급부의무에 관해 합의가 없다면 해당 계약은 성립하지 않는다. 숙박계약과 관련하여, 주된 급부의무는 숙박자의 숙박료 지급의무와 숙박업자의 숙박시설 제공의무이다. 종된 급부의무는 계약의 유형을 결정짓지 못하지만, 계약조항이나 법률 규정에 의해 발생한 우연적인 급부의무이다. 상법 제152조 2항에 따르면 숙박업자는 숙박자로부터 임치받지 아니한 경우에도 그 시설 내에 휴대한 물건이 자기 또는 그 사용인의 과실로 인하여 멸실 또는 훼손되었을 때에는 그 손해를 배상할 책임이 있다. 즉 숙박업자는 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 부담한다는 것이다. 그렇다면 이러한 숙박업자의 주의의무는 법률의 규정에 의해 인정되는 종된 급부의무인가? 급부의무 위반의 경우에는 소송을 통해 이행이 강제될 수 있는데 이러한 숙박업자의 주의의무만의 소송을 통한 이행강제는 있을 수 없으므로 종된 급부의무는 아니다. 급부의무와 부수적 의무 및 보호의무의 차이는 위반 시 소송을 통해 이행이 강제될 수 있는 지 여부이다. 부수적 의무는 급부의무의 내용을 제대로 실현하기 위해 급부에 주의나 배려를 베풀어야 할 의무이며, 보호의무는 채권자의 생명, 신체, 물적 재산 등에 주의나 배려를 베풀어야 할 의무로서, 양자는 급부의무와의 관련유무에서 차이가 있으며, 또 부수적 의무는 계약교섭단계에서는 인정되지 않는데 반하여 보호의무는 계약교섭단계에서도 인정된다는 점에서도 차이가 있다. 숙박계약과 관련하여 상법 제152조 2항 상의 숙박업자의 주의의무는 숙박업자가 임치받지 아니한 숙박자의 휴대물에 대한 배려의무로서 급부의무인 숙박시설 제공의무와는 무관하다. 따라서 보호의무에 해당한다. 부수적 의무와 마찬가지로, 보호의무 역시 민법 제2조 신의칙에 의하여 채무로서 인정되는 것이다. 한 마디로 상법 제152조 2항은 숙박업자는 숙박자의 물적 재산에 배려를 베풀어야만 한다는 것을 강조하는 규정에 불과하다. 요컨대, 비록 상법 제152조 2항이 없다고 할지라도, 이러한 숙박업자의 주의의무는 민법 제2조 신의칙에 의하여 계약상 채무로서 인정될 수 있다는 것이다. 인적 재산(생명, 신체 등)과 물적 재산(휴대물 등) 측면에서 숙박자의 안전을 보호할 의무는 부수적 의무가 아니라 보호의무 이다. 하지만, 우리 법원은 부수적 의무(보호의무를 포함하는)로서 계속해서 판시해오고 있다. 그러한 판례의 태도는 변경될 필요가 있다. 왜냐하면 보호의무는 급부의무와의 관련 유무, 계약교섭단계에서도 인정되는 지 여부 등에서 부수적 의무와는 다르기 때문이다. 상법 제152조 1항 및 2항은 강행규정이 아니라 임의규정이다. 따라서 숙박자의 물적 재산에 대한 손해에 대한 책임을 숙박업자가 부담하지 않는 것으로 당사자들 간에 약정한다면, 숙박자는 더 이상 이러한 손해에 대한 배상청구권을 행사할 수 없다. 하지만 상법 제152조 1항 및 2항의 손해배상책임은 계약상 책임으로서 숙박자는 민법 제750조 불법행위에 따른 손해배상책임을 물을 수는 있다. 그러나 숙박자 입장에서는 입증책임, 이행보조자 과실에 대한 면책가능성, 소멸시효 등의 측면에서 민법 제750조 불법행위에 따른 손해배상책임보다 계약상 손해배상책임을 묻는 것이 더 유리하다. 그러므로 상법 제152조 1항 및 2항은 강행규정으로 개정될 필요가 있다. 또한, 만약 개정되지 않는다면 상법 제152조 1항 및 2항은 숙박을 운송, 관광 등과 더불어 여행계약을 구성하는 요소로 규정하면서 이 여행계약에 관한 주요 조문들을 편면적 강행규정으로 하고 있는 2013년 법무부 민법개정시안과 충돌할 가능성이 있다.

The Restriction of the Freedom of Conscience and Its Limitation Kang, Seung-Sik The defining characteristic of the freedom of conscience in a democratic society is the freedom to have, hold and act upon(or not) one's conscientiously-held beliefs. It should be noted that an emphasis on individual conscience and individual judgement lies at the heart of a democratic political tradition. The ability of each citizen to make free and informed decisions is the absolute prerequisite for the legitimacy, acceptability, and efficacy of the system of self-government. Also, the rights associated with the freedom of individual conscience have much to do with human worth and dignity. The freedom of conscience is individual in its nature. In other words, it does not have a public component on it's own. Although it may inform debate on issues of the public good, but nothing more. The role it plays in a free nation is very essential, because it is the bases of various freedom in the Constitution, such as the freedom of religion, arts and sciences. It cannot be given or taken away. But whether any given activity is within an open-ended the freedom of conscience's guarantee, it must undergo a process of restriction. Through this process, its scope and content is constructed. In this Process, there are some individual criterions, such as the method and aim of the exercise of conscience and a administrative burden. I think that these criterions are an useful guideline when the judiciary deals with cases of the freedom of conscience.

A Study on the Activation and Regulation of Tax Administration Rules - Focused on the external effect and Improvement plan- Kim, Jin-Young · Cho, Myoung-Yeon The administrative legislation is necessary to establish the efficiency of the law enforcement in the present, although the assembly legislation is applied prior to the administrative legislation. This necessity is especially accelerated in the field of the tax law possesses because of the wide scope and the professionalism character. Actually, the tax administration rule has the external effect, in case of the combination with the higher laws or the legislation supplement. As mentioned above cases, the tax administration rules affect a right and an obligation of the taxpayer. However, it is not a restricted role as the established rules and the instructions, rather, it has a function as the legislation which affects the related matters for the aggressive purpose. For example, in the case of the article 45-3 of the inheritance and gift taxation which was legislated for restricting the funneling of business, the range of sales does matter. According to an industry and a commodity, the range of sale is applied differently. If not, it will be an imprudence legislation without respect to the market situation. However, it is applicable to the condition of ununiformed 30% sales, so it is required to be flexible. In this case, through the utilization of the tax administration rule, the particular tax avoidance could be restricted. Also, the activation of the tax administration rule is more perfect by a variety of the regulations and improvement plans as centralizing and systematizing the production tax law, enforcing the expertise and so on. The sophisticated interpretation and application is demanded absolutely because the tax law is more complicated and targeted on economic and social conditions. Hence, the external effect of the tax administration rule is more and more activated inside of regulations in a field of tax at least.

Protection of Politician’s Honor on Criminal Law Yoon, Sang-Min This study is intended to point out that protecting politician’s honor shall be viewed from the standpoint of freedom of expression and the right to know. Evaluation of the issue of protecting politician’s honor according to the decision by the Constitutional Court or the Supreme Court indicated the need of applying other rights than the way of protecting the honor of ordinary citizens. Thus legislation limiting the protection of politician’s honor must be reasonable. The scope of criminal defamation relating to the politician or public figure may be reduced according to the interpretation by the court, but solving by legislative action would be desirable, which is also rational in preventing the court from making arbitrary decision. From legislative viewpoint, criminal defamation shall not be established as long as the truth is proved. Moreover, proving false information would have to be the responsibility of the plaintiff (Prosecutor) as the actual malice rule in the United States.

A Study on the Scope of Legally Secured Portions and the Requirement for Donated Property Kim, Gi-Young Civil Law makes it a rule to maintain an absolute ownership on the basis of individualism and liberalism, and also provides security in disposing his own property by his own, through the disposition freedom before or after death. But if the freedom of property disposition is permitted without limit, the expectation of the remnant of family, especially inheritors would be vanished and his life-basis would be collapsed. So the system which can provide a inheritor with a certain in- heritance by restricting the freedom of inheritee's property disposition is required, is called legally secured portions. The system of legally secured portions is the compromised point between the freedom of private property disposition and the protection of inheritor. The purpose of legally secured portions system is to give an inheritor a certain amount of inheritance, a certain portions of legal inheritance. Therefore whether an inheritor was given by an inheritee while he was living, or given a part of inheritance which is less than legally secured portions, the scope of legally secured portions should be estimated in consideration, and the basic property establishment is very important. In the meantime, the basic property for legally secured portions should be considered the property at the time of starting an inheritance, donated property, inheritance debt. The donated property is included the one which an inheritee donated within 1 year from, 1 year before the time of starting inheritance, and which is not performed yet. In recent case, donation which is performed 1 year before the time of starting inheritance should be added up to the basic property of legally secured portions estimation, in case of both a donator and a receiver intended to give a loss to a rightful person of legally secured portions. An evil intention means that both a donator and a receiver recognized giving a loss to a rightful person of legally secured portions at the time of donation. Especially, in relation with the evil intention of both the case defined the evil intention as that they recognized the remaining property is less than the legally secured portions at the time of donation, and also they estimated the inheritee's property would not be increased until the time of starting inheritance. The case shows emphasizing the stability of transaction and law rather than the protection of legally secured portions rightful person by judging the scope of ill intention narrow.

Etude sur l'origine du parquet modern en France -La subordination hiérarchique du parquet et sa fonction judiciaire- Yoo, Ju-Sung Dans le langage courant, le ministère public désigne une institution ou une personne chargée principalement d’exercer l’action publique sur le plan judiciaire, pour défendre la société et pour faire appliquer les règles de droit par la justice. En dehors de cette dénomination qui a pour origine sa fonction, on nomme familièrement le ministère public : parquet. Le parquet français n’est pas une institution contemporaine. L’ancien parquet est apparu et s’est développé au service de la royauté au cours du Moyen-âge et jusqu’à la fin de l’ancien régime, où dès le début de la Révolution, il fut radicalement et complètement reformé dans l’esprit révolutionnaire de la décentralisation du pouvoir. Mais à la fin de la révolution, il retrouva sa structure initiale afin de former une organisation centralisée, un instrument judiciaire du pouvoir central, efficace devant la justice que l’on connait aujourd’hui sous la dénomination de parquet moderne. Le droit français a eu une influence majeure dans la formation historique du droit coréen. La modernisation du système judiciaire coréen ne fut pas volontaire mais forcée par l'empire japonais. C'est à travers cette modernisation, que le système judiciaire français fut transmis indirectement à la Corée. En tenant compte que le droit coréen n'a emprunté le parquet moderne au droit français que sous l’influence du droit japonais, il est nécessaire de voir directement l'origine 'pure' du parquet coreen qui fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'une réforme 'urgente' dans la société coréenne. Dans cet article, on traite ainsi l'origine du parquet moderne, notamment sa subordination hiérarchique et sa fonction judiciaire en France.

A Study on Negligence and Causally Aggravated Penaltyin Aviation Safety Law and Military Criminal Law Kim, Dong-Uk․Kim, Ji-Hoon․Kim, Man-Ho In case of criminal negligence and causally aggravated penalty in Aviation Safety Law and Military Criminal Law, the scope of criminal requisites is too wide and the punishment is too severe considering the blamable degree. Especially, in case of causally aggravated penalty in Aviation Safety Law, the criminal requisites should be amended considering the condition of existing person and removing the ambiguity, in addition it should be modified classifying the expanded result into an injury case and a death case and specifying the penalty respectively. On the other hand, in case of negligently destructing or missing the military property in Military Criminal Law, the scope of application needs to be limited and the legislative blank at the causally aggravated penalty for the brutality in Military Criminal Law should be supplemented legislatively.

The Condition of lawsuit of litigation for affirmation of illegality of administrative omission Shim, Yong-Jae Administrative Procedure act stipulates the standing to the sue, subjective interest, mandatory administrative decision and the period of the lawsuit for the conditions of lawsuit at litigation for affirmation of illegality of administrative omission. Judicial precedents see a qualified legal interests as a element of the standing to the sue and application issues as a qualified legal interests. When some of scholars is critical for this judicial precedents' attitudes, the reason is why they see application issues as the subject of judgment on the merits. Such inconsistencies in Judicial precedents and doctrine be corrected through amendments to the law. Meanwhile in case the plaintiff sue litigation for affirmation of illegality of administrative omission in the period of the lawsuit and therafter exchange litigation for affirmation of illegality of administrative omission for a revocation of refusal disposition, judicial precedents see the litigation for affirmation of illegality of administrative omission as legal even if the plaintiff adds the litigation for affirmation of illegality of administrative omission thereafter.

Die einzeln Beweislastverteilung im Verwaltungsprozeß Kang, Su-Kyoung (1) Die Grundregel der Beweislastverteilung im Verwaltungsprozeß ist, daß jede Partei trägt die Beweislast für die tatsächlichen Voraussetzungen der ihr günstigen Rechtsnorm. Die aus dem Zivilprozeßrecht bekannte Günstigkeitregel bzw. das Normbegünstigungprinzip gelten bei der Verwaltungsprozeß. Daher soweit nicht durch rechtliche Regelung eine besondere Beweislastverteilung getroffen worden ist, geht die Unerweislichkeit von Tatsachen, aus denn eine Partei eine ihr gönstige Rechtsfolge herleitet, zu ihren Lasten. (2) Der Beklagte muß die tatsächlichen Voraussetzungen jeder Normen beweisen, auf die er sich beruft. So hat bei der Anfechtungsklage der beklagte Rechtsträger die Beweislast, daß die tatsächlichen und rechtlichen Voraussetzungen der Eingriffsnorm gegeben sind. Denn der Verwaltung bei Eingriffen in Freiheit und Eigentum die Beweislast abzunehmen, wäre mit der strikten Bindung der Verwaltung an Gesetz und Recht nicht zu vereinbaren. Da Grundrechtseingeriffe und Freiheitsbeschränkungen vom Staat zu rechtfertigen sind, träger er das Aufklärungsrisiko für die tatsächlichen Voraussetzungen belastenden Verwaltungshandelns. Ähnliches gilt für Verbote mit Erlaubnisvorbehalt. Aber wer ein subjektiv öffentliches Recht für sich in Anspruch nimmt, hat den Beweis zu erbringen, daß der Sachverhalt vorliegt, an den das Gesetz die Entstehung dieses Rechts knöpft. Und der Kläger muß lediglich die allgemeinen Voraussetzungen der Erlaubniserteilung nachweisen; die Behörde trägt demgegenüber -wie bei der Beweislastverteilung im Zivilprozeß- die Beweislast für die rechtshindernden Ausnahmen. Auch für Prozeßvoraussetzungen hat regelmäßig der Kläger die Beweislast, weil er um Rechtsschutz nachsucht und Sachentscheidung begehrt.