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A expressway is built for high-speed traveling. So it is natural that the safe expressway driving should be required on the expressway. However, there are some causes that keep people from driving safely on the expressway. Those causes can be classified into two categories. One main cause is from the expressway itself. The other one is from external factors. One of the external factors is a roadkill caused by wildlife which unexpectedly run into the car. If the accident happens because of the external risk factors of the expressway, the road management bureau, which is charged in the management of expressway, has a responsibility for the accident. The extent of the external risk factors only covers the road management bureau not preparing steps against the risk factors and not maintaining the expressway properly. The courts in Korea have denied the expressway management bureau’s responsibility of the accident on the expressway, mentioning the possibility of foresight, the possibility of avoidance, and the relation with other necessary facilities for lives as factors of limitation on this responsibility. In this paper, I’ll suggest some reasons why the road management bureau should be responsible for the roadkill accident, referencing criteria for judgment on the roadkill accident in courts of Korea. I’ll also suggest that the coverage of Facilibility Liability Insurance of Japan has to be enlarged to the roadkill accident.

Contrast to Patent, Trademark focuses on protecting and maintaining the brand value which is presented in the relevant market rather than the innovative technical power. In general, major firms like multinational companies tend to receive higher brand value; therefore the transaction party, licensee, who is permitted to use the Trademark, is likely to be small and medium-sized companies. Therefore, although there needs to be a specific regulation to prevent unfair trademark rights license agreement for the licensee, as the screening principle and guideline is set based on Patent, it is difficult to apply to problematic situations in relation to Trademark. As such, it is crucial to add a rule reflecting peculiarity of Trademark to the existing screening principle or establish a new one due to the unique structure around trademark rights. In relation to the above, firstly this paper will review the related legal concepts prior to discussing trademark rights license agreement in detail by checking ⅰ) different types of Trademark rights license, ⅱ ) the rights and duties around the licensor and the licensee under the Trademark law, and ⅲ) the relationship between the exclusive license and non-exclusive license, as a result that effective of registration of exclusive licenses has been changed. Secondly, this paper will examine the regulations related to Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act applicable to the Trademark rights license agreement. It will specifically look into anti-fraud provisions and abuse of market-dominant position on ‘Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act’, ‘Examination Guidelines on Improper Exercise of Intellectual Property Rights’ and ‘Guideline on fair Patent license agreement’ to observe how each guideline is applicable to Trademark rights license. Thirdly, this paper will propose revision on the current regulation which is the main purpose of this research firstly by providing contents that needs to be added onto ‘Examination Guidelines on Improper Exercise of Intellectual Property Rights’, and set standards on unfairness of refusal to trademark rights license and No-challenge obligation, and restrictions on sub-license. Lastly, this paper will make proposition to enact new guideline on ‘fair trademark rights license agreement’ by anticipating issues that can arise over settlement conditions, planning on standard of quality assurance related to cancellation of agreement, problems over applying the abuse of right on practicing non-use trademark, necessity on the regulation of prescribing the relationship between the abuse of trademark rights and legal notion on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, specific regulations focused on the characteristics of the agreement with multinational companies, and the need of a general outline explaining the classification on unfair terms and conditions will be discussed.

The Article 3 Section 4 of the Housing Lease Protection Act and the Article 3 Section 2 of the Commercial Building Lease Protection Act stipulate that the transferee of leased housing or commercial building is deemed to have succeeded the status of the lessor. In this regard, in the case where the leased housing or commercial building is transferred after the provisional seizure of the lessee’s lease deposit return bond, whether the transferee succeeds not only to the status of the lessor on the substantive law but also to the status of the tertiary debtor of provisional bond seizure on the execution law becomes problematic. To this, the majority ruling of the Supreme Court plenary trial 2013.1.17.sentence 2011C49523 rendered that in the case where the leased housing had been transferred in the state of provisional seizure of lease deposit return bond pursuant to the Housing Lease Protection Act, due to the special stipulation of the Article 3 Section 4 of the Housing Lease Protection Act, the transferee of the leased housing succeeded not only to the status of lessor on the Housing Lease Protection Act but also to the status of tertiary debtor in the provisional bond seizure, and the provisional seizer could claim the effect of the provisional seizure only against the transferee. On the contrary, the minority opinion of the said trial stated that in this case because the transferee did not succeed to the status of the tertiary debtor in the provisional bond seizure, the effect of the provisional seizure did not bind the transferee; furthermore, because the transfer of the leased housing exempted the transferee of the lease deposit return bond, the provisional seizure on the transferor also dissolves in effect. However, even if the tertiary debtor changes after the provisional bond seizure goes into effect, as long as the status of the prior tertiary debtor succeeds comprehensively – e.g., inheritance, merger and acquisition – to sustain the effect of preservation of the provisional seizure, the effect of the provisional seizure extends to the comprehensive successor (heir, succeeding or new company after the merger and acquisition). The transferee’s succession to the status of the lessor pursuant to the Article 3 Section 4 of the Housing Lease Protection Act, in the limited scope of lessor’s rights and obligations with regard to the leased housing, is a comprehensive succession in light of point that the legal effect takes place similar to the case of partition merger which is a comprehensive succession. Since the status of the tertiary debtor who is issued an injunction of payment prohibition to the lease deposit return bond presupposes the lessor who bears the lease deposit return bond, the status of the lessor who bears the lease deposit bond on substantive law cannot be separated from the status of the tertiary debtor in the provisionary seizure of lease deposit return bond on execution law. Therefore, the transferee of the leased housing also succeeds to the status of the tertiary debtor in the provisionary seizure of lease deposit return bond, and the provisional seizer can claim the effect of the provisional seizure only against the transferee of the leased housing. Such interpretation befits the legislative purpose of the Housing Lease Protection Act which intends to protect the lessee and the legal system of the execution law on the effect of provisional seizure.

Article 27(Impossible Crime) of Korean Criminal Code provides, Even though the occurrence of a crime is impossible because of the means adopted for the commission of the crime or because of mistake of objects, the punishment shall be imposed if there has been a resulting danger, but the punishment may be mitigated or remitted. There have been many controversies over whether or not Article 27 should contain the concept of danger. Recently, there have been some arguments that the concept of danger in Article 27 does not have any particular meaning in defining impossible attempted crimes. People with this view said that all attempted crimes involve danger. They also insisted that danger of impossible attempted crimes does not differ from that of other attempted crimes, and that the “Eindruckstheorie”, which defines danger as disturbing the stability of legal order thereby causing trust deficit in the law, can explain this danger. There are many theories to define the dangerousness in Article 27. In them, the concrete danger theory and the abstract danger theory are thought to be the two most proper theories in interpreting Article 27. According to the concrete theory, a case for impossibility crimes is formed only when the conducts involve concrete danger. The abstract danger theory, however, explains that even if there is only an abstract danger in a person’s behavior, there is a case for impossibility crimes. In my opinion, the abstract danger theory is much more reasonable in that it puts more importance on the intention and the awareness of the criminal himself. According to the results, it is reasonable abstract danger theory.

The electronic litigation offers a range of possibilities for development. We can consider strengthen efficiency of the procedure in using accumulated technologies and equipments from the electronic litigation system. And revitalization of the remote video trials could be the one of means. Although the Act on special cases concerning remote video trials was already introduced in 1995, it was not in proper use because of the cognitive and technological limit. However, the advent of the electronic litigation period enables us to overcome the limits. This article reviewed the Act on special cases concerning remote video trials for revitalization of the remote video trials and proposed a revised few things about matters. First, the purpose of the Act on special cases concerning remote video trials should not be the judicial service expansion but enhance efficiency. Second, a party’s request to begin the remote video trials should be able. Third, in a long-term point of view, a possible place to do the remote video trials should be gradually widened the location other than court. Fourth, type of court restrictions should be lifted and the scope of the case should be gradually widened. Fifth, matters concerning equipments for the remote video trials in the court and the location other than court should be separately set forth in established rule.

Grundsätzlich muss der Patient beweisen, dass ein Medizinfehler vorliegt und dieser für den Gesundheitsschaden ursächlich ist. Für Patienten sind die Nachweise einer ärztlichen Pflichtverletzung sowie der Ursächlichkeit des medizinischen Behandlungsfehlers für den eingetretenen Schaden jedoch schwer zu führen, weil sie nicht das notwendige Wissen der Behandlungsabläufe und die medizinischen Zusammenhänge haben. Die Rechtsprechung in Deutschland hatte besondere Regelungen zur Beweislastverteilung im Arzthaftungsrecht entwickelt und auch die Umkehr der Beweislast zugunsten des Patienten anerkannt. Aus diesem Hintergrund ist sie ausdrücklich mit dem am 26. Februar 2013 in Kraft getretenen Patientenrechtegesetz geregelt. In Fälle des groben Behandlungsfehler, des Dokumentationsfehler sowie des Aufklärungsfehler ist die Umkehr der Beweislast in der Regel in Deutschland anerkannt. Für die Beweiserleichterung ist es erforderlich, dass die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit zwischen dem eingetretenen Schaden und der fahrlässigen Behandlung vorliegen soll, im Gegensatz zu den groben Behandlungsfehlern, wobei muss der Arzt bzw. Behandelnde beweisen, dass der nachgewiesene Fehler nicht den Schaden verursacht hat. Der Dokumentationsfehler führt zu einer Beweiserleichterung für den Patienten, da die vom Behandelnden fehlerhaft verursachte Unaufklärbarkeit des Behandlungsverlaufs nicht zulasten des Patienten gehen soll. Bezüglich der Aufklärungspflicht muss der Behandelnde auch beweisen, dass er eine Einwilligung eingehalt hat und den Patienten entsprechend den gesetzlichen Anforderungen aufgeklärt hat. Wenn die Aufklärung nicht ausreichend war und hätte sich der Patient bei ordnungsgemäßer Aufklärung in einem Entscheidungskonflikt über die Vornahme des Eingriffs befunden, so wird vermutet, dass der Patient in den Eingriff nicht eingewilligt hätte. Nach der koreanischen Rechtslage wird die Beweislast des Patienten von der Rechtsprechung Zug um Zug erleichtert, die Rechtsprechung lehnt hingegen ausdrücklich die Umkehr der Beweislast ab. Für Patientenrecht ist die Umkehr der Beweislastregeln unweigerlich. Vor allem stellt eine Frage deshalb ein Hauptthema beim medizinischen Haftungsrecht dar, ob eine besondere Rechtsfigur zur Umkehr der Beweislast de lege ferenda anerkannt werden muss.

Grundsätzlich muss der Patient beweisen, dass ein Medizinfehler vorliegt und dieser für den Gesundheitsschaden ursächlich ist. Für Patienten sind die Nachweise einer ärztlichen Pflichtverletzung sowie der Ursächlichkeit des medizinischen Behandlungsfehlers für den eingetretenen Schaden jedoch schwer zu führen, weil sie nicht das notwendige Wissen der Behandlungsabläufe und die medizinischen Zusammenhänge haben. Die Rechtsprechung in Deutschland hatte besondere Regelungen zur Beweislastverteilung im Arzthaftungsrecht entwickelt und auch die Umkehr der Beweislast zugunsten des Patienten anerkannt. Aus diesem Hintergrund ist sie ausdrücklich mit dem am 26. Februar 2013 in Kraft getretenen Patientenrechtegesetz geregelt. In Fälle des groben Behandlungsfehler, des Dokumentationsfehler sowie des Aufklärungsfehler ist die Umkehr der Beweislast in der Regel in Deutschland anerkannt. Für die Beweiserleichterung ist es erforderlich, dass die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit zwischen dem eingetretenen Schaden und der fahrlässigen Behandlung vorliegen soll, im Gegensatz zu den groben Behandlungsfehlern, wobei muss der Arzt bzw. Behandelnde beweisen, dass der nachgewiesene Fehler nicht den Schaden verursacht hat. Der Dokumentationsfehler führt zu einer Beweiserleichterung für den Patienten, da die vom Behandelnden fehlerhaft verursachte Unaufklärbarkeit des Behandlungsverlaufs nicht zulasten des Patienten gehen soll. Bezüglich der Aufklärungspflicht muss der Behandelnde auch beweisen, dass er eine Einwilligung eingehalt hat und den Patienten entsprechend den gesetzlichen Anforderungen aufgeklärt hat. Wenn die Aufklärung nicht ausreichend war und hätte sich der Patient bei ordnungsgemäßer Aufklärung in einem Entscheidungskonflikt über die Vornahme des Eingriffs befunden, so wird vermutet, dass der Patient in den Eingriff nicht eingewilligt hätte. Nach der koreanischen Rechtslage wird die Beweislast des Patienten von der Rechtsprechung Zug um Zug erleichtert, die Rechtsprechung lehnt hingegen ausdrücklich die Umkehr der Beweislast ab. Für Patientenrecht ist die Umkehr der Beweislastregeln unweigerlich. Vor allem stellt eine Frage deshalb ein Hauptthema beim medizinischen Haftungsrecht dar, ob eine besondere Rechtsfigur zur Umkehr der Beweislast de lege ferenda anerkannt werden muss.

In the modern society, the technological innovation, economic growth, majoring corporates and development of multinational corporates have caused the increase in the social responsibilities of the corporates. Therefore, it is not considered to be important to mediate the conflicting claims of the parties concerned and for the employees, who are directly in charge of the production, to speak up. Therefore, the future-oriented paradigm shift to the employee participation in management system is positively considered to bring the benefits to both employees and corporates. In Korea, the progressive civil society has created a bond of sympathy in the general and presidential elections in 2012 with the 3 major topics of ‘economic democratization,’ ‘universal welfare state’ and ‘enhancement of labor power.’ As the administration of Park GeunHye came into power, the ‘economic democratization’ has become the major concern and the relevant action plans were announced. Ever since the 1960’s the main issues of economic democratization for the Western and North America economy were the democratization of workplaces, expansion of the industrial democracy and introduction of the employee participation in management system. At the same time, the interests in the income distribution, same as the profit distribution system, the co-determination system for the participation of employees in management, and the economic democratization that institutionalizes the participation of the board of directors of corporates have increased and the various relevant political measures were introduced. In general, ‘employee participation in management system’ means reflecting the opinions of employees and the labor union in making decisions for a corporate’s business issues and the concept is considered a comprehensive concept of participation in capitals, participation in benefits and participation in decision makings. Yet, this study focuses on the participation of employees and the representative labor union in decision makings in business management of corporations, precisely. Such employee participation system is considered to be a certain part of the labor-managment system in developed countries. Especially in 1974, the international labor organization had clarified that “the participation of employees in business management is no longer a matter of its implementation, but is of the method of its implementation.” In Korea, such system is promoted by Labor-Management Council, a committee (Article 3, regulations on the participation of employees and enhancement of cooperation) that pursues an enhancement of welfare for employees and a healthy development of corporations through the participations and cooperation of employees and the users. A weakness of the currently effective employee-employer agreement structure is that it is managed under an excessive pressure of the legal regulations. Accordingly, there is a necessity for the focus on the type of governmental support for establishing the trust between the employees and the employers, followed by the legal and structural improvement for the labor-management agreement structure. It is a well-known fact that there is an unfavorable relationship between the employees and the management corporates, of which the relationship is not being stabilized because of the disagreement and conflicts, and such relationship is holding Korean society back from taking a leap in terms of economic and social quality. Accordingly, the successful settlement of the employee participation system is considered to play an important role in turning such unfavorable labor-management relationship into a cooperative relationship by referring to the various examples from advanced countries of labor system.

Urban Development Act provides Development of Raw Land retaining original features and Complex Development as a type of PPPs (Public-Private-Partnerships) development in urban development area. Where it is necessary to develop a city in a nature-friendly manner, or in a complex or multi-level manner, Raw Land may be supplied to persons who: (1) are selected at a competition process for getting concession for complex development, etc; (2) directly uses Raw Land as a site for schools, factories, etc. And, Developed Land may be supplied to person who are selected at a competition process for getting concession for Complex Development. The former is the so-called "Development of Raw Land", The Latter is the so-called "Complex Development". This paper looks into the legal issues on Development of Raw Land and Complex Development, and presents the problems and first-priority tasks. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. First, The objectives and the requirements of Development of Raw Land and Complex Development should be clearly and sufficiently stipulated in Urban Development Act. Vague and insufficient regulations can cause the issues of unjust advantage for private sector developer and the undue exercise of eminent domain by private entity. Second, Developers of Raw Land and Complex Development may have the benefits to buy the relevant land at the appraised price, not fair market price, without open competition according to the current Urban Development Act. But it requires rational and legitimate link between the relevant land price benefits for private sector developer and achieving objective of Development of Raw Land and Complex Development. Third, In case of complex development, it should be arranged the measures necessary, such as urging for the implementation thereof, to assure the continuity and efficacy of the purpose of complex development. Lastly, Successful PPPs requires the creation of a private sector's financially viable condition. No developer shall sell Raw land within the period prescribed by Urban Development Act. But this rules shall not apply where prior approval is obtained from the authority for such cases as bankrupt of developer, mortgage and other securities for private sector's financing, to an extent not detrimental to the purpose of Development of Raw Land.

The case analyzed in this paper deals with a situation where ceiling-acoustic boards were sold and furthermore relevant construction service was sold simultaneously. The plaintiff argued that relevant lost profit from the service as well as from the products themselves must be included in calculating damages under Art. 128(1) of the Korea Patent Act. The Korea Supreme Court held that: (1) Art. 128(1) of the Korea Patent Act is not being applied to service but only to products; (2) collateral service can not be included into collateral sales. This paper, after analyzing jurisprudence of Art. 128(1), has made the following conclusions: (1) respecting the intent of the legislators, Art. 128(1) must be applied not only to products but also to method inventions and services; (2) in calculating lost profit, not only sales reduction of patented products but also sales reduction of collateral products could be included; (3) in determining whether collateral products (included in calculating lost profit) or not, “foreseeability” or “functional unit” tests could be applied; (4) as collateral products are included in calculating lost profit, collateral service must be included as well; (5) collateral products or collateral services can be included in calculating infringer’s profit under Art. 128(3) or reasonable royalty under Art. 128(4).

Although Thomas Hobbes is a great scholar and there has been enormous amount of research on his philosophy throughout various countries, we do not have much knowledge about Hobbes’s early days. The main purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the political and legal philosophy of Thomas Hobbes in his early days was examined. Through this examination I try to clarify if there was any ‘epistemological break’ between the young Hobbes and the mature Hobbes. Secondly, this paper attempted to shed a light on the debate developed by many Hobbes scholars such as Leo Strauss and Howard Warrender. The debate was mainly the relationship between Hobbes’s legal and political philosophy and his idea of ‘new science’.

Private colleges are affiliated institutions founded and operated by educational corporations, which are special corporations governed by the Private School Act, and institutions defined in the Administrative Law. Therefore, the legal entities of private colleges are the educational corporations that found and operate them, and these corporations become the owners of the real estate properties owned by the private colleges. Also, the real estate properties owned by the private colleges are classified into educational properties and profit properties. The authority’s permission is required in order to dispose of the basic assets of private colleges or provide them for collaterals for mortgage, etc. However, it is valid to annul the sale or provision of educational properties that are directly used for education even if it is permitted by the authority, as it is against the fair customs and the social order. Also, the educational properties that are directly used for education shall not be subject to any enforcements or provisional seizure for preservative measure. In case a private college goes bankrupt or two school corporations or two colleges affiliated to the same school corporation merge and it is clear that the real estate properties of private colleges will no longer be used for education purposes, it shall generally be valid to allow their sale and provision for collateral with the authority’s permission.