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Die Europäischen Konvention für Menschenrechte hat keine ausdrückliche Bestimmungen für sozialen Rechte. Aber der Europäischer Gerichthof für Menschenrechte garantiert die sozialen Rechte durch seine ständige Rechtsprechungen mit der Anwenung der Bestimmungen in der Europäischen Konvention für Menschenrechte, die in engen Beziehungen mit der sozialen Rechte stehen. Insbesondere hat der Europäischer Gerichthof für Menschenrechte den Schutzbereich des Art.6(Anspruch auf rechtliches Gehör), 8(Privatlebens- und Familienlebensfreiheit), 11(Versammlungs- und Vereinigungsfreiheit) und 14(Diskriminierungsverbot) in der Europäischen Konvention für Menschenrechte im Hinblick auf die Auswirkungssicherung der sozialen Rechte allmählich erweitert.

The case law has recognized the statutory superficies on custom law in the event of different owners of a land and building due to forced sale by auction for the ownership of the building. In order for the statutory superficies on custom law to constitute, first the owner of a land and building should be identical. In forced sale by auction, provisional seizure may have occurred before the decision to begin the forced sale. Such provisional seizure has an injunctive effect. Therefore, it should be viewed if the owner of land and the owner of building are the same person from the point of provisional seizure. The Supreme Court 2012, 10, 18 Pronouncement 2010Da52140 Decision reviewed in this study, declared that such a foresaid provisional seizure should be the point of judgment. In addition, the Supreme Court 2013, 4 11 Pronouncement 2009Da62059 Ruling stated that if a mortgage was established before seizure or provisional seizure, the mortgage point should be the baseline of judgment. More work will be necessary to further standardize and objectify the requirement to constitute the statutory superficies on custom law.

The Act of Supporting with Volumes of Trade(Il-Gam-Mol-Ah-Joo-Gi) is regulated as a kind of the unfair trade practices under the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act(hereinafter, “MRFTA”) in Korea. In 2007, the Fair Trade Commission(hereinafter, “FTC”) imposed a fine on the automaker and four units, including Kia Motors Corp., Hyundai Steel Co. and Glovis Co. for unfair trade with their sister units in breach of the fair competition rules. According to the FTC, Hyundai Motor was found to have illegally funded its auto-parts unit Hyundai Mobis Co. by paying excessive amounts of money on parts supplies, as well as having subsidized Hyundai Hysco through purchasing steel plates at higher costs. The nation's top two automakers, Hyundai Steel and Hyundai Mobis were also found to have allocated most of their orders to Glovis, the Hyundai Motor's freight unit. The article begins with a discussion of legal regimes relevant to the act of supporting with volumes of trade and the usurpation of corporate opportunity under the MRFTA and the Commercial Code, and then it examines critically the decisions of the court and the FTC in Glovis case.

In Korea, the percentage of multi-unit dwelling among all housing reached to 63% in 2013. Thus, multi-unit dwelling seems to be an universal type of dwelling, in Korea. By the way, in recent, floor noises causes many problems between multi-unit dwellers. A multi-unit dweller committed even a murder for the noises through floor. Of course, the fundamental way to solve floor-noise problems is to force constructors to do floor-noise- proofing work. However, for various reasons, including cost, etc., the preferential way to solve floor-noise problems is to make resort to endurance and consideration between multi-unit dwellers. Nevertheless, many multi-unit dwellers seems to have an outdated way of thinking to use as they please because of their own houses. As a result, they seldom make a concession, and reject a compromise. With this critical mind, this Article is made on three levels. First, this Article begins, in Part Ⅱ, with the examination of requirement for establishment and scope of section for exclusive ownership. Second, Part Ⅲ examines the significance of the sectional ownership and the requirements to establish the sectional ownership. Finally, Part Ⅳ shows how a multi-unit dweller should use his or her section for exclusive ownership, based on neighboring relations.

‘예견되는 계약위반’이란 상대방의 의무이행기가 아직 도래하지 아니하였으나, 상대방의 이행능력 또는 신뢰 성에 중대한 결함이 생겼거나 계약의 이행을 준비하는 상대방의 행위로부터 판단할 때, 그 이행을 기대할 수 없는 경우를 말한다. 국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약(CISG), 국제상사계약에 관한 UNIDROIT원칙(PICC) 및 유럽계약법원칙(PECL)은 영미법계의 예견되는 계약위반의 법리를 도입하여 공통적으로 계약의 당사자가 스 스로 계약상의 채무를 이행했다고 해도 상대방에게 채무이행이 이루어지지 않을 것이라고 우려되는 사정이 계약체결 후에 판명된 경우에 있어서의 넓은 법적 구제가 인정되고 있다. 특히 구게수단으로서 이행정지권뿐 만 아니라 이행기 전 계약해제권에 관한 내용을 규정함으로써 예견되는 계약위반의 상태가 발생했을 때에 계 약관계를 조기에 해소할 수 있도록 하고, 이러한 권리행사의 절차에 대해서도 구체적으로 규정하고 있다. 본 연구는 예견되는 계약위반에 있어서의 법적구제에 관한 CISG, PICC 및 PECL의 규정체계와 그 해석론을 정리하고, 예견되는 계약위반상태에 빠진 계약관계의 취급에 관한 주요논점을 비교·고찰한다.

Kann eine Partei bereits einen Vertragsbruch begehen, bevor die andere die Leistung verlangen kann? Und wenn ja, welche Rechtsfolgen ergeben sich daraus? Diese Fragen beschäftigen das UN-Kaufrechr(CISG), UNIDROIT Prinzip(PICC) und das Prinzip europäisches vertragsrecht(PECL) unter Schlagwörtern wie ‘vorzeitige Erfüllungsverweigerung’ und ‘Antizipierter Vertragsbruch’. Gegenstand diser Arbeit ist es, einen Vergleich zwischen CISG und PICC sowie PECL bezüglich der Rechte des Gläubigers bei einem bevorstehenden Vertragsbruch durch die andere Partei. Art. 71 CISG sowie Art. 7.3.4 PICC, Art. 8:105 Abs. 1 PECL regelt ein Recht auf Erfüllungsverweigerung bei bevorstehender Vertragsverletzung fest. Bei drohender wesentlicher Vertragsverletzung gewährt Art. 72 CISG, Art. 7.3.3 PICC und Art. 9:304 PECL unter engeren Vorauszetzungen ein Vertragsaufhebungsrecht. Anders als das Aussetzungsrecht unter den PICC und den PECL findet Art. 71 CISG nicht nur Anwendung, wenn die Leistungen Zug um Zug zu erfüllen sind oder der Schuldner vorleistungspflichtig ist, sondern auch dann, wenn den Gläubiger eine Vorleistungspflicht trifft. Artt. 9:304, 8:105 Abs. 2 PECL sowie Artt. 7.3.3, 7.3.4  PICC weisen Ähnlichkeiten zu Art. 72 CISG auf, weichen aber insofern davon ab, als sie nicht zwischen der Erfüllungsverweigerung nach Art. 72 Abs. 3 CISG und sonstigem künftigem wesentlichen Vertragsbruch nach Art. 72 Abs. 1 unterscheiden. Auch sehen Artt. 7.3.4 PICC, 8:105 PECL keine Anzeigepflicht des Gläubigers vor, die Art. 72 Abs.2 CISG entsprechen würde; der Gläubiger darf vom Schuldner ausreichende Sicherstellung verlangen, ist dazu jedoch nicht verpflichtet, sondern kann den Vertrag auch direkt aufheben.

German law of residence-ownership have an effect on Korean and Japan law of it. But, they are different an another, and have a distinct characteristic. The collective building management rule is a means of decision-making. Management association makes it independently. It is a rule and a basic order of an organization to form a community. It is made by 'contracts' and 'resolutions' of divided owners. It has a special legal effect to transcend a contract that generates a credit. In other words, It is a supreme autonomic norms of divided owners-community. It is created, revised and abolished by agreement of three-fourths of divided owners. It contains important items to have to do with a ownership. A common sector on rules is what is turned by rule. It is occurred by authentic document and assembly- resolution of divided owners, and occurred by a declaration of intention and a rule in German. On French law a partitioned ownership-rule is a contract that is established by an agreement of divided owners. The standard apartment management rule is made use of normative reference by divided owners, when they make an apartment management rule. It can prevents a dispute, and promotes a harmony among divided owners. I think The Collective Building Management Rule of Korea has to be brought about an improvement. I hope that this paper help improve it.

Today advances in technology pose new security challenges for nations and people that rely on intellectual property. And many countries pledged to work closely on intellectual property protection. Furthermore Organized crime is increasingly involved in the piracy of intellectual property. Therefore Intellectual property law is becoming a key issue for policy makers and businesses. The political battle over intellectual property is waged, among other places, in the council of the World Intellectual Property Organization. World Intellectual Property Organization try to protect the Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. intellectual property rights are the legally recognized exclusive rights to creations of the mind. Above all, intellectual property right is the fundamental right of the Constitution because knowledge is an important moral asset. Under intellectual property law like 「Contents Industries Promotion Act」·「Patent Law」·「Trademark Law」·「Design Protection Law」etc., owners of intellectual property are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Government should protect the intellectual property right. Therefore, this study is aimed at researching to the significance and meaning of intellectual property right of the Constitution.

At the present time, the local autonomy is guaranteed at the constitution. The decentralization becomes the core of the local autonomy as well as the national development. The local government has the right to dispose all affairs in local region on self-responsibility. It can be said the autonomy is exercised through the power of statutory interpretation. Traditionally, the statutory interpretation of the central government has been understood as to has the legal priority, when there is a contradictory in administrative statutory interpretation between central and local government. Nowadays, judged from viewpoint of the constitutional guarantee of Local Autonomy and the principle of subsidiarity, or the vertical separation of powers between the local government and central government, the local government can be said that it has legal priority of statutory interpretation, especially concerning on autonomous affairs of local government. On the study of legal priority of statutory interpretation, Jeju Special Self-governing Province is so special. Because the special act on the Jeju special self-governing Province has the special regulations such as to be organization of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province and to delegate most of legal powers of the central government to Jeju Province, to minimize the involvement of the central government and to ensure their autonomous decisions on the future of Jeju. Especially it can be seen through not only allowing Jeju government to directly intervene in the revision process of the special act but also installing of Audit Committee in the Jeju Province to rule out the Audit of the central government. Shortly concluded, local government has the power to interpret on the law of local affairs. In particular, the government of Jeju Special Self-governing Province has the right of more special autonomous statutory interpretation than the other local government.

Assume the following fact that if plaintiff gave money to defendant under his mistake and without knowing plaintiff's mistake, defendant spent the money given by the plaintiff by going the fancy restaurant which he would have not gone otherwise. Can the defendant defense against plaintiff claiming in restitution of the money by arguing he already spent the money?In such situation, defendant under the English and U.S. law can argue "defence of change of position" ground on detrimental change of position against plaintiff's claim in restitution. This defense places the limitation on defendant's liability and justifies that law of restitution is an independent tool to levy the liability. This paper reviews definition, types of "defence of change of position" and related discussion of causation and fault. As a result of the review, "defence of change of position" plays similar role with "defense of remaining enrichment" under Korean law but it is more flexible in its application because it is based on equity. That is why it is hard to understand its concept but it can provide the tips to understand "defense of remaining enrichment" under Korean law in a way to fit for its purpose.

근년 중국에서는 민사재판에 있어서 헌법이 적용되는 사례가 나타나고 있다. 통계에 의하면 1987년부터 2002 년까지 중국의 법원은 33건의 사건에 있어서 헌법을 적용하였다고 한다. 2002년에는 직원모집에 있어서의 신 장제한에 대해 헌법상의 평등권이 침해되었다고 하여 소송을 제기한 이른바 “최초의 헌법상의 평등권 침해사 건”이 발생했고 법원은 원고의 소송을 기각하였지만 적지 않은 사회적 파문을 일으켰다. 2008년에는 외박을 금지한 직장의 규정을 어기여 사고를 당한 경우 산재에 해당하는가 아닌가를 다툰 이른바 ‘최초의 헌법상의 자유권 침해 사건’이 발생했고 법원은 판결이유에서 헌법을 인용하였다. 같은 해에 프라이버시권 침해가 쟁점 이 된 이른바 “최초의 인육수색(신상 털기) 사건”이 발생했고 이 판결에서도 법원은 역시 판결이유에서 헌법 을 인용하고 있다. 본문에서는 두 가지 문제를 제기하였다. 하나는 중국의 민사재판실무에 있어서 무엇 때문에 그렇게 많은 “헌 법을 적용하는 사례”가 존재하고 있는가? 그 배경은 무엇인가? 라고 하는 법사회학적인 시각의 문제이다. 다 른 하나는 법원은 어떻게 헌법을 적용하였는가? 다시 말하면 단순이 헌법조문만으로 민사판결을 진행하는 이 른바 “직접효력설”에 입각하고 있는 것인가? 아니면 민법의 “개괄 조항”에 대한 “합헌적인 해석”을 통하여 간 접적으로 헌법을 적용하는 이른바 “간접효력설”에 입각하고 있는 것인가? 그리고 이에 맞추어 학설에서는 어 떠한 이론적인 전개를 하고 있는가? 하는 실무적 이론적 검증의 문제이다. 본문에서는 중국의 민사사건 재판에 있어서의 헌법적용의 네 개의 전형적인 사례를 고찰하고 그 특징과 학회 에서의 이론전개를 검토하였다. 그 결론으로 다음과 같은 점을 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 민사재판에 있어서 헌법을 적용한 배경에는 위헌심사제도의 구축이 어렵고 많은 논의가 헌법의 적용을 구체적인 재판에 있어서 실현하는 것에 집중하고 있는 이론적인 사정과 급속한 경제발전과 더불어 중국인의 권리이식의 고양과 “민법의 결함을 헌법조문에서 보완 한다”라는 실무상의 사정이 있다. 둘째, 전형적인 사례에 있어서 “직접적용”이론에 입각한 사례는 보이지 않는다. 이론상으로도 학설은 “불완전 조문”이라는 재판규범의 논리, 사법의 한계론 및 헌법의 고도의 추상성, 흡수성 등을 이유로 부정적인 이론전 개를 하고 있다. 셋째, 전형적인 사례에서 볼 경우, 법원은 기본적으로는 “간접적용”의 이론에 입각하고 있고 학설도 그러한 이론전개를 하고 있다. 넷째, “간접적용”설을 취할 경우, “재판에 있어서 헌법인용을 부정한 최고인민법원의 사법해석의 존재”, “법 원에 헌법해석권한이 없다”라고 하는 두개의 실무적인 “관문’이 존재한다. 다만 당해 사법해석에 관하여는 논 쟁이 존재하고 있고 현실적으로는 “판결주문에서의 헌법인용을 금지한 것이지 판결이유에서는 헌법의 인용 이 가능하다.”라는 견해를 취하는 것은 일리가 있다. 그리고 법원의 헌법해석권한의 문제에 관해서도 헌법은 헌법해석권을 전국인민대표대회상무위원회에 부여하고 있지만 그것은 “최종해석권”을 부여한 것으로 이해하 는 것도 가능하며 법원의 헌법해석권을 부정할 수는 없다고 생각된다. 따라서 ‘간접적용”설을 취하는 것에는 문제가 없다고 생각된다. 이 논점에 관해서 독일이나 일본에서는 많은 논의가 되고 있지만 중국과는 정치체제나 사법제도 등이 크게 다 르다는 점에 주의하지 않으면 안된다. 다만 중국에 있어서도 사권의 사법적인 구제의식이 높아가고 있고 상술 한 이론을 참고로 중국 독자적인 제삼자효력론을 구축하는 것에는 매우 깊은 의미가 있다고 생각된다.

In recent years, application of Constitution appears in China’s various types of civil trial. According to statistics, from 1987 to 2002, China’s courts invoked Constitution in 33 cases. Reviewing the trial procedure in these cases, we need to pay attention to the following two questions. One is why so much cases of “application of Constitution in the trial of civil disputes” appear in China’s trial practice? What’s the difference between China’s and Western “application of Constitution in civil dispute”? Which characteristics it reflects? The second question is how China’s courts apply Constitution in the trial? Is just on Constitutional provisions ( rather than according to norms of civil law ) to settle a lawsuit? Or is indirect application of Constitution through “Constitutional interpretation” of “ general clauses of civil law”? This article discussed four typical cases of application of Constitution in civil trial, and analyzed their characteristics and academic theories. First, there is a profound of economic and social background in application of Constitution in civil trial –--- rapid economic development brought a uplift of people’s awareness of rights and practice needs of “ Constitution clauses making up for Civil law”. Secondly, from the typical cases, courts did not directly apply Constitution, and denied the practice. Thirdly, from the typical cases, courts essentially adopted the method of indirect application of Constitution. Doctrine also supported this practice. Finally, if adopting indirect application doctrine, two practical problems need to be solved. This calls for a more detail discussion.

방송ㆍ통신 융합은 ‘원소스 멀티유즈(one source, multi use)’ 환경을 제공하고 있다. 예를 들어, 우리는 방송을 TV브라운관을 통해서만 시청하지 않고 PCㆍ스마트미디어 등 다른 기기에서도 시청하고 있다. 심지어 최근에는 방송 프로그램의 시청율을 계산함에 있어 VOD 시청율을 반영하는 것이 추진되고 있다. 이와 같은 예는 콘텐 츠 공급ㆍ소비 환경의 변화가 더욱 심화․가속되고 있다는 것을 반증한다. 따라서 방송․통신 콘텐츠 공급ㆍ소비 환 경의 변화는 더 이상 선형(線形)구조로서 이해하기 어렵게 되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 방송ㆍ통신 내용규제 법제는 필요에 따라 법령을 추가하는 임시방편으로 콘텐츠 공급ㆍ소비 환경의 변화에 대응해 오고 있다. 즉, 여전히 종래의 수직적 규제 원리를 유지하고 있다. 이러한 규제체계가 언제까지 타당성과 실효성을 유지할 수 있을지 의문이다. 분명한 것은 미봉책(彌縫策)은 일정시기에 한계점에 다다를 것이며, 현재의 방송․통신 환경 변화 속도에 미루어 본다면, 가급적 빠른 시일 내에 법제를 정비하는 것 이 필요하다는 사실이다. 본 연구는 몇 가지 사항을 고려하여 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째, 필요한 법령을 그때그때 추가하는 임시방편은 한계점에 다다르고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 방송․통신 융합 환경 하에서는 콘텐츠를 특정 영역이나 기관에 한정 하여 인식하는 것은 지양될 필요가 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 기존의 심의 체계와 대응 방법의 문제점을 개별적으 로 분석한 선행연구를 거시적인 관점에서 활용할 필요가 있다는 점이다. 특히, 수직적 규제체계를 수평적 규 제체계로 대체하는 것 이외의 다른 방법에 대한 검토가 필요하다는 점이다. 따라서 본 연구는 방송ㆍ통신 콘텐츠 심의제도 현황을 토대로 ‘방송ㆍ통신 콘텐츠 심의제도의 문제점’을 도출하 였다. 현행 수직적 규제 체계는 ‘규제원리의 부정합성, 규제의 공백과 중복, 규제의 불균형성, 등급분류의 불 일치 및 청소년 범위의 불일치, 심의기준의 모호성 및 콘텐츠 분류의 모호성, 사후심의의 위헌성 등’ 관련 영역 전반에 걸쳐 문제를 야기하고 있음을 지적하였다.

The convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication has been creating a new environment, the so called "One Source, Multi Use". For example, it is possible to watch TV shows through a personal computer or a smart phone as well as a traditional television. Viewer rating of VOD(video on demand) is also going to be reflected in the analysis of broadcasting ratings. The phenomena above clearly show the changes of an environment in which contents of broadcasting and telecommunication are supplied or consumed. It has become difficult to understand the changes of the new environment concerning the contents with only the linear structure point of view. Nevertheless, the current content regulation systems have been taking temporary action such as enacting provisions or laws against the new environment. This means the contents are still governed by an existing fundamental principal of regulation. It is called "Vertical Regulation" which controls the contents of broadcasting and telecommunication according more to equipment than to the content itself. However, the contents under the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication could be provided or used regardless of their facilities that used to carry only a specific content before. It is obvious that the temporary expedient will reach a limit for its availability. This is the prime reason the content regulation systems should be urgently reformed. This research points out a series of problems for the systems. Lastly, this study makes an attempt to seek essential ways of improving the content regulation systems. Above all, this paper tries to suggest a new principle which could be named "The Principle of Equality on Content Regulation".

There are two different regional conventions on human rights that are put into force by different agencies. One is the European Convention on Human Rights, and the other is the American Convention on Human Rights. The details of the conventions and how to enforce them have continued to develop since their initial stages, and a related judicial system called the court of human rights has been instituted as well. There also is such a system of human rights protection in Africa. To guarantee human rights, a protocol named Banjul Charter was adopted in this area, and a court was installed according to that. The purpose of this study was to examine the current situations of the regional African Convention on Human Rights and a related case in an effort to shed light on the future prospects of the convention from a perspective of regional human rights. It's specifically meant to offer an overview of the progress of the African system of human rights protection, and then a selected case of the African court of human rights was analyzed to see if there would be anything wrong with the regional system. The selected case was a genocide by Hissene Habre, the former president of Chad who were living in political exile in Senegal. This case makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the African system of human rights protection. Therefore the case was analyzed to determine what human rights really meant in this region and the actual effects of related measures from a standpoint of international human rights, and then the judgments of the African Court of Human Rights were analyzed. Finally, the relationships between individual petition procedure and judiciary proceedings in Banjul Charter and between eligibility rules for petition in the African Court of Human Rights and agreement from the related nation were analyzed.

In Korea, lots of unincorporated associations exist. But Korea civil law regulates just three articles about the property relationship for the unincorporated association. So those three articles can't control the complicated and various property relationships between unincorporated association and the other party. Specially, the articles give unincorporated association an advantage in the transactions. And many scholar have suggested to change the regulation about permission to the corporation from unincorporated association. This regulation means §32 on the civil law system in Korea, they thought this article can make lots of unincorporated associations. If it is changed to more relief way, unincorporated association will be decreased and Korea civil law can easily control those associations. What is more, because of this articles' origin and simplicity, many scholars have maintained to abolish those articles of to keep it. In this thesis, after I saw through those two types of opinion, tried to suggest rational solutions (with the problem of protecting the other party in the transactions. About §32, I think change that article to the relief way and that keeping §275-277 and compensating the defect articles are far better in total. Because 'collective ownership', the ownership types of the unincorporated association, was made since 1960 and many unincorporated associations have been controlled by those articles and judgmental decisions. In conclusion, this thesis tried to suggest better ways that legislators have to consider.