Earticle

Objektive Klagenhäufung ist die Geltendmachung mehrerer prozessualer Ansprüche desselben Klägers gegen denselben Beklagten in einem Klageverfahren. Sie wird gekennzeichnet durch die Einheit des Verfahrens bei Mehrheit von Ansprüchen oder von Prozeßrechtsverhältnissen, denn wird durch die Geltendmachung jedes Anspruchs Prozeßrechtsverhältnis begündet. Verschieden von dieser Mehrheit der Ansprüche ist die Mehrheit von Klagegründen für denselben Anspruch. Die Arten der Klagenhäufung sind kumulative Klagenhäufung, eventuelle Klagenhäufung und alternative Klagenhäufung. Die alternative Klagenhäufung ist der Fall der wahlweisen oder alternativen Verbindung. Bei ihr macht der Kläger den einen oder den anderen Anspruch geltend. Über die Zulässigkeit von alternative Klagenhäufung ist streitet wegen des Dispositionsgrundsatz und des Gebots bestimmter Anstellung. Die Folge der Verbindung ist die gemeinsame Verhandlung, Beweisaufnahme und Entscheidung über die mehreren Ansprüche. Sind die mehreren Ansprüche im alternativverhältnis geltend gemacht, so darf das Gericht über einen oder anderen Anspruch entscheiden. Bei der alternative Klagenhäufung, es ist streitet, daß Teilurteil kann über einen Anspruch ergehen. Nach die herschende Meinung, Teilurtiel(d.h. daß ein Anspruch bei der Entscheidung übergangen) ist unzulassig. Erkennt das Urteil eine Anspruch zu, so liegt ein Vollendurteil vor, da die Rechthängigkeit anderenes Anspruchs erlischt. Daher hat die erste Instanz einen Anspruch für begründet erklärt, so wird der in erster Instanz erhobene anderen Anspruch ohne weiteres schon auf die Berufung des Beklagten hin in der Berufunginstanz Gegenstand der Verhandlung. Die erste Instanz die allen Ansprüche von alternative Klagenhäufung abgewiesen, so bestimmen auch hier grundsatzlich die Parteien durch ihre Anträge den Umfang der richtliche Prüfung. Dies folgt auch aus dem Verbot der reformatio in peius. Aber nach meine Meinung die erste Instanz einen Anspruch von alternative Klagenhäufung abgewiesen, die berufung des Beklagten und des Klägers bewirken, daß die allen Ansprüche ist Gegenstand des Berufsverfahrens machen. Entsprechendes gilt für die Revision.

Die geist-körperliche Verletzungen gegen Schüler im Schulleben eingreifen in die Rechte, daß Schüler die Erziehung zur Sicherheit bekommen. Bei der Heilbehandlung oder geistliche Beratung benötigenden Verletzungen hat Schule als Erzieher der Eltern die Berichtspflicht, den Grund und Ergebnis der geist-körperliche Verletzungen gegen Schüler im Schulleben zu erklären. Es ist einer Inhalt der Sicherheitspflicht, die die Schule und der Lehrer im Schulleben belasten. Bei der geist-körperlichen Verletzungen gegen Schüler im Schulleben belastet Schulleiter der Erziehungskommission als ein Erziheungsverwaltungsorgan die schriftlichen Berichtspflicht zur Lage des Unfalls. In disem Sinne können Unfallshören aus dem verletzten Schüler und Voröffnung des Unfallberichts für Verletzte in der Abfassungsphase des Unfallberichts teilweise die Verwirklichung der geist-körperlich verletzten Schülers- und Elternsrechte in der Natur der Erziehungssache sein.

The main purposes of this study is to analyze the application of sentencing guideline for false accusation. The 901 cases of false accusation offenses which were sentenced from July 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010 are analyzed. Based on an analysis during 18 months after the implement of the 1st sentencing guideline, there was no radical changes on sentencing practices. The 486 offenders are sentenced to jail, 134 offenders are punished with a fine. Among 486 offenders who are sentenced to jail, 406 offenders are a stay of execution. Current sentencing guideline system, however, has its own limits, in that it has not yet provided guidelines on fine. Moreover, the guideline system is not compatible with sentencing principles of the Criminal Act. There lacks clarity in the definition of sentencing factors on offence and on offender. This may not justify the principle that sentencing factors on offence shall has priority over those on offender. Even though this sentencing standards are advisory, the fact that the announcement of this standards make many people have a norm in sentencing and by doing so it is expected to bring gradual changes in a good way.

The title of this thesis is “A Study of the Improvement of the Consumer Bankruptcy Procedure and Indemnification Procedure.” It would be difficult at the present moment to predict exactly what problems may arise in the future. Koreans can vividly remember that they had to bite the bullet during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. Many of them lost jobs and suffered from drastic corporate and financial restructuring. Then they popped the bottle of champagne too early, emerging from the turmoil in less than two years. They spent more than what they earned, leading to a credit card crisis in 2003 that made over 4 million people credit defaulters. The listed defaulters face restrictions on financial activities and employment. Korea introduced consumer bankruptcy system as a measure to save personal debtors from debt around the time of IMF rescue funds. In order to provide debtors with an opportunity for a fresh start, it is necessary to improve the consumer bankruptcy system. Consumer counseling and training are considered particularly important. However, consumer bankruptcy system exempts personal debtors from debt even when it sacrifices the credits, so it needs social reconciliation when determining the range of exemption of personal debtors. Consumer bankruptcy system should compare and decide how to minimize the ethical laxity of debtors and how much sacrifice of creditors should be demanded.

When the Korean Civil Law was legislated, the right to claim auction in leasehold was evidently stipulated but the right to preferential payment was not. hence, many viewed that leasehold right is not recognized to be the same with the right preferential payment as a real right of usufruct. However, after the amendment of the Civil Law, the tight to preferential payment was granted to leasehold right, so now a theory that possesses both a real right of usufruct and real right granted by way of security is gaining consent from the majority. In Chapter 6 of the Korean Civil Law, A regulation regarding leasehold right, and some other provisions were stipulated in line with the real right granted by way of security. So, civil law scholars have been studied by focusing on the real right granted by way of security of leasehold tight and the subject of papers have been on the real right granted by way of security of leasehold right. Considering that the regulation regarding real right granted by way of security of leasehold right needs to be actively promoted. However, given the fact that a real right of usufruct has equal authority with the real right granted by way of security of leasehold, the research regarding a real right of usufruct is crucial. Under this consideration, research on strengthening method regarding real right granted by way of security of leasehold is still lacking. Therefore, this paper set out how to strengthening real right granted by way of security of leasehold right as one of the development methods of leasehold right.

Competition policy has political and economic goals. Suppression of economic power concentration resolves a social conflict and helps development of democracy through the regulation of the unfair assisting practices as appears by late hypermarket regulation and supporting with volumes of trade of business conglomerates. The purpose of the monopoly regulation and fair trade act is to promote competition and increase consumer welfare. For market in the form of developing country as Korean market with the high percentage of a large enterprise group and barrier to entry, it could establish fair transaction order to regulate practices, to impede or likely to impede competition process and level playing field For a standard of judgment unfairness of unfair assisting practices, it is desirable to identify in impediment of fair trade, not in factors unrelative to competition such as impediment of corporate transparency, protection of minority shareholders and creditors of supporting firms. Interpreting judgment of unfairness as harm to competition, causes results contrary to legislation purpose by categorize unfair assisting practices into unfair trade practices. Competition law and Antitrust law has multi-dimensional purposes. Unfairness in prohibitive provisions of unfair assisting practices, has to be interpreted as European competition impediment in Korean market that free competition except fair competition, could not be presumed. Fair transaction order has to include level playing field regardless of efficiency and competition process to preserve competition opportunities. Fair transaction order must not consist of only composition element of harm to competitor. Unfairness judgment has to be prudent because revised competition law especially could constrict business activity by over-deterrence to relax a prominence requirement into a favorableness requirement

Environmental pollution and environmental destruction is to destroy the environment and life foundations of human survival. Because it means the extinction of all living organisms, environmental destruction is a matter of great importance to humanity. Also countries that have recognized the importance of environmental issues and the seriousness of environmental pollution, provided the legal system in order to prevent environmental destruction and environmental pollution. Republic of Korea also laid the environmental clause of the Constitution in the eighth Amendment of the Constitution in 1980. And South Korea has documented the environmental rights of the Constitution, such as the current by the Ninth constitutional amendment of 1987. However, it is not yet decided the security range of environmental rights. In this paper, in order to determine the security range of environmental rights, was discussed in terms of ethical and philosophical. And I examined the changes in society of people on the environment. As a result, the environmental rights of the Constitution, it is defined as including the living environment and the natural environment. In addition, I set the cultural environment and cultural heritage cultural relics. And Social environment prescribed by society facility educational environment necessary to life as a personality, home environment, bridge and road. As mentioned above, in order to ensure the environmental rights of the people, I will be included in the category of environmental rights and cultural environment and social environment.

한국에 체류하고 있는 결혼이주여성들은 한국사회의 새로운 소수자로서 사회적차별과 배제의 대상이며 다중(多重) 적인 소수자로서 취약성을 가지고 있다. 사실 결혼이주여성들은 가정을 꾸리고 아이를 낳고 기른다. 한국사람들은 처갓집과 수평적·대칭적인 관계를 유지하며 살아간다. 하지만 결혼이주여성들은 그렇게 할수 없다. 결혼이주자들이 한국인가족과 수평적이고 호혜적인 사회적관계를 유지할수있도록 친정집과의 관계도 형성･ 발전시켜 안정적인 사회 주체로서의 위상을 확립할 수 있도록 정책차원에서의 배려가 필요하다. 사회적 관계는 이주자가 자신에게 닥친 문제해결에 동원할 수 있는 자원이다. 사회적 관계는 이주자개인의 사회의 적응과 심리적 안정뿐만 아니라 가족관계, 나아가 바람직한 다문화사회를 발전시키는데 있어서도 결정적 요인으로 작용한다. 사회적 고립으로 여성결혼이민자들은 외로움, 답답함, 우울감등을 경험하며 사회적 관계를 통해 제공 받 을 수 있는 정서적･ 물질적 지원, 정보등에서 소외되고 있다. 결혼이주여성들이 한국인과 수평적이고 호혜적인 사회 적 관계를 형성･ 발전시켜 사회주체로서의 지위를 확립할 수 있도록 정책차원에서 대응이 필요하다. 결혼이민자의 사회적관계의 발전을 위해서는 ‘다문화가족지원법’에서 결혼이민자의 사회적관계 활성화를 위한 정책기조를 규정할 필요가 있다. 결혼이주여성은 결혼 후 2년동안은 법적지위가 매우 불안정하다. 부부사이는 동등한 것이 아닌 위계적인 관계가 된 다. 국가적 차원에서 다양성보호를 위해 소수자의 권리를 보호하고 사회집단이 다양성을 수용하고 상호존중을 위한 법률을 제정할 필요가 있다. 결혼이주여성들은 문화적 동질성을 갖는 사회적 다수에 의해 차별적 대우와 인권침해를 받는 전형적인 문화적 소수자이다. 그리고 한국에서 인종, 성, 경제적 능력, 언어소통의 한계성으로 인해 인권침해를 받을 가능성이 높은 사회적 약자이다. 결혼이민자들의 법적보호를 위해 단순히 법률제도나 절차의 개선으로만 그 효 과를 거둘 수 있는 것은 아니다. 소수자의 권리보호를 위해서는 그 소수자가 갖추지 못한 의사소통구조를 복원시키 려는 노력이 동시에 진행되어야만 진정한 소수자보호가 이루어질수있다. 따라서 캐나다의「다문화주의법」 (「Canadian Multiculturalism Act」),독일의「평등대우법」(「Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz」), 영국의 「 평등법」(「Equality Act 2010」)과 같은 법의 제정을 통하여 우리 국민과 소수민간의 사회통합을 위한 문화다양성의 존중과 이의 확산의 바탕이 되는 입법적인 뒷받침이 필요하다.

Married immigrant women, minorities as social discrimination and exclusion, have relatively more vulnerabilities than Korean people in terms of the horizontal, reciprocal social interaction. Social relationships are a resource that can be mobilized themselves to solve problems encountered by immigrants. Immigrants who have the individual social adaptation and psychological stability as well as social relationships are very desirable to develop a multi-cultural society in decisive factor. Married immigrant women are experiencing loneliness, frustration, depression through the social isolation and material support, information etc. that can be provided through social relationships. In order to solve these problems, appropriate government policy is needed for married immigrant women to form reciprocal and horizontal relationships with Koreans. For the development of the social relationships of married immigrant women, there is a need to stipulate the relevant provisions for the social relations of married immigrants in the ‘Multicultural Family Support Act ’. The legal status of immigrant women is unstable for two years after marriage and the relationships between the couple are not equivalent but hierarchical. Diversity to protect the rights of minorities must be accepted at the national level and Korean government also has to legislate for mutual respect. Of course, only improvement of the legal system or procedures for the legal protection of marriage immigrants doesn't have a lot of effect. However, such as Canada's Multiculturalism Act , Germany's Equal treatment Act'(Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz ), British's Equality Act 2010, legislative support for respect of cultural diversity and social integration between the majority and the minority in Korea is also needed to minimize harmful effect.

By managing tax expenditures in line with budget expenditures, the tax expenditure budget system, as well as the tax credits ratio limit system in National Finance Act, raises the efficiency of resources allocation, improves the transparency of fiscal management, and controls excessive tax benefits requested by the Parliament. Based on analysis of this study, fiscal responsibility of the government should be strengthened, estimation methods should be developed for the accuracy of tax expenditures, and data collection and reporting system should be refined to improve the tax expenditures budget system. Consequently, this study is expected to contribute to providing academic and practical implications to relevant future cases.

This study is aimed at researching on the methods of legislating the laws and regulations related to the Prevention against Illicit Export and Return of Cultural Property for the realization of Constitutional Principle of the Cultural State. In 1970 「Convention on the Means of Prohibiting the illicit import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property」and in 1995 「Unidroit Convention on Stolen or illegally Exported Cultural Objects」was singed to prevent "Illicit Export" and vitalize "Return of Cultural Property". The 「article 9 of constitution of Republic of Korea」prescribes "The State shall strive to sustain and develop the cultural heritage and to enhance national culture". And 「Cultural Property Law」was enacted in 1962. Thus nation have to strive to achieve the return of cultural property and also state should protect cultural property. Unfortunately, the role of government for the prevention of illicit export and of return of cultural property form other countries like Japan, USA, and Germany has not been successful because of "the robber of cultural property", "lack of public finance for the return of cultural property", “the increase in the number of Illicit Export", "a mild punishment" an etc. For this reason, rational improvement plan for the prevention against illicit export and return of cultural property is need very much. Therefore 「Cultural Properties Protection Law」should be appropriately improved for the realization of constitutional principle of the cultural state.

Betreuungsrecht(Adult Guardianship Law) in Germany has been revised four times since 1992. There are many reasons in revising the incompetency system in German Civil Law, such as disaccordance with the basic ideology of the modern law, the advent of aged society, etc. However, in the 21st century, Betreuungsrecht is being revised continuously for the purpose of converging on the idea of the social welfare state. At first, the German legislature focused on taking off their old clothes(Entmündigungsrecht) and wore a new dress(Betreuungsrecht). Recently, they are trying to make a perfect fit, that is, they are revising Betreuungsrecht in detail for putting teeth in the effectiveness on practicing the adult guardianship system. The Korean legislature revised the incompetency system for keeping pace with the times, and the new adult guardianship system was enforced on July 1st of this year. It is time to scrutinize the Korean adult guardianship system, because many countries adopted the adult guardianship system have noticed that there are many problems in practicing the adult guardianship system in these days, and solved the problems of the system in itself. This paper insisted that the systems between Korea and Germany are much similar. Therefore, it requires further checkup on what/how different/similar it is. And then, we need to check causes of the revision of the German system. It may be useful for us to practice our adult guardianship system. Thus we can solve and take measures.

Property taxes are widely regarded as an efficient and equitable means of raising revenue. The primary reasons for imposing a property tax include incentives for efficient property use, a tax base that cannot be withdrawn from production, and establishment of an autonomous revenue source for local government. In addition, it is also considered that property taxes supplement income tax system by taxing on intrinsic value of property. Due to the nature of the property taxes, property tax policy includes political, economic and social issues. The impact of the recent global financial crisis in Korea has changed the property market more with the transition period of the market. The marked differences are the depreciation of property prices and the decrease of transaction volume. Responding the phenomena, it is discussed increasing property holding tax and decreasing property transfer tax. Facing the transition point, property taxes need fundamental and comprehensive reform, not patching up the problems anymore. For the fundamental and comprehensive reform, the purposes and reasons for imposing each item of property taxes should be scrutinized, considering economic condition and market situation.

Most investment treaties contain provisions to afford the nationals of the other Parties full protection and security for investments. These full protection and security clauses oblige the host State to take reasonable measures to protect investors and their investments from physical violence and damage by the host State or its organs or by the third parties. The language of the obligation in them, however, is very varied and ambiguous and also has not any reference to the standard to be applied in interpreting it in the vast majority of BITs. The lack of reference to it has led to a debate on whether a strict liability is imposed on the host State by them or how its scope shall be defined. There seems to be a general consensus that the clauses do not bring a strict liability to the host State and are limited to physical security under customary international law. But recently a number of tribunals have found that the full protection and security standard can be extended beyond physical security. It remains to be seen that the tendency of tribunals to extend its scope to the legal protection will be established.

In Korea ist es üblich, dass der Mieter eines Geschäftsraums dem Mieter oder dem Vormieter große Menge Geld als so gennante ‘Premium’ bezahlt. Dabei ist er sich große Hoffnung, dass er durch den Betrieb sines Geachäfts oder den Weiter-Vermietung mehr Geld bekommen kann, als er eingesetzt hat. Aber sein Wunsch wird unerfüllbar, wenn der Mietvertrag früher zur Ende geht als erwartet. In dieser Situation ist es fraglich, dass die Hoffunung des Geschäftsraummieters rechtlich shcutzwürdig ist. Der Geschäftsraummieter will das Geld zurück fordern, wenn seine Hoffnung unerfüllbar worden ist. Was kann den Anspruchsgrundlage sein? Man kann die Rückgewähr der empfangenen Leistungen beim Rücktritt oder die Rückabwicklung der ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung nennen. Um festzustellen, ob die Voraussetzungen beider Anspruchsgrundlagen erfüllt sind, zuerst ist es danach gefragt werden muss, was beim Vertrag fürs ‘Premium’ als Gegenleistung des Empfängers des ‘Premiums’ vereinbart ist oder was als Zweck der Leistung von ‘Premium’ bezweckt ist. Die Antwort auf diese beide Fragen ist nicht einfach, weil die Parteien des Premiumsvertrags normalerweise die Gegenleistung des Premiums oder den Zweck der Leistung nicht erklären oder nicht genug ausdrücklich erklären. Juristen auslegen den Premiumsvertrag dahin, dass die Übergabe des Ges chäfts, Know-hows, Geschäftsrufs oder die Schaffung der Gebrauchsmöglichk eit von günstige Lokation des Geschäftsraums als die Gegenleistung des Pre miums vereinbart sind. Aber die genaue Inhalte diese Gegenleistungen sind meiner Meinung nach nicht genug ausführlich bestimmt. Daraufhin können die Erfüllung der Voraussetzungen des Rücktritt oder der ungerechtfertigte Berei cherung nicht immer festgestellt werden. Also für den Schutz der Geschäftsr aummieters ist der Maßnahme der Legislative von enorme Bedeutung.

에너지문제는 인류의 지속발전에 영향을 주는 하나의 중요한 요소이다. 에너 지의 개발은 생태환경에 중대한 파괴를 주며 에너지 무역의 발전은 반드시 생태환 경의 보호와 복원의 상호영향을 충분히 고려하여야 한다. 엄중한 대기오염은 우리 들에게 에너지의 고소비, 고오염의 경제발전의 길을 걸어서는 안된다는 것을 보여 주었고, 생태보상법률제도는 에너지무역의 저탄전형발전에 제도보장을 제공할 수 있다. 지금 중국의 생태보상 법률제도에는 많은 문제가 존재하고 있다. 첫째, 생태 환경성본내부화는 여러 가지 법률적 곤경에 처하고 있다. 예를 들면 에너지기업은 환경보호법률의식이 천박하여 경제이익만 중시하고 환경보호의식이 결핍, 환경표준 이 비교적 낮고 부동한 경제발전수준 지구의 환경탐측 수준의 차이가 거대하여 과 학적인 생태보상표준을 건립하는데 불리, 환경자원의 가격을 정하기 어렵거나 불합 리하여 오염에 인한 손실과 생태복원비용을 계산하기 어렵고 특히 환경오염전이에 의한 생태파괴를 가늠하기 어려우며 생태보상방식을 활용하지 못하는 등 문제가 있 다. 둘째, 에너지 생태보상 법률제도가 불완전하고 많은 지구의 생태보상메커니즘 은 정책층면에 머물러있으며 입법의 역량이 부족하다. 예를 들면 전문적인 생태보 상 법률이 결핍하고 생태보상에 관련된 규정은 여러 가지 법률 속에 체현되며 계통 성과 조화성이 결핍, 관련 법률규정은 원칙적 내용이 비교적 많고 가조작성이 결 핍, 세비설계가 불합리하고 자원세와 자원보상비용의 성질이 불명확하며 집행중에 서 반복징수를 조성하기 쉬운 등 문제가 있다. 셋째, 에너지 등의 환경자원소유권 의 한계가 불명확하고 에네르기 사용자에게는 미래의 경제수익과 생태수익에 대한 합리한 예기가 결핍하여 지나친 개발과 생태평형의 파괴를 초래하기 쉽다. 넷째, 정부의 에너지생태책임이 불명확하고 책임설치와 분배의 모순이 존재하며 상관부문 의 집법역도가 약하고 책임에 대한 추구와 상관정책의 조합이 불합리하며, 특히 재정정책과 관원시험제도에서 반영되며 정부가 과도하게 지구의GDP 증장과 경제의 단기내의 발전을 중시한다. 현재의 문제에 대하여 아래와 같은 개선방안을 제시한다. 첫째는 환경경제정 책의 법률화를 촉진하고 법률로 일정한 공개성과 필요한 공중참여를 보장하며 생태 보상메커니즘의 정확한 집행과 생태보상 법률제도의 절차의 정의를 확보하고 상관 부문과 광범한 인민대중의 감독을 받는다. 둘째는 에너지생태보상 법률제도가 완벽 할수록 빨리 《생태보상조례》를 반포하고 개발한 자가 보호하고 수혜를 받은 자 가 보상하는 이익조정구성을 형성한다. 셋째는 에너지무역중의 환경성본내부화를 계통적으로 규제하고 에너지 무역산업의 상관이익자의 환경보호 법률의식을 증강하 고 환경표준을 높히며 환경자원소유권을 명확히 구분하고 법에 의하여 환경자원 메 커니즘을 확정함과 동시에 점차적으로 감독메커니즘을 생태보상법률제도에 진입시 키도록 한다. 넷째는 정부의 에너지생태책임을 명확히 하고 건전한 정부에너지 생 태책임체계와 보장제도를 마련한다. 다섯째는 에너지생태세를 징수하여 환경성본내 부화를 촉진한다. 이런 구체적인 조치를 통하여 에너지 무역저탄소형의 순리로운 발전을 유효하게 확보한다.

能源问题是困扰人类可持续发展的一个重要因素，我国正处于工业化和城 镇化的快速发展时期，大气污染不断为我们敲响警钟：我们不能再走过去高能 耗、高污染的经济发展道路。我国东西部经济发展水平差距大， 生态环境复 杂，生态补偿法律制度尚处于探索阶段，能源贸易低碳转型中的生态补偿法律 制度尚存在许多问题，应当通过采取环境经济政策法律化、系统规制能源贸易 中的环境成本内部化、明确政府的能源生态责任等具体措施，有效保证能源贸 易低碳转型的顺利发展。