Earticle

최근 공익이라는 사회정책적 근거로부터 채무자를 보호하고, 사회적 정의를 지향하는 사회국가원리의 보호사상을 구체화기 위한 방법으로서 압류금지대상의 추가에 관한 입법시도가 증가하고 있다. 이와 같은 압류금지대상의 추가에 관한 논의는 사회가 발전함에 따라 보호해야 할 필요최소한의 기준의 상향조정과 함께 앞으로도 지속될 것으로 보인다. 문제는 압류금지대상을 추가를 통해서 단순히 채무자가 보호받는 결과만 나타나는 것이 아니라 이에 상응하여 채권자의 정당한 권리실현이 제한되는 결과를 동반하게 된다는 데에 있다. 따라서 민사집행법이 채권자의 정당한 권리실현을 위한 절차임을 감안한다면 압류금지의 대상은 채무자 보호를 위한 필요최소한에 그쳐야 하므로 압류금지대상의 추가는 매우 신중한 접근이 요구되는 과제라 할 수 있다. 게다가 현행 민사집행법은 압류금지와 관련하여 동법 제196조 제1항과 제246조 제2항에 근거하여 압류금지대상의 범위를 구체적인 사안의 필요에 따라 당사자의 신청과 법원의 판단을 통해 압류금지대상의 범위를 조정할 수 있도록 되어 있어 압류금지의 열거대상을 늘이는 것은 그 필요성을 판단함에 있어 더욱 신중을 기할 필요가 있다. 하지만 이러한 필요에 비해 최근의 민사집행법 개정이나 현재 국회에 계류중인 동 법률의 개정 법률안들은 압류금지대상의 추가를 위한 구체적이고 설득력 있는 근거 제시나 여러 가지 형평성 등에 관한 배려가 다소 부족해 보인다. 이와 같은 입법추진은 합리적이지 못한 결과를 초래할 수도 있고, 불필요한 낭비가 될 수도 있다. 따라서 향후 압류금지대상의 확대를 논의함에 있어서는 압류금지대상 추가의 필요성에 관한 엄격한 판단, 채무자 간의 형평성, 채무자와 채권자 간의 형평성 등을 세심하게 고려할 필요가 있다. 이와 더불어 실무에서도 민사집행법 제196조 제1항과 제246조 제2항에 따른 압류금지대상 범위 조정가능성에 대한 안내와 적극적인 활용을 통해 합리적인 집행이 이루어질 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다.

Lately, revised bills concerning the amendment of subjects to be excluded from seizure in the Civil Execution Act are increasing. These attempts will last as long as the standards of living increase. The problem is that the amendment of subjects to be excluded from seizure brings not only the protection of decent and peaceful living of debtors but also the restriction of creditors' rights. Besides, under the Civil Execution Act articles 196(1) and 246(2) a court may upon a motion of a party adjust the scope of subjects to be excluded from seizure. Therefore we should review the necessity for the amendment very strictly. Unfortunately, however, the recent revised bills and the change in the Civil Execution Act lack consideration of fairness. Some standards for the review of the validity of the amendment should be identified. First, we should evaluate the necessity for the amendment very strictly. Second, we should consider the issue of fairness between debtors. Third, we should consider the issue of fairness between debtors and creditors. In addition to these considerations, courts should inform debtors and creditors of the Civil Execution Act articles 196(1) and 246(2) and make full use of them for enforcement in a reasonable manner.

In current civil cases of Korea Supreme Court can't be easily found application conditions of Estoppel because the Judge decides and applies Estoppel himself without thorough considering these conditions. Current civil cases have to be investigated and problems on the application condition of civil cases try to be solved because of that. Besides this condition need to set out a logical. Through this can Estoppel be obviously presented. General linguistic analysis and especially semantic linguistic analysis in analytical philosophy also should be reviewed to conduct above works. By doing this, the arbitrary decision of judge can be prevented more or less and Estoppel can be objective applied for realizing justice and equal. As above mentioned, Estoppel's logic can be constructed through searching the application conditions, linguistic analysis and semantic linguistic analysis of Estoppel. However, there is difficult to deduct the basic meaning of Estoppel because of various linguistic meaning. This phenomenon especially happens on complicate civil case. Therefore, judge has to decide himself whether Estoppel can be applied the civil case. This is called as "arbitrary decision of judge". Based on arbitrary decision of judge is it possible to give the parties to a civil suit the disadvantage. If happens, this is no justice and balance to these parties. The judge's decision also has to be done abjective meaning to prevent the judge's arbitrary decision. Through this doing can the judge's arbitrary decision be minimized and can the civil parties's interest and the trust between civil parties be protected. The paper is divided into four chapters, 1. reviewing Estoppel on civil case and its problems, 2. application conditions of Estoppel and linguistic analysis of Estoppel, 3. semantic linguistic analysis of Estoppel and 4. general meaning on linguistic analysis and semantic linguistic analysis.

This paper focus the alternatives of legislative reform for improving soundness of local finance in korea. Opening the era of local autonomy, many changes in local finance are made in various fields. Expenditures in local finance are increasing rapidly. Publishing municipal bond has been increased. Also, the estimation of social expenditures has grown rapidly. In recent years, an ongoing debate about local finance strongly emphasized the soundness of local finance. Thus, this paper provides empirical analysis and suggests appropriate legislative reform for local government's fiscal health. To achieve the purpose of this research, The legislative reform related sovereignty of taxation and management system for local finance have to be improved first.

Art has continuously evolved and site-specific art is one product during this process. Art is site-specific, where the surrounding environment or its location plays an integral role in the meaning and interpretation of the work. Since site-specific art is designed and arranged for particular locations, removal from a specific location arguably mutilates or destroys the integrity of the work. This article will explores the protection scope and content of site-specific art in the context of moral right, specifically the right of integrity and analyze the relevant provisions of Korean Copyright Act, focusing the problems in Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate, Inc., which raised the public awareness in the U.S.. Part II will address the meaning and movement of the site-specific art to give a better understanding of related legal issues and 'contextual integrity' which is the cruel clue for solving legal disputes. Part III will cover the legal treatment of site-specific art under Korean and foreign legal systems, focusing on the Visual Artists Rights Act of U.S. Part IV will look into the limitation of protection of site-specific art through VARA and do analysis of the court decision in Phillips and subsequently the future of site-specific art in the wake of Phillips decision. Further this article will specifically consider the right of integrity and its exceptions under the Korean Copyright Act and will conclude with the suggestion for legal alternative.

일본은 최근 3번의 개정을 통하여 소년법 개정에 착수하였다. 소년법은 성인범을 대상으로 하는 형법에 비하여 그간 사회의 관심이 저조하였다. 최근 소년범죄는 그 정도의 질에 있어서 성인범에 못지 않은 범죄적 성격을 나타내고 있으며, 성인범도 발생하지 않은 범죄조차 발생하고 있는 것이 사실이다. 이는 부모들의 맞벌이로 인한 무관심과 조기교육으로 인한 조숙성, 인터넷 등 매스컴을 통한 간접적 경험이 풍부하기 때문이라 여겨진다. 이에 일본은 최근의 개정을 통하여 소년사범에 대한 형사사법화와 보호교육적 측면을 강화한 소년법개정이 있었다. 이는 최근 성인범 못지 않은 소년사범의 범죄양상에 대응하기 위함과 소년범이라는 아직 정신적 ․ 육체적으로 미성숙한 자들을 대상으로 하고 있는 점에서의 개정내용이라고 생각된다. 이에 반해 우리 소년법제의 현실은 4년전 개정이후 그대로 머물고 있다. 소년범죄는 성인범에 비하여 사리분별이 아직 부족한 자들에 의한 범죄이므로 이들의 재사회화를 위한 대책과 이들을 전담할 기관의 필요성은 절대적이라 하겠다. 본 논문은 이러한 최근 일본 개정소년법의 주요내용을 검토한 뒤 이에 대한 문제점을 지적하고 우리 소년법의 개정방안에 대하여 제시하여 보는데 그 의의가 있으며, 마지막으로 일본 소년법제의 전체적인 특징을 살펴봄으로서 우리의 개정방안에 도움이 되고자 한다.

It is not an overstatement that boys are more exposed to the crime compared with before by a rapid change of social development, the morality loss at schools, development of various mass communications, etc. Moreover, the boys who live in a city by urban centralization of population are exposed to the opportunity to commit more crime. The boys as important human resources to lead the society should be protected in a social community in order not to approach to a crime. A criminal law that targets adult offenders has proactively coped with the development of society through the amendment at the request of the times. However, a juvenile law is indifferent to many people despite an increase including a crime in juvenile crime, a diversity of ways, also despite much dangers than an adult crime. It is a necessary time for juvenile protection to make legislative device. Contrary to Korea, Japan has actively coped with a number of policies and legislations actively to deal with decreasing juvenile crime rate. Juvenile people of Japan affected from the old Western culture are showing high crime rates just as adult prisoners through a variety of ways and cruel methods. Thus, Japan to deal with increasing juvenile crime began the revision of the Juvenile Law in 2007 in 2008 and in 2010. After I consider a revision of the main content of Japanese juvenile law. I will also consider the direction of a juvenile Law of korea to be revised and problems of a revised juvenile law of Japan.

Increased utilization of a ‘Starcraft’ game developed by Blizzard Entertainment have created a new E-sport game genre. Audiovisual works played by professional E-sport game players are being distributed throughout the Internet. However there exist no legislative protection of professional E-sport Game players. In this respect this article studied possible ways to protect players. The game replay movie cannot be protected as like movie, because it is created based on computer software program. The game replay cannot be protected as derivative work, because it does not have originality. Thus player itself cannot be copyright holder nor performer in his audiovisual work. However Players can be protected in regard of publicity right and stadium right. In conclusion protection of players may exercise the development of E-sport Game industry.

A human is assumed as rational by Chales Fried's Promissory Theory based on the classical contract theory and Law and Economics grounded on the classical economics alike. However, if, in reality, humans suffer from the bounded rationality which is serous, a state interference may be necessary. Patrick Atiyah argues on this recognition that the ground for the binding force of contract is the action of detrimental reliance, etc rather than the contract party's intent. By the way, it is promise principle which supplies a ground of commitment that justifies such a reliance. In other words, the ground for such a reliance also is a contract party's intent(in this case, a promisor's intent). For this reason, Atiyah's argument seems to be unacceptable. To solve the problem of bounded rationality, contract parties frequently organize relational contracts or implicit contracts. Also, according to the recent behavioral economics, libertarian paternalism by choice architect induces contract parties to rational choices and thus improves economic efficiency. If so, relational contracts, implicit contracts, and libertarian paternalism by choice architect are helpful in some way or other to solve the problems caused by the phenomenon of bounded rationality, including the lack of intent and the precedence of state's efficiency calculation over a party's. As a result, we can keep arguing that the ground for the binding force of contract is the contract party's intent. For like Chales Fried's Promissory Theory, the Law and Economics focuses on a party's intent.

Ostensibly, as European Union is not possessed of it own territory and people, it is difficult to say that the Union has the sovereignty of its own. Even though it is announced that European Union is possessed of sovereignty in Costa v. ENEL, the transfer of sovereignty declared on the case is just based on a limitation of sovereignty or a transfer of powers. Furthermore the transfer of sovereignty is possibile on the premise of the consent of Member States in European Union. Thus it should be noted that European Union is not possessed of its own initiative in proceeding the integration of European Union. Of course European Union is to be evaluated as the sui generis entity on the ground that it obtains various characteristics in integration such as its own legal order, de facto power of separation, the system of judicial review and the concept of Citizenship etc. Nonetheless European Union has a great deal of difficulties in its own integration considering the opinion of German federal constitutional court(Budesverfassungsgerichtbarkeit) that the Member States are the authentic Masters of Treaties(Herren der Verträge) rather that the European Union. In spite of these difficulties in integration, European Union has not forsaken the purpose and willingness for integration especially considering its trial for the Treaty for European Union establishing Constitution. Even though the trial was failed, European Union has not still abandoned the purpose and willingness for integration with a focus of the power of European Parliament. In other words European Union has reinforced the power(legislative power) of European Parliament from its outset. And European Union has tried to enhance the power of European Parliament at Lisbon Treaty such as co-decision procedure(TFEU Article 289, Article 294), election of the President of the Commission(Article 17), the power of regulation(Article 290) and the power of budget(TFEU Article 314) etc. Taking into consideration of those aspects concerning the power of European Parliament, it is postulated that European Union tried to reinforce its own democratic legitimacy. Thus we can conclude that European Union has managed to overcome its democratic deficit and to secure its position for integration by reinforcing the power and status of European Parliament.

The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act in Korea prohibits mergers which substantially restrict competition in the line of commerce. The term "the act substantially restrict competition" refers to any of the practices that affect or threaten to affect the setting of price, quantity, quality, or other terms or conditions of trading in accordance with the intent of a certain enterpriser or an enterprisers' organization owing to reduced competition in a line of commerce. Market concentration, which is found based on market share of the company is a key indicator in determining anticompetitive effect due to mergers. In order to calculate market share of the company, it is necessary to specify the 'line of commerce' that is subject to calculation of the company's market share, and this is known as 'relevant market'. Defining relevant market for goods where competition is being questioned, is a prerequisite to determining anticompetitive effect of mergers with respect to the Fair Trade Act. However, defining the relevant market is more than just a precondition in determining anticompetitive effect via mergers; it has a critical role in determining whether the merger restrict competition. Relevant markets refer to the scope of enterprisers which are co-competitors, and thus, broad definition of relevant market lowers the market share or market power of the company thereby alleviating the evaluation standard of anticompetitive effect via mergers. On the other hand, if relevant market is defined narrowly, the opposite effect results. This shows that in determining the illegality of mergers, reasonable and accurate definition of the relevant market is imperative. Therefore, in many merger review cases, the recipient assert the market in mergers defines broadly, which brings the issue of ddefinition of relevant markets an essential issue in merger review cases. This paper thus analyzes how relevant markets defines in Free Trade Commission's decisions related to review of mergers for future in-depth studies on relevant markets.

One of the understanding the latest issues in bioethics is stem cell research used embryos, which is being discussed intensely in society from all corners of the earth. Embryos are used in various techniques of assisted reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization and embryo donation. They may be subject to embryo cryopreservation for later use if IVF procedures have resulted in more embryos than is currently needed. Some aspects, e.g. selective reduction in the beginning of pregnancy have triggered a moral debate, because prenatal diagnosis or preimplantation diagnosis involves testing embryos for diseases or conditions. At the same time, human embryos are being researched to determine their use in treating diseases. Stem cell research, reproductive cloning, and germline engineering are all currently being explored. The morality of this research is also debated because an embryo is commonly sacrificed. That is to say, this research cannot be divorced from ethical problems since it requires the destruction of eggs of fertilized eggs. Lively debates have been held over which should be more respected, freedom of research or human dignity(the right to life of embryo). Some insist that a human embryo can't have the right to life and human dignity since it is not considered viable organism, because it cannot survive outside the uterus. Others say that though embryo has the right to life or the human dignity, the human dignity and embryo research are compatible. Recently, many nations said “yes” to human embryonic stem cell research, signing an executive order to permit funding for the research in the mame of achieving health and life of humankind. However human dignity and mankind’'s diversity attacked by an indiscreet research which is such an important characteristic of the ‘'human status’' would become meaningless, that is, it is a threat to human existence. After all, though we allow to do research embryo, we should control the capacity of abuse of embryo research for human dignity. Also we must always be careful of violating of human dignity in that there is still eugenical discrimination by embryo research through the creation of human iPS (induced Pluripotent Stem cells) and artificial abortion in use of PGD(preimplatation genetic diagnosis).

오늘날 우리는 아무런 의심 없이 저작권을 재산권의 하나로서 이해하고 있다. 그리고 저작물에 대한 저작자의 권리행사 범위와 저작물에 대한 이용자의 접근성 사이의 균형 문제는 상당히 중요한 쟁점으로서 논의되고 있는 상황이다. 그런데 재산권 중 하나로 자연스럽게 인식되고 있는 저작권도 17․18세기 당시에는 그 성격과 인정 근거 등에 관하여 많은 논쟁들이 있었다. 과거 저작권의 본질 및 속성이 명확하지 않은 상황하에서 저작물을 놓고 권리자와 이용자 사이에는 첨예한 대립이 있었으며, 이는 저작권의 본질을 규명하기 위한 논쟁들을 야기했고, 이러한 과정을 거치면서 비로소 오늘날의 저작권 개념이 등장하게 된 것이다. 즉, 사상가들 사이에 저작권의 본질이 무엇인지에 대한 논의가 활발해지면서, 이러한 논의의 결과로 지적재산권을 정당화하기 위한 이론들이 탄생하게 되었다. 또한, 저작물에 대한 권리자와 출판업자 사이의 법정 투쟁 과정을 거치면서 나타난 판결들은 저작권의 본질을 형성하는데 기여하였다. 한편, 저작권을 정당화하기 위한 대표적인 이론으로서 자연권(Natural right) 사상과 공리주의(Utilitarianism) 이론이 있다. 본 논문에서는 자연권사상에 기초한 Millar v. Taylor (1769) 판례와 공리주의에 기초한 Donaldson v. Beckett (1774) 판례를 검토함으로써 각각의 이론들이 저작권의 본질과 속성을 결정짓는 데 제시하는 근거들을 비교해 보고자 한다. 나아가 저작권에 관한 최초의 성문법인 앤여왕법을 비롯하여 자연권사상과 공리주의 전통에 대하여 검토하고자 한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 저작권을 자연권사상에 따라 ‘저자에게 영속적으로 인정되는 보통법상의 자연권’으로 보는 관점에서 공리주의 이론에 따라 ‘일정한 제한을 수반한 성문법상의 권리’로 그 관점이 변하게 되는 과정을 살펴보고, 각 관점들이 저작물에 대한 저작자의 권리행사 범위와 사용자의 접근성 범위를 결정짓는 데 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 한다.

Nowdays, we undoubtedly accept the copyright as one of the property right. But in the 17-18th century, there are a great variety of disputes between philosophers about What is the nature of the copyright and Where is the basis of the copyright. As a result of these disputes, a variety of theories for justifying the Intellectual Property appears such as John Locke's Labor theory and Utilitarianism theory etc. Furthermore, the court's decisions related to this matter contribute to forming the nature of the copyright. This Article is to do with studying John Locke's Labor theory and Utilitarianism theory as representative theories for justifying Intellectual Property, and The Statute of Anne which is the first Statute of the copyright. In addition, by studying two meaningful cases related to each theory, we will examine about change of viewpoint in perception of the copyright from a sole and exclusive right based on the natural right tradition to the statutory right based on Utilitarianism tradition.