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The right of diplomatic protection serves certain purposes which are essential in the international legal community. Diplomatic protection is a means to safeguard various important benefits for individuals which arise from traditional treaties or from a minimum standard of justice. Diplomatic protection can be particularly useful in facilitating the movement of people, goods, capitals and services across states boundaries and thus in expanding personal freedom. Diplomatic protection also promotes international economic relations. The right of states to protect their nationals can serve as a warning signal to states inclined to ignore their treaty or customary law obligations favoring individuals. So, the prerequistes for the rights of diplomatic protection, especially the local remedy rules and various legal limitations on means of protection help to prevent an overly frequent use and abuses by powerful states.

The general function of the police is to maintain its peaceful order from any danger and keep up the public stability. Accordingly, exercising of the police power may be an intimidating causes to the fundamental human rights of an individual, however, such human rights can never be protected without having maintained public stability and its peaceful order. From this point of view, we can see that there has a nature of antinomy in the function of the police power. Whatsoever it may be, there have been number of duties and powers vested to the police, and the exercising of the police power can be limited to a certain degree. In this sense, the main point of this paper is to study limitations of the exercising of the police power. This paper is organized as follows; Chapter Ⅰ describes the purpose of the study Chapter Ⅱ reviews on the Principle of the public in the Police Authority and the Police Act§3. Chapter Ⅲ examines the limitations of the exercising of the police power and the Principle of the public in the Police Authority.

Financial market is where supply and demand sides trade capital through brokerage. Traditional indirect financial market such as banks and insurers along with direct financial market including securities firms serve as a channel providing capital to corporations and is actually playing a very important role in terms of building the basis for the bullish economy. For the financial market to play its economic functions properly per se provision of long term corporate capital, the investors who provide the capital and a market participant should be protected in a more transparent market environment. Therefore, it is crucial to have and run a system to resolve disputes between market participants such as financial organizations and investors quickly and fairly. Given that the complexity of the financial trade, asymmetry of information, and lack of professional training in the part of investors put them in relative disadvantage against the financial organizations, appropriate dispute resolution measures protecting the market participants such as investors while providing professional information are needed should take place. Although legal procedure has been well established as a means to resolve disputes, the issues of relevant heavy cost and lengthy time led many countries across the world to adopt Alternative Dispute Resolution: ADR which can replace the legal system. There are various forms of ADR which has been widely acknowledged: advice, negotiation, settlement, mediation, conciliation, arbitration. The standard in this process is how much a third party intervention is allowed and how strong the binding power is. Those arbitration system have replaced the legal systems as a way to solve disputes in a wide range of areas in many financially advanced countries such as the US and UK. In Korea conciliation and arbitration are favored in terms to financial dispute. The arbitration regulating legislation was stipulated in 1966. Today most of the arbitration cases are dealt with in the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. However, arbitration as a means of securities related dispute has not been actively sought after. When it comes to securities related dispute, Financial Supervisory Service, Korea Consumer Agency, Korea Stock Exchange, and The Korea Securities Dealers Association handle the arbitration in compliance with legislation for financial watchdog, consumer protection, and securities trade. Below, I will talk more about the current status of the Financial Dispute Resolution, along with the problems and the measures for improvement.

Im Zuge der technischen Möglichkeiten der Digitalisierung und Datenkompression wie auch des zunehmenden Einsatzes des Glasfaserkabels wird der Rundfunkbegriff in seiner verfassungsrechtlichen Tragweite rechtlich problematisch. Deshalb bedarf es seiner terminologischen Präzisierung und Eingrenzung gegenüber anderen Kommunikationiformen, vor allem der Individualkommunikation, aber auch gegenüber den anderen Massenmedien. "Rundfunk" ist die für die Allgemeinheit bestimmte Veranstaltung und Verbreitung von Darbietungen aller Art in Wort, in Ton und in Bild unter Benutzung elektronmagnetischer Schwingungen ohne Verbindungsleitung oder längs oder mittels eines Leiters. Deshalb müssen vor allem die für den Rundfunkbegriff wesentlichen Merkmale der "Allgemeinheit", der "Darbietung" und der "Verbreitung" erfüllt werden. In diesem Sinne schließen der Rundfunkbegriff IPTV(internet protocol TV) ohne die interaktive Kommunikation zwischen Teilnehmern und Anbietern ein.

Lately Mergers and acquisitions are increased in business world of Korea. M&A serve as effective means for growth of companies and for restructuring small, medium and venture businesses to make them more competitive. In order to mature the M&A market offensive tactics with defensive tactics are indispensible to be arranged. These incidents have triggered demand for legislative measures that allow firms to take appropriate actions to shield management rights from hostile M&A and for solution to the problem of domestic companies being discriminated both positively or negatively in foreign M&A. Poison pill is any tactic by a company designed to avoid a hostile takeover. Consequently key countries are working to improve their M&A-related institutions and our country (South Korea) have also abolished regulations that help companies defend themselves against hostile M&A through abolition of Restriction on Possessing Large Quantities of Shares in Securities Transactions Law in March 1997. Under these circumstances, there occurred several instances where leading domestic firms had their management rights threatened by foreign firms. In this study we conduct a comparative analysis of M&A regulatory systems in the USA, EU and Japan, the representative precedents, at the same time, focusing closely on South Korea's defensive means against hostile M&A. By doing so we present legislature changes that need to be improved or complemented in the future and also examine legal appropriateness of such defensive actions. The purpose of this study is to establish assistance in solving problems on the hostile M&A.

This study investigated the reasons for retrial by fallacy, the reasons for retrial on the definitive decision of dismissal of re-appeal, and proof in lieu of the definitive decision. The following aspects were investigated in details in case of the reasons for retrial by fallacy. 1. In case that the fact, which documentary evidence or articles of evidence shown in the first decision were forged or altered, have been proved by the definitive decision. 2. In case that the fact, which the witness, the expert evidence, the interpretation, and the translation shown in the first decision were forged, has been proved by the definitive decision. 3. In case that a judgement of guilty has been rendered in consequence of a false accusation and this has been proved by the definitive decision. 4. In case that the decision, on which the first judgement was based, has been altered by the definitive decision. 5. In case that the decision or the judgement for the nullity have been confirmed on which a judgement of "guilty" has been rendered for the offense of infringing a copy right, patent right, an utility model right, a design right, or a trade mark. 6. In case that the offenses committed by a judge, who was participated in the first judgement or the judgement by the court below or inquiry which formed the basis of such judgement, and a public prosecutor or a judicial police official, who were participated in institution of public prosecution or investigation based on public prosecution, were proved by the definitive decision. The scope of judgement was investigated in the reasons for retrial on the definitive decision of dismissal of re-appeal. The scope, on which the definitive decision can not be finalized, was investigated on the proof in lieu of the definitive decision. The scope of documentary evidence or articles of evidence in the first decision must include the evidence of the criminal facts as well as evidence by oral statement since these are appropriate for an effective management of retrial. The offenses committed in connection with his official functions do not have to be within the crimes concerning the duties of public officials under the general criminal law since these can be regulated by the special criminal law. In rules of law, the retrial can be requested only in cases of the judgment of dismissal of appeal or re-appeal, however, it should be also included in cases of the ruling of dismissal of appeal or re-appeal to protect an accused. In addition, the situations, on which the definitive decision can not be finalized, are in cases of death or missing of an offender, under a habitual condition of mental unsoundness of an offender, under the completion of the period of limitation for a public prosecution, under the amnesty, under the non-institution of public prosecution, and under the suspension of prosecution.

Business enterprise is a subject of economic for making of a profit with personal and material facilities. In Korea, social corruptions caused by unlawful political fund reflected business management. From now on the business enterprise should recover its trust by keeping business ethics. The business should respect both for the dignity and creativity of their employees and customers and demands of the common good. Business managers should fulfill the social responsibility by putting a priority of 'being' over 'having' and by managing their firms on the basis of laws and principles. We should not accept or ignore the unlawful category between policy and business any longer that has been the major reason for social corruption so far. All member of our society as well as all business firms should keep the laws and principles and raise our ethical standards in the days of high technology and information society. Otherwise, we cannot avoid the social disaster that may be caused by the corrupted behavior and unlawful competition. The achievement of high business ethics is pending on the strong will not only from managers but also from shareholders. For a successful ethical management, a nation should try to improve its business environments and both managers and employees are willing to keep the ethical principles and take full responsibility for their actions.

It is said the existing criminal law should be used prudently and reservedly as final means, because it stipulates the most rigorous sanction among laws. The criminal as such final means is entering new phase in modern complicated society. As positive crime and heavy punishment are recently in progress in Japan, criminal legislation has been frequently used to solve social issues. Namely, new regulations are enacted to activate criminal legislation. With respect to the question of object protected by criminal law, it is said criminal law generally protects legal interest. This is so-called principle of protecting legal interest, which is said to critically function on the use of punishment. As seen above, the reserved principle of protecting legal interest confronts the current situation of activated criminal legislation. However, regulation of criminal punishment enacted by excessive expectation of use of punishment owing to increased social uneasiness is necessary to protect the life of nation. Thus, it does not violate the principle of protecting legal interest, but meets the request for protecting legal interest. The principle of protecting legal interest is not 'there is no crime, unless there is infringement of legal interest' but 'crime is established if legal interest is infringed.' Thus, it does not restrict the criminal legislation. As a result, some point out that the principle of protecting legal interest virtually has no function to restrict the criminal legislation. This dissertation will discuss the meaning of principle of protecting legal interest in Japan and the present discussion. Namely, it will investigate the expansion of discussion on the opinion that no regulation of criminal punishment that takes protecting the legal interest of criminal law and excludes the relation of legal interest in infringement of legal interest.

Real estate name trust is limited by 'Act on The Registration Of Real Estate Under Actual Titleholder’s Name' except for real estate on title registration under a third party"s name. If someone do the limited real estate name trust, it will be punished by 'Act on The Registration Of Real Estate Under Actual Titleholder’s Name'. Nevertheless, if a bailee sell name trust real estate, there is a problem to punish them by embezzlement and breach of trust. The Supreme Court' leading case and majority' opinion are it is possible. But real estate name trust is illegality. Accordingly, embezzlement is not a custodian. And it is not admitted as a business conductor. The purpose of 'Act on The Registration Of Real Estate Under Actual Titleholder’s Name' is to contribute to the sound development of the national economy through the prevention of antisocial actions, such as speculation, evasion of taxes and acts circumventing laws, etc. which abuse the real estate registration system and to strive to normalize real estate transactions and stabilize real estate prices by having any ownership and other real rights to the real estate registered under the names of those having the actual rights so as to conform to the substantial relation of rights. To get these goal, Criminal punishment about bailee is wrong to protect truster. So, it can be punished by embezzlement and breach of trust.

The purpose of the paper is to explain contents of the real rights law(RRL, hereafter) or property law (wuquanfa) and analyze the law and political meaning in contemporary China. The real rights law has the first identified civil property rights. This means the inconsistence between ruling ideology and practical economic and living structure. So the RRL must do the harmony the ideology with practical structure. The background of the making RRL has many folded meaning. first it means the legitimacy of Chinese Communist Party. Second, it gives the standard of people living patterns, for example house rent period, parking lot and agricultural land rent period. The RRL contents are 18 concepts of properties rights. They have first step definition or concept. It needs to propagate and penetrate of RRL to people. The RRL has the deep context with political institution and communist regime. The Speciality of China Law system has the characteristic in its own.

A housing is a comfortable dormitory in human living and a space of basic group in social organization. Recently, the inhabitants had concentrated at a metropolis according to development of society. Therefore, this phenomenon had caused to the increasing of requirement housing, the overpopulation of metropolis and the high-rising of structures. Under this circumstance, a right to enjoy sunshine became to social problems in company with pollution, traffic accidents, consumer protection, medical accidents. According to a recently newspaper reports, a person trespassed prefer to lawsuits for liability reparation about trespassing right to enjoy sunshine. Even, a murder case occurred to dispute trespass to right to enjoy sunshine in Seoul. And a owner of new structure murdered neighbours at the crack of dawn disputing about right to enjoy sunshine. Like this, Problems of right to enjoy sunshine became to emotional dispute beyond legal dispute and became to tragic matters in modern society. Therefore, It is required to recognition that the right to enjoy sunshine is a nation's inalienable fundamental right. But Government Policy concentrate on supply of housing and the protection of right to environment and right to enjoy sunshine are passive situation. Moreover, the Construction Law provide the right to enjoy sunshine but those provisions are not enough. It is required to reconsolidation laws and systems to relating the right to enjoy sunshine for preventing this tragical accidents. In our country, the environmental right is first provided the eighth revision constitution in 1980. the present constitution concretly provided in Article 35 as follows. Article 35 (1) All citizens shall have the right to a healthy and agreeable environment. The State and all citizens shall endeavor to protect the environment. (2) Substance of the right to environment shall be determined by Act. (3) The State shall endeavor to ensure comfortable housing for all citizens through housing development policies and the like. It is not the direct provision for right to enjoy sunshine in constitution that in constitution. But constitutional scholars admit the right to enjoy sunshine authorizing the Article the tenth and the clause first of the thirty-seventh. In Administrative Law, the Construction Law Article the fifty-third and the Enforcement Ordinance of the Construction Law Article the eighty-sixth directly provided right to enjoy sunshine. In Civil Law, the Civil Act had not direct provisions about right to enjoy sunshine but scholars and supreme court find the authority on the adjacent relation provisions. Nations distrust these provisions that not enough provisions. Therefore, I want to speculate the overall laws and systems relating to disputes about right to enjoy sunshine ande want to reestablish constitutional authority on right to enjoy sunshine.

In Civil lawsuit, its legislation and interpretation shall be conducted so as to actualize the ideology in terms of its purpose and conditions. In the case where an unified confirmation is needed, primarily an interference with the virtue of a case must be avoided. Also there shall be no inconvenience caused to the third party who had not participated in the lawsuit nor it shall not make the defendant feel compelled to accept the legal suit in which this may result in the increase of the court's burden. These requests need to be carefully examined in each specific occasions. However with the joint owners of a gesamteigentum property, an unincorporated association which has become a defendant or when the unincorporated association needs an execution of an announcement(registration or an enrollement) of achieving new legal rights rather than as an act of preservation, a compulsory suit by a joint owner must be considered. However, allowing an individual right of use and beneficiary rights whilst not allowing a right of individual preservation in case when there has been an infringement upon its property, is not only a contradiction itself but also reduces or deprives the right to fair trial of the interested party. In light of this, if we are to adhere to the principle of the compulsory lawsuit by a joint owner(notwendige Streitgenossenschaft) of gesamteigentum property, it not only distorts the purpose of civil action but will further recede from achieving its original purpose. Therefore one needs to introduce a legal suit that is similar to a compulsory lawsuit by a joint owner(notwendige Streitgenossenschaft) and clarify conditions as to when a compulsory lawsuit by a joint owner(notwendige Streigenossenschaft) shall be conducted. Also there should be a system which allows for an order of a compulsory participation of the parties rejecting their participation in the lawsuit by a joint owner(notwendige Streignenonssenschaft).

Der zeitliche Geltungsbereich der Strafgesetze wird festgelegt durch das Rückwirkungsverbot. Die Strafbarkeit muß gesetzlich bestimmt gewesen sein, bevor die Tat begangen wurde. Unzulässig sind rückwirkende Strafgesetze, die die Strafbarkeit begründen oder verschärfen. Der Grund des Rückwirkungsverbots liegt im Unterscheid zu den drei anderen Auswirkungen des Gesetzlichkeitsprinzips nicht in der demokratischen Legitimation der Strfgesetze, denn durch das Rückwirkungsverbot wird die Entscheidungsfreiheit des Gesetzgeber gerade eingeschränkt. Erheblich umstritten ist, ob das Rückwirkungsverbot auch für eine Änderung der Rechtsprechung zuungunsten des Beschuldigten gilt. Im rechtstheoretischen Bezugsrahmen handelt es auch um einen Zielkonflikt zwischen der Wahrung der Rechtssicherheit auf der einen und der Ermöglichung der Rechtsfortbildung auf der anderen Seite. Rechtsprechung und h.L. halten die Aburteilung des Beschuldigten nach der später strengeren Auffassung für zulässig und wollen nur durch Zubilligung eines Verbotsirrtum helfen. Damit wird das Ergänzungsverhältnis zwischen dem Gesetz und seiner Auslegung verkannt. Ein starker Umschwung in der Rechtsprechung wiegt u.U. schwerer als eine geringfügige Gesetzesänderung. Nur dann ist die Rechtswirklichkeit des Strafgesetzes Magna Charta, wenn für die das Gesetz entfaltende Auslegung das gleiche gilt, was für den Gesetzesbuchstaben in Anspruch genommen wird. Und der Bürger vertraue auf eine feste Rechtsprechung wie auf das Gesetz und dürfe in diesem Vertrauen nicht enttäuscht werden. Dem ist aber nicht zu folgen, weil es den Grundgedenken des Gesetzlichkeitsprinzips widerstreitet. Der Bürger braucht nicht die Rechtsprechung zu kennen (das wäre schon für die meisten Juristen eine Überforderung!) und soll sich auch nicht auf sie, sondern auf den Gesetzeswortlaut verlassen. Da Rechtsprechungsänderungen sich im Bereiche des möglichen Wortsinns halten müssen, sind sie ohnehin tendenziell weniger einscheidend und besser vorhersehbar als Gesetzesänderungen, und der Einzelne kann und muss sich in manchen Fällen auf sie einstellen. Es gibt viele Handlungen, bei denen der Täter sich in nicht vorwerfbarer Weise auf eine bestimmt Rechtsprechung verlassen und z.B. noch eigens Rechtsrat eingeholt hatte. Dann darf er für seine Rechtstreue bei einer späteren Rechtsprechungsänderung sicherlich nicht noch bestraft werden. Aber in einem solchen Fall muss ohnehin ein Freispruch wegen unverschuldeten Verbotsirrtum(§16 koreanisch StGB) erfollgen.

Confirmation of the expropriation is an administrational conduct that the executive branch of the land confirms that a certain business is fit for the public business and authorizes the right of eminent domain to the conductor of that business, who has to follow some procedures for it; that is, Confirmation of the expropriation is confirming whether the business is the public business that should expropriate from the land or not. Confirmation of the expropriation through The Land Compensation Act is the first step to start the procedures of expropriation. This Confirmation of the expropriation is a kind of Administrative Measure that the executive branch of the land gives the conductor of the business the definite right of eminent domain. Given confirmation of the expropriation, the range of the land to be expropriated is decided, and then it can have effects as a kind of the right on Public Law. Owing to these effects, the conductor of the business can stand against a rightful person in present or future time for the land.

Für die Methodik zum Benutzerschutz gab es einige Entwicklungen des esetzgebungsverfahens insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Informationskommunikation. Aber der geistliche und gewinnliche Verlust des Benutzeres wird in der jüngsten Zeit dauerhaft zugenommen. Deswegen dürfen die tatsächlichen Rechtsproblemsanalyse und Rechtssystemsverbesserung innerhalb unserer Informationsgemeinschaft wesentlich untergeschrieben werden. Dieser Text behandelt den privatrechtliche Schadensersatz und das Leistungsausmaß des Online-Dienstleistungsanbieters mit jedem Bezug zu den Streitpunkten im schriftlichen Urteil. Diese Rechtstheorie enthält die Rechtsprobleme, nämlich eine Entscheidungsmaßstäbe für einen Schadenersatz wegen einer einigermaßen Störung der OSP-Dienstleistung einschließlich des E-Mails, die Verantwortlichkeit des Online-Dienstleistungsanbieters, die vorsorglichen Pflichten des Anbieters des E-Mails gegen der Möglichkeit des Datenverlustes, Eigenschaften der Pflicht zur Vorbeugung des Datenverlustes, etc. In diesem schriftlichen Urteil hat der Gerichtshof dem Standpunkt des Online-Dienstleistungsanbieters zur Seite gestanden. Daneben hat es auch noch Ansprüche des Anklägers weggeworfen. Aber diese Fallbesprechung des Gerichtshofs hatte bedeutungsvolle Rechtstheorien und Dogmatiken nicht erwähnen. Auf dem Gebiet der Imformationskommunikation via Internet ist nicht das Problem der Regelung, sondern das Problem er Garantie für eine Freiheit zum Benutzerschutz. Von den Daten des Benutzers können Internetunternehmen vielfältige Gewinne produzieren. Ohne Datenschutz und Benutzerschutz kann man nicht eine Entwicklungstheorie im Bereich der Informationskommunikation und unsere Zukunft des Internetunternehmens sagen. Die Regierung dürfte das Rechtssystem und die detailierten Regulationen zeitgemäß besser machen, um den Benutzerschutz zu realisieren. Die Informationskommunikation ist im Wandel der Jahre. Mit dem Niveau unserer Informationstechnologie dürfte man einen Spigel des Benutzerschutzes und die Züge der IT-Technologie erzählen, weil man die Rechtsfreude im Markt irgenwie, irgenwann und irgendwo deutlich garantiert werden soll. Unserer Markt innerhalb der Informationsgemeinschat bewegt sich immer noch zwiscen Online und Offline. Der mit IT-Markt tangierte Benutzer via Internet könnte nicht durch unser geltendes Rechtssystem und die relativen altmodischen Rechtsordnungen geschützt werden, obwohl die Internettechnologie mit der schnellen Geschwindigkeit weiter entwickelt werden. Was das Recht den Hand des Internetunternehmers hängt, was es den Hand des Internetbenutzers anhängt, dann ist es nicht das Problem der Rechtsfreude, sondern das Problem der Gerechtigkeit. Zwischen die Rechtsgewinnstheorie der beiden soll man das tangierte Punkt ohne das Vorziehen und den Vorurteil kontrollieren. Schädlicherweise kann das geltende Rechtssystem die Informationstehchnologie im Bezug auf Informationsgemeinschaft nicht garantieren.